Mestrado em Ciências Fisiológicas

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Navegando Mestrado em Ciências Fisiológicas por Autor "Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de"

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    Efeitos agudos do alongamento estático sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos e estresse oxidativo em mulheres adultas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-12-21) Sudati, Sandra Lujan; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Mauad, Helder; Gouvea, Sonia Alves
    Introduction: In the World Health Statistics published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 and 2017, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death in the world: coronary (ischemic) heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) the first causes of premature death. Approximately 80% of occurrences could be avoided with changes in individuals' daily habits. Since the practice of physical activity is a modifiable behavioral risk factor, we consider it of paramount importance to investigate its effects on the cardiovascular system. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of static muscle stretching on hemodynamic parameters and oxidative stress in adult women. Methods. Fifty-five female volunteers aged 40 to 60 years who underwent a 30-minute static muscle stretching session (AME) participated in the study. A questionnaire was applied and the following parameters were evaluated: blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), pulse wave velocity (VOP), heart rate variability (HRV), muscle flexibility (FM) before and after the session of AME. Part of the collected blood was used to determine biochemical data (glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides), and another part to assess possible oxidative damage from exercise. The TBARS protocol was performed for evaluation of plasma lipid peroxidation. Results: Significant increase in muscle flexibility (FM) of the posterior chain and heart rate (HR) post-exercise. Significant reduction in ejection duration (SD) and magnitude index of aortic wave reflex (Alx) post-exercise. Regarding the physiological variables of peripheral hemodynamics, there was an increase in HR (bpm) (72 ± 10, 75 ± 10, p <0.001). In the values of SBP (mmHg) (115 ± 18, 115 ± 12, p <0.815); PAD (mmHg) (73 ± 12; 74 ± 9; p <0.354) no significant differences were found after the application of the SMA exercise protocol. In the HRV, no significant differences were found in the time domain analysis of the indexes: RMSSD (ms) (30.31 ± 13.94, 31.46 ± 16.63, p <0.416) and PNN50 (%) (11.52 ± 13.48, 12.96 ± 16.22, p <0.309). In the analysis of the spectral components (HFnu: 47.68 ± 17.89, 45.18 ± 18.32, p <0.299); LFnu: (46.81 ± 19.17, 49.23 ± 19.02, p <0.333); LF / HF (1.37 ± 1.21, 1.74 ± 2.06, p <0.140) there were no significant differences. With respect to the central hemodynamics of the values analyzed before and after exercise: OPM m / s (8.5 ± 1.3, 8.4 ± 1.3, p <0.224); Alx @ HF75 (%) (29.1 ± 10.1, 27.2 ± 10.7, p <0.122); RVSE (%) (144 ± 21,147 ± 19 p <0,138) there were no significant differences. However, significant differences were found in DE (ms) and (AIx) evidencing the reduction of both, respectively DE (ms) (338.4 ± 20.03, 324.3 ± 21.07 p <0.001) and AIx (AP) / PP) (32.19 ± 11.42, 30.44 ± 12.22 p <0.0268) after AME. There was a significant increase in FM (24.2 ± 8.6 cm, 28.4 ± 8.6 cm, p <0.001). The values of enzymatic activity in the TBARS plasma (p <0.237) did not express significant difference after the acute intervention of the SMA exercise protocol. Conclusions: In our study, there were no significant changes in the peripheral hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP, HRV) of women between 40 and 60 years of age. These results may indicate that the magnitude of the load of the exercise components of SMA was not enough to lead to changes in cardiovascular responses. EO, there were no significant differences in TBARS values, confirming that the protocol used in the study was of low intensity. The central hemodynamic parameters (DE and AIx), we verified that they changed after applying the same protocol. We believe that repetitive stimuli resulting from chronic training of muscle flexibility through AME exercises may lead to improvements in the individuals' arterial compliance. We believe that further studies are needed to increase the knowledge about the relationship between muscle flexibility and arterial stiffness and the magnitudes of the training load of muscle flexibility such as intensity, duration, frequency and stretching methods that may interfere positively with changes of the markers and indexes evaluated
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    Efeitos cardiovasculares e renais promovidos pelo tratamento crônico com tamoxifeno em ratas ooforectomizadas, normotensas e espontanemente hipertensas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-08-22) Sipolatti, Walckiria Garcia Romero; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Amorim, Maria Helena Costa; Gouvea, Sonia Alves
    Cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer strike a large proportion of Brazilian women, especially at the post-menopause period. As both conditions afflict the same age group with corresponding health risks, there is a need for testing women with breast cancer for potential heart problems. Although estrogen is associated with a decrease in cardiovascular risks, it has also been identified as a contributor to the development of breast cancer in women. Tamoxifen was approved in 1998 for the treatment of breast cancer and is used for women at high risk of contralateral breast cancer. The drug acts as an estrogen receptor agonist in some tissues and as an antagonist in others and is part of a class of medication known as SERMs - selective estrogen receptor modulators. