Economia

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17549

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia

Centro: CCJE
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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 119

A contribuição do esforço inovativo para o desempenho exportador : uma análise para países latino-americanos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-05-29) Pella, Antônio Fernando Costa; Ferreira, Mariana Fialho; Monte, Edson Zambon; Louzada, Luiz Cláudio; Moreira, Ricardo Ramalhete
This work aims to estimate the contribution of the innovative effort on the probability of export and the intensity of exports of manufacturing companies from selected Latin American countries, namely: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. We use as proxy the binary variable “introduction of new products in the market”. There are evidences in the empirical literature on the international economics that export success is positively related to ex-ante productivity gains. Based on this hypothesis, we use three econometric models of dichotomous response in cross-sectional data, the Probit; the bivariate Probit, to correct the endogeneity problem between the innovation and export binary variables by means of instrumental variables; and the Heckman’s sample selection model, which corrects the selection bias of the sample in the estimation of the intensity of exports. The microdata were collected on the database of the Enterprise Survey, a firm-level research linked to the World Bank. The results showed that the innovation coefficient is positive and statistically significant in seven of the ten countries and signaled that the innovative effort increases the probability of exporting, while the estimation of the intensity of exports did not find statistically significant results in most of the countries surveyed.
A crise financeira de 2008 e seus impactos na economia brasileira: uma análise sob a perspectiva de Minsky
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-30) Pedra, Alysson Correia; Arthmar, Rogério; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Morandi, Angela Maria
Having in sight the world's financial collapse of 2008, this dissertation takes up the economic theory proposed by Hyman P. Minsky aiming to clarify the circumstances that led to so deep financial crisis. Minsky’s analytical framework was built on the Financial Instability Hypothesis, which identifies in the internal dynamics of the capitalistic system as the main cause of its financial upswings and downturns. This process, characterized by the progressive indebtedness of economic agents, builds itself in a cycle of predefined stages that often reach the apex of a financial crisis or a systemic collapse, best known in the literature, respectively, as “Minsky Moment” and “Minsky Collapse”. Minsky's overall approach to the financial modus operandi of modern economies was complemented by the more recent contributions of Gary A. Dymski and Alessandro Vercelli, who explored the idea of a Miskian cycle. By reviewing these theories in some detail, it is possible to see how the process of the deregulation and financial weakness of the United States in the 1980s and 1990s paved the way to the subprime crisis and, later, of the 2008 financial collapse. Similarly, is possible to observe that Minsky’s theory is also applicable to the Brazilian financial crisis in 2008. The financial fragility that began to develop in Brazil some years prior to the crisis, mainly in the commodities export sector, created the conditions for the “Brazilian Minsky’s moment”, demonstrating that despite some limitations of Minsky's analysis, such as the assumption of a closed economy, his theory offers important insights not only into the operation of financial markets in fully advanced economies but also in the emerging ones as well.
A curva de Phillips no Brasil e a política de metas de inflação : uma análise da evolução do trade-off durante o período 1980-2010
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-06-13) Nazareth, Mateus Alves; Brasil, Gutemberg Hespanha; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Vieira, Flavio Vilela
Faced with a nonconsensual discussion regarding the existence or not of a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (Phillips curve), this dissertation examines the evolution of this relationship in the Brazilian economy during the period 1980-2010 using two different analysis: The first is considered a static analysis, performed with the use of a simple linear regression. The second is a dynamic analysis, where it is used a regression with time-varying coefficients, and the estimation of the coefficients is accomplished with the application of the Kalman filter. The econometric results show that the relationship between inflation and unemployment in fact changed over the period analyzed: The Phillips curve becomes horizontal after the Real Plan and is slightly positive after the Inflation Targeting Regime. Accordingly, this work is basically divided into two parts: The first consists of a brief review of the relationship between inflation and unemployment and the inflation targeting regime. The second part presents the econometric analysis, which describes the evolution of trade-off. Faced with the results, are presented their possible causes and is carried out a qualitative analysis of current monetary policy applied by the Central Bank of Brazil.
