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- ItemBandidos e elites citadinas na África romana : um estudo sobre a formação de estigmas com base nas Metamorphoses de Apuleio de Madaura (século II)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-04-27) Lima Neto, Belchior Monteiro; Silva, Gilvan Ventura da; Araújo, Sônia Regina Rebel de; Feldman, Sérgio Alberto; Soares, Geraldo AntonioThis dissertation examines a very present issue: the construction of identities. Our aim is to demonstrate how questions about the identities could be thought, questioned and interrogated in the Ancient World. So, we had as source the Metamorphoses of Apuleius, author of North African mid-second century. Through this Latin novel, this fiction, we seek to understand the representations that our author attributed to different social groups. In it, we found a dichotomous process in which bandits and elites townspeople, city and countryside, were put into binary oppositions and with several different valuations. To latrones and to the hinterland where they lived were related representations denoting savagery, hostility, aggressiveness and violence, important elements in the formation of a stigmatized identity in relation to bands of robbers. To members of municipal aristocracies and to North African cities where they lived were associated signs of distinction, wealth and high culture, which would be linked to roman paideia and humanitas. It is the size of this finding in our primary documentation we could infer that the central hypothesis of this work, that the stigma of the bandits were related, through the otherness, to a process of constituting the identity of the elites townspeople north african and reflected a reality of conflict and dichotomy between the roman civitates and the vast hinterland north african in the context of the second century.
- ItemConflito familiar, vida urbana e estigmatização na África Proconsularis: o caso de Apuleio de Madaura (século II d.C.)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-06-26) Lima Neto, Belchior Monteiro; Silva, Gilvan Ventura da; Guarinello, Norberto Luiz; Mendes, Norma Musco; Feldman, Sérgio Alberto; Leite, Leni RibeiroIn ancient roman society, marriage was a way to consolidate family alliances and often to serve political, economical and social conveniences, as in the case of the union between Apuleius and Aemilia Pudentilla, in the town of Oea. This matrimony allowed Pudentilla to benefit from the author’s amicitia with important personalities of the imperial society and thus gave her eldest son, Sicinius Pontianus, possibilities of social ascension. On the other hand, it represented a new paradigm of political and matrimonial relations in Oea and broke an ancestral alliance between two of the most important local families: the Aemilii and the Sicinii. As a consequence, part of the town’s elite opposed to the presence of Apuleius and scattered rumors that stigmatized him as a magus and a homo extrarius. That meant, after all, an intent to degrade the author’s honor before public opinion of Oea. In this context, Apuleius was judged for crimen magiae by the court of Proconsular Africa governor, based in the basilica of the neighboring city of Sabratha. Despite the risk of capital punishment, Apuleius saw his own judgment as a public arena to absolve his honor, since his defense speech in the basilica of Sabratha could influence those who took him for a sorcerer. For this purpose, Apuleius based his speech on a logic of identity construction and bet on a rhetoric of differentiation. The author distinguished himself of his adversaries by making a very high representation of himself, as a platonic philosopher in possession of paideia, and at the same time portrayed his accusers as ignorant and primitive, i.e. incapable of telling the difference between philosophers and sorcerers. This strategy was successful and a proof of this is the public recognition obtained by Apuleius in Carthage, where the author became a famous public speaker and magistrate and a statue was erected in homage to him. In our perception, the stigmatization of Apuleius and the subsequent recovery of his honor show how different representations can be built according to the way in which social groups produce their own interpretations of the world – often competing and differentiated. To sum up, the problems analyzed in this thesis clarify the multiple processes by which identities are differently defined.