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of tamoxifen on body metabolism, renal function, cardiovascular system and hepatic function. The experiment was done with 36 female rats, surgically castrated, dived into 4 groups (n=9): Wistar control (WC), Wistar treated with tamoxifen (WT); spontaneous hypertensive rats – SHR control (SC), SHR treated with tamoxifen (ST). Rats were kept in metabolic cages for 90 days with free access to water and chow. Tamoxifen was administered at a concentration of 0.1 mg/day/100 g the rats’ body weight. Ingestion of water, dieresis and chow consumption were monitored and recorded on a daily basis, while body weight was weekly checked to adjust the drug regimen. Following treatment, rats were anesthetized with ketamin, (10 mg/kg) and xylozine (50 mg/kg) and catheterization of both the femoral artery and carotid artery (with the cannula until to the left ventricle) was performed an 24 hours later, with rats awake, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and myocardial contractility index were measured in maximum developed pressure during the isovolumetric phase (dP/dtmax). Our findings suggest that the body weight gain in tamoxifen-treated rats was significantly lower than in the control group, despite the fact that there was no difference in chow consumption. There was also no difference in the relation between liquid intake and urinary excretion in the groups. As to renal weight, the ST group showed a marked loss. Serum levels of sodium, potassium and creatinine remained unaltered after treatment. Histopathological analysis of the renal blade revealed no differences between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Heart rate (HR) and MAP decreased significantly in the ST group, followed by a decrease in dP/dtmax. The humid weight of the left ventricle was also significantly lower in the ST group as compared to the control group, but there were no alterations in the Wistar group. Treatment with tamofixen increased HDL cholesterol in the ST group when compared to the SC group, but again there were no alterations in the Wistar group. LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly reduced in the animals treated, both in the normotensive and the hypertensive. High levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and liver humid weight were found in the WT and the ST groups, when compared to their control groups. The findings in our study show that tamoxifentreated female rats presented a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases for the duration of the treatment. Further research might confirm the cardiovascular and renal benefits of tamoxifen therapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
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    Efeitos da tens sobre a atividade do nervo ciático de ratos com uso de sertralina e suas implicações cardiorespiratórias
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-12-18) Santuzzi, Cíntia Helena; Futuro Neto, Henrique de Azevedo; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Faria, João Luiz Coelho de
    Analgesia induced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), occurs by activation of large-fibres; however, the mechanism of TENS analgesia is also related to the release of endogenous peptides and monoamines, including serotonin. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of high and low frequency TENS’ peripheral analgesia in rats treated with sertraline, an selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs, and their implications in cardiorespiratory parameters and the threshold of sensory excitation as an integral factor in the response to noxious stimulation. Male Wistar rats (n=48) weighing 250-300g were divided into six groups. The animals were treated with sertraline (3 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days) or saline. For surgical procedures the rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg, iv) after induction by halothane, then the femoral vein and artery were catheterized for administration of anesthetic and records of mean blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) respectively. Besides it, animals were submitted to tracheostomy to record respiratory frequency (RF). Incision was made in the posterior thigh to allow access to the branching of the sciatic nerve, the proximal portion was cut completely to allow the registration of the portion of the sensory nerve, after the nerve was dissected to record their activity (NCA). After stabilization of all parameters formalin was applied in the paw (50µl, 5%) associated with high-TENS (130Hz) or low -TENS (10Hz) for 20 minutes with sensory intensity (130-µs). Data were collected at times: baseline, 10, 20, 30 and 50 minutes after the injection of formalin. Throughout the experiment, the animal's body temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5 ° C. The results are presented as mean ± SEM, p <0.05. The results show a significant decrease in the NCA in rats that received TENS both high-and low-frequency, and treatment with sertraline showed the same pattern as TENS; however treatment with sertraline alone was also analgesic; Noxious stimulation showed an increase in HR, MAP and RF cardiorespiratory parameters and both high and low frequency TENS was able to reverse this elevation.Treatment with sertraline demonstrated unique answers for the different TENS’ modalities of application and pain stimulus. Therefore, we conclude that the analgesic effect of TENS is also related to the activation or potentiation of peripheral endogenous opioid system and it appears that sertraline does not improve the response pattern of TENS, however sertraline alone promotes analgesic effect. As for cardiorespiratory parameters, TENS was effective in reversing the high cardiorespiratory responses promoted by the painful stimulus, demonstrating that TENS an analgesic tool capable of reversing the physiological response to pain. However, the chronic treatment with sertraline exerted changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, possibly through the activation of different subtypes of serotonin receptors in different locations in the brain.