A dinâmica do crescimento e distribuição : uma revisão sobre os modelos heterodoxos de crescimento
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-05-11) Carvalho, Bruno Henrique Picon de; Grassi, Robson Antonio; Arthmar, Rogério; Freitas, Fábio Neves Perácio de
This study aimed to carry out a theoretical review of the origin and evolution of heterodox growth models, focusing on the relationship between the distribution and growth, comparing the different frameworks, their hypotheses and onclusions, always showing the interrelationships and theoretical clashes between these schools. Modern growth theory originated from the independent contributions of Harrod and Domar, who wished to build a Keynesian model for the long term. The main conclusion of these authors is that there is only one equilibrium growth rate and, once this system is distanced, by a long depression would (if distance itself down) or inflation (if grow above). This result was criticized by the school of Cambridge, who developed a solution through flexible savings function. Since the capitalists save more workers, any redistribution to profits raise the savings rate, and decrease with the increase of wages. Through this mechanism, stability can be obtained, and there was an inverse relationship between distribution and growth. At the same time, Kalecki developed his theory of effective demand, the standing in an environment characterized by the presence of oligopolies and price formed via mark-up. Moreover, the author concludes that there is a direct relationship between growth and accumulation, because the salary increase does not lead to falling profits. In turn, Josef Steindl kaleckiano used the framework to build an endogenous explanation for the tendency of mature capitalism to stagnation in contrast to the dominant explanation related to the reduction of technological innovations. According to the author, the presence of oligopoly the only way the firm reacting a negative impact on the capital accumulation is by reducing the use of the plant. However, the resulting idleness makes the resolute entrepreneurs to pursue new investment, stagnating the economy. As theorists of Keynesian growth saw the need to abandon the hypothesis of full employment in this school of Cambridge, the same sought inspiration from Kalecki and Steindl, giving rise to neo-Kaleckian models. In these, as in Steindl, there is a direct relationship between distribution and growth, so that the concentration of income and increased mark-up would induce a stagnation process. The neo-Kaleckian received two different types of criticism, the first essentially linked to the neo-Ricardian approach, consisting of the refusal of this instability in the long neo-kaleckiano term, which would not be compatible with a long-term equilibrium position and the second, related to the existence of a positive relationship between distribution and growth, analysis of which highlights the Bhaduri and Marglin (1990), which was fully digested. According to these authors, the increase in real wages has two distinct effects, increased consumption and reduced investment. If the first effect is greater than the second, there will be an incentive on demand, and thus will be in the wage-led regime. In turn, if the reduction of the investment is more pronounced, wage improvement will reduce the total demand, characterizing the profit-led regime. Therefore, the relationship between distribution and growth depend on how business decision reacts to changes in the rate of profit and therefore cannot be defined a priori. Thus, it was concluded that the evolution of heterodox growth models did not occur in a linear and harmonic way, with a paradigm replacing the other, but through a complex process as many arguments have been developed in parallel or returning later on new guise.
A economia da informação : rumo a um programa de pesquisa alternativo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-30) Xavier, Luís Eugênio de Menezes; Herscovici, Alain Pierre Claude Henri; Grassi, Robson Antonio; Pessali, Huáscar Fialho
This work aims to discuss the emergence of a research program in Economic Science, concerning the analysis of information asymmetries, the differences and epistemological implications of Pareto optimal equilibrium, in contrast to the standard neoclassical approach. In pursuit of this goal, it was necessary to highlight the method of both paradigms, yet it was also necessary to discuss the philosophy/epistemology of science involved and which serve as the basis for an approach related to paradigm shifts in science. In chapter 1 we discussed the epistemology of science, from three authors: Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos. We defined the set of hypotheses that can be associated with the method employed by the neoclassical school, from the philosophy of science proposed by Lakatos. Then, in chapter 2, we did a long exposure of the neoclassical method, setting axioms inherent in well-behaved preferences, presenting algebraically the Walrasian general equilibrium, illustrating relaxation of auxiliary hypotheses of the neoclassical model from Friedman and, finally, applying the neoclassical instrumental to the relaxation of auxiliary hypotheses of completeness of information from the model developed by Grossman & Stiglitz (1976) and developed by mathematical expansion of this work. Finally, we close this dissertation with chapter 3, which basically lays out the major contributions of authors such as Stiglitz, Akerlof and Arrow, with respect to markets permeated by asymmetric information and opportunistic behavior. We show the consequences for the market itself, reaching results in which it was extinguished. Here is the second part of the model of Grossman & Stiglitz, emphasizing the imperfect nature of the price system, their inability to convey all the information about the goods to all agents, and, finally, we discussed various topics related to the Economics of Information.
