Revisão cladística e taxonômica de Messatoporus Cushman (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), com descrição de sessenta e cinco espécies novas
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Data
2011-02-25
Autores
Santos, Bernardo Ferreira dos
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
The large Neotropical and Nearctic genus Messatoporus Cushman is diagnosed, described, and its species revised. A total of 91 valid species are recognized, of which 67 are described as new. Messatoporus jocosus (Provancher) and M. rufiventrisCushman are recognized as junior synonyms of M. discoidalis (Cresson), a mostly Nearctic species with a high level of color variation. Messatoporus tricolor (Széligeti) is proposed as a synonym of M. variegatus (Szépligeti). Messatoporus nigrispinus(Cameron) is transferred to Prosthoporus Porter.A taxonomic key for species based on both sexes is presented. All valid species were described or redescribed and illustrated. New distribution records and distribution maps are provided. The validity and relationships of the genus are cladistically investigated using 162 morphological characters in a matrix with 25 species of Messatoporus and 105 outgroup taxa. Tree search was conducted using implied weighting, with values of 1–6 for the concavity constant (K). All analysis recovered Messatoporus as a monophyletic group, supported by 7–11 synapomorphies. The results also support the monophyly of the five evaluated genera of Osprynchotina, in a clade including also Dotocryptus Brèthes. According to the present redefinition, Messatoporus is diagnosed by apicolateral corners of clypeus projected; mandible long and tapered, ventral tooth much shorter than dorsal one or indistinct; transverse sulcus at base of propodeum long and shallow; anterior margin of propodeum concave; posterior area of propodeum almost always transversely wrinkled; spiracle at first abdominal tergite placed approximately at midlength; median dorsal carina absent; ovipositor basally cylindrical, apically depressed, with ventral valve enclosing completely dorsal valve as a sheath. A second analysis including all species of the genus was performed to evaluate the phylogeny at genus level. The character set for that analysis included 104 characters considered of phylogenetic importance within the genus, and used the same tree searching protocol than the first one. A distinct and gradual transition is detected, from species more similar to the remaining Osprynchotina to a significantly different morphotype with several convergences with the Gabuniina. These convergences are interpreted as adaptations to host location and substrate perforation, and may be related to use of more deeply concealed hosts. Because of the gradual nature of the pattern of morphological modification, and because the topology recovered does not allow the separation of the species in more than one distinctly recognizable monohyletic group, the division of
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Cryptini , Osprynchotina , Nematopodiina , Phygadeuontinae , Neotropical , implied weighting , Neártica , Messatoporus Cushman