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    Efeitos da terapia de reposição hormonal com estradiol e progestinas sobre o sistema renina-angiostensina vascular de ratas ovariectomizadas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-10-11) Menezes, Laís Almeida; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Mauad, Helder; Rodrigues, Lívia Carla de Melo
    Cardiovascular diseases represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality among women of the world and become more prevalent after menopause, which gives the estrogen cardioprotective role. Estrogenic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) alone or in combination with progestins has been the target of studies as an alternative potential in the management of conditions associated with the postmenopausal phase. In this context, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is the most studied and used progestin in HRT, but its actions on the cardiovascular system have demonstrated antagonistic effects to the benefits of progesterone, and drospirenone (DRSP) exerts a potent antimineralocorticoid action, clinical and experimental evidence of its positive performance. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key component in the control of cardiovascular homeostasis, which is modulated by the estrogenic condition, and thus, estrogen deficiency modulates this system unfavorably. The vascular effects of estrogen are well elucidated, but there is a shortage of studies investigating the effects of hormonal therapy with MPA and DRSP on the cardiovascular system. Since RAS is an important endocrine axis for the maintenance of cardiovascular hemodynamics and HRT is a therapeutic measure for the damages, symptoms and risks presented at menopause, it is necessary to know the effects of hormonal therapy with these progestins on this system. The experiments were conducted in Wistar sham and ovariectomized rats, which were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups: SHAM, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX treated with 17β-estradiol [E2] (OE2); OVX treated with DRSP and E2 (DRSP + OE2) and OVX treated with MPA (OVX + MPA) orally. After 4 weeks of treatment, vascular reactivity was performed with angiotensin-1-7 (Ang 1-7) dose-response curves, both alone and in the presence of the inhibitors L-NAME, PD123319 and A779.In addition, the aorta was dissected and the protein expression of AT-1, AT-2, MAS, ECA-2 and eNOS were evaluated. There was an increase in body weight of OVX and OVX + MPA animals, the efficacy of ovariectomy was confirmed by the reduction of the uterine weight of OVX rats and the hormone replacement treatments reversed this atrophy. There was an impairment in Ang 1-7-mediated aortic vascular reactivity in OVX rats, being prevented by the therapies, and OE2 rats improved this effect. Vasodilation was abolished in the presence of L-NAME and there was a reduction of the response in the presence of PD123319 in OE2 rats. There was no difference in the protein expression of AT1 and ECA-2 between the groups, Mas expression was higher in the OE2 and DRSP + OE2 and AT2 groups and eNOS was more expressed in OVX + MPA. In view of the abovementioned results, it can be concluded that hypoestrogenism impairs Ang 1-7 induced vasodilatation in vascular reactivity in aortic rings; and the therapies with estradiol and progestins restore these parameters, being this the first time that the effects of the hormonal therapies of MPA and DRSP + E2 on the vascular Ang 1-7 are reported.