A formação da pequena propriedade agrícola no Espírito Santo : estudo do distrito de Paraju
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-05-19) Oliveira, Jackson Rodrigues de; Campos Junior, Carlos Teixeira de; Siqueira, Maria da Penha Smarzaro; Arthmar, Rogério
The intention of this work is to study the formation of small farms in the Espírito Santo state, making a case study in Paraju city that is district of Domingos Martins, the Espirito Santo and of the states that Brazil composes. In this way, as delimited research problem the following question: How happened the creation of small farms in the district Paraju in Domingos Martins? For to answer this question, defying general objective that is to analyze how the formation of small farms in the mountainous region of the Municipality of Domingos Martins, in particular the district of Paraju. Among the topics covered in the present work are: to show the formation of small farm, to show how it the municipality of Domingos Martins, to do a study of farms that are in the district paraju. To prove that coffee is on the main agricultural activity of paraju present in almost all district and is responsible for generating the most revenue and employment in rural areas of small farms. In the methodological became a literature search that allowed setting benchmarks for the implementation of fieldwork and analysis of the results of this research.
A grande depressão e a política fiscal anticíclica na teoria Keynesiana
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-06-05) Silveira, Thiago Salles da; Arthmar, Rogério; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Andrada, Alexandre Flávio Silva
The present research aims to examine the fiscal policy through investment and social spending as a countercyclical instrument of regulation of aggregate demand in order to maintain an economy in the level of activity near full employment. For that, the economic scenario of the Great Depression and its main interpretations are presented. An analysis of this period of recess is pertinent, for that was the scenario of high unemployment, fall of production and price deflation wherein John Maynard Keynes developed in 1936 his main work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, henceforth General Theory, presenting the principle of effective demand in opposition to the theoretical framework of the orthodox economy, that is, Say's Law. Keynes proposes that as cyclical fluctuations occur due to a lack in effective demand caused by a fall in the marginal efficiency of capital and, thus, legitimizes the State intervention in the economy through an active fiscal policy, aided by the multiplier, to stabilize the levels of income and employment.
A informalidade no mercado de trabalho : um desafio institucional permanente para a economia brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-24) Vargas, Juliano; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Oliveira, Ueber José de
The informal economy composes the world of work of all the capitalist societies, in lesser or greater extent. In Brazil, historically it is observed that this phenomenon has always been very broad, mostly motivated by and resulting from socio-economic, legal and political context. Due to national idiosyncrasies, since the advent of the labour market in the country, this situation exists in several panoramas and various hues, hindering a better overall performance of the Brazilian economy and denying opportunities for individual and social development over time. Thus, and through the prism of Social and Labour Economics, the aim of this work is to analyze the main conjunctural and structural factors of informality observed in the national labour market in the interregnum 1980-2012, showing the dimension of this problem and exposing their economic and institutional roots, in order to contribute with new elements to the discussion of informality at the national level. The central hypothesis of this research is that high degree of labour informality in Brazil remains essentially – even if subject to historical specificities – at the level of mentalities of the different agents, meaning that before having a national labour market with a high degree of labour informality has been a highly informal Brazilian society. The institution of “informal work” remains an embedded habit even when a change in the socio-economic order occurs, which precludes much of the population access to formal and decent work (according to ILO definition). It is imperative a greater effectiveness of laws and institutional improvements accompanied by coordination and “political will”, grounded by the growing awareness of civil society with regard to the importance of formal work and the evils of the informal work for its citizens and for the nation as a whole. Beyond to the economic and legal aspects, it is suggested as a possible alternative to reduce the degree of labour informality a more consistent consideration of the cultural, historical and behavioral backgrounds together with the embedded social habits that affect and drive them. These last ones are the axes that guide the process of individual and social development. In this sense, this study (of descriptive and analytical nature) is based on systemic and multidisciplinary theories developed by Karl Paul Polanyi and Amartya Kumar Sen, interpreted as artificers of a dignified life, as well as endorsers of the “re-embeddedness” of the economy in the society and, by analogy, the “desembeddedness” of the informality institutionally rooted in the Brazilian society. This will take place as a consequence of the expansion of the instrumental and substantive freedoms in a sort of “circular and cumulative causation” applied to the issue of informality, with the “highly desirable side effect” of socio-economic development. The main contributions of this research emerged precisely from the theoretical conceptions of these two authors along with a convergent nexus established among the Brazilian economy, its institutional unfolding process and the informality in the national labour market during the studied period.
A nova economia da informação e o programa de pesquisa científico neoclássico : uma abordagem lakatosiana
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-07) Cunha, Rafael Alves da; Herscovici, Alain Pierre Claude Henri; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Ganem, Angela
This work presents the contributions of Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz, discussing how the elements provided allows a research programme to be defined, in the sense of Lakatos (1980). The research aims to demonstrate how the work of those authors were incompatible with the standard economic analysis, this late identified with those analysis pertaining to the Neoclassical research programme. In the first part, the Methodology of Research Programme is presented, relating it to the works of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. In the second part, a definition of the Neoclassical research programme is established, with the definition provided by Weintraub (1985) as a starting point. In the third part, the main works of Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz were presented, identifying how they were incompatible with the definition of the Neoclassical research programme provided in the second part, and allows the definition of the New Information Economics research programme.
A política fiscal e a geografia econômica : um estudo sobre o crescimento econômico de municípios localizados em estados brasileiros limítrofes para o período 2003-2012
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-07-05) Esquerdo, Paula da Silva; Giuberti, Ana Carolina; Morandi, Angela Maria; Felipe, Ednilson Silva
In order to study the influence of the tax industrial benefits of ICMS on the GDP growth rate, the paper approaches this issue in municipalities where, in theory, the differences in the rates of this state tax would have the greatest impact: in the municipalities present in the Brazilians states' borders. Based on counterpoints of the economic growth theories, both exogenous and endogenous, and via dynamic panel econometric modeling, the survey that included the sample of 1,159 municipalities in the country and its results showed that the tax benefits, analyzed, showed no influence significant in the real economic growth rate in the period between 2003 and 2012, being influenced only by some specific local factors such as local industrial arrangement (number of links, establishments and value added of the industry), transportation cost and demographic density.
A regra de Taylor e a política monetária brasileira : relações de longo e curto prazo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-02) Silva Junior, Newton Francisco da; Moreira, Ricardo Ramalhete; Guzman, Ivan Robert Enriquez; Felipe, Ednilson Silva
A teoria dos custos de transação e as relações contratuais entre cooperativas e clientes : uma contribuição para o entendimento do sistema cooperativista da agropecuária do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-05-30) Delarmelina, Nádia; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Pessali, Huáscar Fialho; Grassi, Robson Antonio
This Dissertation aims to study how the contractual relationships are established between the agricultural cooperatives of the Espírito Santo and how these relations allow a transaction costs reduction. The basic motivation, therefore, is to help them to structure the governance of their transactions. To achieve these objectives, the Dissertation starts with a literature review of the Transaction Cost Theory, approaching its theoretical principles. Another important debate for the research refers to the emergence of the cooperative system, its concept and its way of functioning. The connection established between these two issues is important to understand the nature of cooperatives, especially in his concept of the firm (or institution) that seeks to organize trade (goods and/or services) efficiently. The study, therefore, seeks also to understand what structures these associations adopt to conduct their transactions, proposing alternative structures to reduce transaction costs efficiently and increase expected returns by producers. The study reveals that the behavior of several cooperatives is different from proposed by the TCT. However, this does not mean that the results obtained this way are inefficient. In some of these cases, this prevents them to reduce transaction costs in the most efficient way. In others, the practices that conflict with the proposed TCT (for idiosyncratic, institutional, structural, and even organizational reasons) can bring auspicious results.
A teoria neo-schumpeteriana enquanto instrumento para análise da competividade de MPE's : o caso da ADCOS
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-25) Cheib, Carolina Bueno; Villaschi Filho, Arlindo; Morandi, Angela Maria; Felipe, Ednilson Silva
This study has the purpose to investigate the facts of the strategies capacity of the innovations process in the cosmetic companies, through the studied of the Adcos Company, identifying the characteristic of innovation patterns in relations to its products, procedure, managements and strategies capacity. The high degree of competitions, the fast globalization and the changes on the science and technologies fields turns to innovation unavoidable for the cosmetics companies keep going above the competition. To productive innovation process, also is essential the appropriated administration and capable persons for activities executions. It´s also indispensable to the company describes precisely its strategies. It´s sources of learning and transforming the apprenticeship in capability must be the foundations it´s the feedback of the company social model standard that will results in more competition advantage. The Adcos Company operated since 1993, and it´s respected as one of the regards companies in the Brazilian Dermocosmetics field, using modern technologies to make its products. This study has the characteristic as a qualitative case, and was applied interviews with managers, directors and with the owner, using a semi structured guide of questions. It was made a documental, exploratory and descriptive investigations characterized us a matter analyses. This analyses allowed to understand that the Adcos organic structure behavior it´s turned to the innovation process, this can be notice by the products that are made and in the employers understanding about what´s innovation and competition strategies and about is related to the capacity to created news goods, associated to the characteristic studied about the innovation and strategies capacity.
A trajetória do Banco de Desenvolvimento do Espírito Santo (BANDES) no período pós Plano Real
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-06-19) Paixão, Ricardo Silveira da; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini; Arthmar, Rogério; Ferrari, Marcos Adolfo
A transição tecnológica rumo à economia de baixo carbono : o papel da energia solar fotovoltaica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-05-24) Feitosa, Paulo Henrique Assis; Dalcomuni, Sonia Maria; Pinto, Miriam de Magdala; Lemos, Mauro Borges
Although the economic development model that has been in force since the Industrial Revolution has been responsible for improving quality of life in our societies, it resulted in an accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that is sufficient to cause global climate changes. In this setting, this dissertation aims at analyzing the role of Photovoltaic Solar Energy as one of the technological solutions that will allow the transformation of the current energy system. This analysis started from understanding the historical transformation that the sustainable development proposal has undergone since the introduction of the environmental issue in the economic research agenda. In this transition process, focusing on the imprisonment in the current system, some challenges to altering the technological course have emerged. Redirecting it based on the diffusion of photovoltaic technology requires a sectorial approach to the innovation system that could potentiate efforts in order to reduce production costs and increase energy efficiency. Analyzing these questions constitute a proposal for PV energy to assist in the global efforts to achieve a low carbon emission economy
Aglomeração econômica e disparidade salarial no Espírito Santo : teoria e evidência a partir de um enfoque da nova geografia econômica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-06-18) Breda, Diogo Dias; Galeano, Edileuza Aparecida Vital; Dalcomuni, Sonia Maria; Melo, Michele Cristina Silva
The study sought to examine issues of regional inequality in the Espírito Santo through the research line called New Economic Geography (NEG). One way to accomplish this analysis is through the study of the relationship between wage differentials and market potential. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the impact of geographic factors of second nature – market potential – in the local average wage. Initially, through an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, it was found that the wages are higher near the regions with high market potential (coastal/ RMGV). Through the use of statistical and spatial econometrics techniques was observed for the years 2000 and 2010 the existence of a spatial wage structure in the Espírito Santo. The autoregressive error coefficient λ is positive and statistically significant, indicating spatial error model as the most appropriate for modeling the spatial effects. The results also indicate that not only educational factors affect wages, geographical factors of second nature have an even greater effect when compared to the previous. In conclusion, as demonstrated by the central model of NGE, market forces by itself do not always lead to equalizer equilibrium of yields, on the contrary, lead to formation of a structure of core-periphery with persistent income gap between regions. Municipalities with higher salary, larger market potential and better social indicators are those located on the coast of the state, more precisely near RMGV. The study underscores the need to think strategies that promote the creation of new centralities, in order to act on reducing regional inequalities. The work is part of a group of several other studies that examined issues of inequality and productive concentration in the Espírito Santo. The contribution is to use the theoretical framework of NGE, which had not yet been employed for the state, and the use of techniques of spatial statistics and spatial econometrics.
Alocação de talento e crescimento econômicos nos estados brasileiros : 1999-2007
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-03-31) Toscano, Victor Nunes; Magalhães, Matheus Albergaria de; Grassi, Robson Antonio; Mendonça, Helder Ferreira de; Pinto, Miriam de Magdala
This work studies the effects of the allocation of talent on the economic growth of states. Analyses were based on the seminal contributions of Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny (1991) on the theme, where they present theoretical and empirical arguments that the allocation of talent in entrepreneurial activities affects positively the economic growth, while the allocation of talent in rent seeking activities affect it negatively. To empirically test this hypothesis, we used annual data from 1999 to 2007, GDP growth per capita and the number of engineers and lawyers formally employed in each state to represent the entrepreneurial activities and rent seeking, respectively. We apply the traditional estimators of cross section of pooling and the method proposed by Arellano and Bond s equation to estimate income convergence for the states. The results show that there is convergence of income, 1% confidence for the Brazilian states with the estimates using panel data reaching speeds of convergence significantly higher. When we control the estimates for the variables of the number of engineers and lawyers for each 100 thousand habitants, there is an increase of three percentage points in the convergence speed and stability of states using the method of Arellano and Bond. Importantly, the estimated coefficients for the variable of engineers showed statistically significant and positive sign indicating, at first a positive relationship with the process of economic growth of states, while the coefficients related to the variable of lawyers did not show robust results.
Análise comparativa dos modelos CAPM tradicional e condicional : um estudo de caso do clube de investimento AIVALE
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-06-17) Barbosa, Claudio Alan de Melo; Sampaio, Waldemar Sobral; Brasil, Gutemberg Hespanha; Arthmar, Rogério; Sampaio, Waldemar Sobral
The Model for Pricing of Financial Assets CAPM compares or correlates the returns of individual action with the returns of the market by risk index called Beta. The market is a pattern or common denominator to obtain what is known as risk not diverse, also called of systemic risk. So that was a comparative study between two types of pricing of assets, traditional CAPM and conditional CAPM, whereas the latter uses the GARCH-M model, able to incorporate the conditional variance in its estimation. The Brazilian financial market over the past years, was the scene of a major growth and consolidation of Brazil at the national and international community. Thus, the BOVESPA, in an attempt to make the practice of investing in more stock to reach the population regulated investment clubs, allowing the entry of small investors, but these, together in clubs, eventually become investors in great potential, and investment club AIVALE, one of which was soon made to create a large gain in its assets. It was possible to study the behavior of its variance, and determine the best model based on the Beta.
Análise da sazonalidade hoteleira no município de Vitória
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-10-01) Allochio, Sandro Barbiero; Brasil, Gutemberg Hespanha; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Pêgo e Silva, Antônio Fernando
The aim of the present work is an economic approach of tourism in the city of Vitória focusing on the hotel sector and also through this analysis check the tendency of tourism to assist the business sector in this city. This paper points out the seasonality, importance and impact of the hotel sector on tourism through the revenue and the ISSQN of this activity in the city based on theoretical and empirical elements and also analyzes the tourism demand and its relation with the revenue earned by the city verifying the competitiveness of the sector. At the same time it analyzes the vulnerabilities caused by seasonality and other factors which might influence the tourism in the city negatively. At the beginning, the paper presents a historical background of the early tourism research, especially in Europe where the first geographic focused studies were carried out. Secondly, an economical approach of tourism related to demand and revenue generated by supply is adopted as well as an approach on the national accounts and the composition of the distinctive activities of tourism (CATs). The economic evolution of the State of Espírito Santo and the city of Vitória are mentioned briefly. On the third part of the paper secondary data are collected in order to evaluate the seasonality of airport arrivals in Vitória. On the fourth part the hotel sector is diagnosed through statistical analysis and graphics distinguishing the weekly seasonality of tourism. To conclude, some final considerations on the development of tourism potential in Vitória.
Análise de eficiência produtiva e do bem-estar dos consumidores no setor de distribuição energia elétrica dentro do novo modelo regulatório brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-07) Souza Júnior, Ary José Apolinário de; Scalco, Paulo Roberto; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Grassi, Robson Antonio
This thesis aims to evaluate the relationship between the variation of productive efficiency of Brazilian electricity distributors and the variation of welfare of consumers of their respective concession areas, within the new regulatory model. To do so, it uses the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), as part of the New Institutional Economics (NIE). The Theory of Regulation relies on two major currents: the one based on the Public Interest and the Capture Theory , the last one being deployed in the Principal-Agent Theory, Chicago School and in the conduct of the regulatory agencies. In sequence, it has the most common tariff regimes in the electricity sector, among them, service cost, price cap, marginal cost ( second best ) and by comparison. Right after, a compilation of the history of the Brazilian electric sector is made, one which punctuates its institutional development, until the current regulatory framework is reached. In the latter, the existing tariff adjustment procedures stand out: periodic tariff, tariff adjustment index and extraordinary tariff review. To calculate the productive efficiency we use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) applied to the information of 45 distributors in 2005/2006 (1st cycle) and 2010 (2nd cycle). As for the welfare of consumers, the variables considered were the indices of quality of supply (DEC and FEC), besides ANEEL s satisfaction index. At last, there is an econometric test to assess the relationship between the variation of productive efficiency and the variation of welfare of consumers in the sector of electric power distribution between the 1st and 2nd cycles of the periodic tariff revision. Within the main results, we highlight the improvement of the productive efficiency and welfare of consumers between the cycles, the evolution of the total productivity factor and the lack of relationship between the productive efficiency and welfare of consumers based on the evaluated variables.

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