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    Efeitos da terapia ultrassônica de baixa intensidade sobre o infarto agudo do miocárdio em ratos
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-08-20) Freitas, Edineuza Aparecida de; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Pereira, Fausto Edmundo Lima; Gouvêa, Sônia Alves
    Background. The acute myocardial infarction is important cause of the mortality and morbidity in the world and Brazil. New therapeutic interventions are being tested isolated or in association with the already existing with the goal of preventing the progression or attenuate the remodeling in the heart infarcted. Among which-if the application of ultrasound (US) together with thrombolytic agents. However, in application of the energy ultrasonics as therapeutics postinfarction is evaluated only its possible effect as the agent thrombolytic, not being investigated to its possible involvement in the process of cicatrization of the area infarctada cardiac and functional parameters. Aims. In the face of such information, we aimed evaluate the effects of therapy ultrasonics transthoracic non-invasive of low intensity (NITUS) on the morphology and function of cardiac muscle of rats infarcted myocardial surgically after the 5th and 30th day. Methods. Male Wistar rats (200-250g) were weighed and randomly divided into eight groups with eight animals in each group. Four groups of animals were submitted to the induction of myocardium infarction through the occlusion permanent of the coronary artery descending left anterior, being two of these groups were sacrificed on the 5th day after the infarction and the five applications of therapy ultrasonics and the other two groups were sacrificed on the 30th day after the infarction and 5 applications of therapy ultrasonics. Four groups of animals were submitted to false-surgery (Sham), and two of these groups were sacrificed on the 5th day after false-surgery and the 5 applications of therapy ultrasonics and the other two groups were sacrificed on the 30th day after false-surgery and the 5 applications of therapy ultrasonics. The parameters of therapy ultrasonics were frequency of 1MHz, power 1W/cm2 , pulsed and time of application of 5 minutes. For the assessment of functional parameters was performed hemodynamic measurements of all the groups and after measurements the hearts were removed for morphometric analysis in order to assess the area of the scar of infarction. Hearts were cut in 4 slices being removed 3 cuts with a thickness of 8 micrometers of the third slice apical to base, and these were stained with picrosirius. Was used a video camera to catch an area which contained all the cuts. The image was caught with the use of the program AMCap and after the catch, this was filed. The stored image was 9 transferred to the program ImageJ 1.42q /java which was marked the area of the scar. Similarly, was marked throughout the area of ventricular wall, in order to obtain the relationship between the area of the scar and the total area of ventricular wall. Results. As regards the hemodynamic parameters, we observed that 30 days after the infarction there was a reduction in end diastolic pressure (PDE) (mmHg) of the group infarction + US when compared with group infarction (15±1.9 and 26±1.4, p<0.01, respectively). No significant difference in the area of the scar infarction between groups infarction and infarction+US in 5. day after acute myocardial infarction (31.6%±3.1 % and 34.5%±1.6, respectively). There was reduction in the area of the scar infarction in the group infarction+US when compared to group infarction (21.5%±1.4% and 26.2%±1.7%; p<0.05, respectively) on the 30th day after acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions. The therapy with US inside the established parameters, reduced the area of the scar of the infarction the group infarction+ US in the 30th days as well as it maintained the PDE inside physiologic values, probably because of influence in the phases inflammatory, proliferativa and of remodeling, which favors an increase in the speed of the inflammatory answer through the mobilization of inflammatory cells like neutrophils, macrophage, at the same time in which it stimulated to the degranulação of the mastocitos, which interfered in the mobilization of the leucocytos
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    Efeitos de diferentes terapias de reposição hormonal sobre a pressão arterial e balanço mineral ósseo de ratas castradas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-12-16) Véras, Wagner de Brito; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Moysés, Margareth Ribeiro; Gouvêa, Sônia Alves
    The estrogen has an important role in the homeostatic regulation of some tissues of the organism, good illustrated by the pathophysiologics alterations that occur in its deficiency, in the menopause. With the objective to brighten up these alterations, the use of the hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in the aftermenopause has been studied, in function of its benefits in the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, the traditional HRT with estrogen is associated with a bigger incidence in the development of cancer of breast and endometrium. One of the alternatives for the hormonal replacement is isoflavones (phytoestrogens derivatives of the soy) and the raloxifene (SERM). This study it has as objective to evaluate the possible effect of 17-β -estradiol, isoflavones and raloxifene on rats ovariectomyzeds throught of the measure of the arterial pressure, bone and plasmatic calcium and phosphorus concentration, corporeal, left ventricular and uterine weight. Adult Wistar rats had been divided in five groups (n=8). A group has controlled (C), a castrated group (CC) and the groups castrated and dealt with estrogen (CE), isoflavone (CI) and raloxifene (CR). Ten weeks after the ovariectomia, initiated the treatment of groups CE, CI and CR that lasted 12 weeks. In the end of the treatment, the direct measure of the pressure arterial and collected samples of blood was made, whose concentration of calcium and match had been measured. The animals had been, then, sacrificed to analyze the humid and dry weight of thighbone right and left, left ventricle and uterus, beyond the analysis of the concentration of calcium and match of thighbone. The treatment with 17-ss-estradiol, isoflavonas and raloxifeno did not modify the blood pressure levels of the rats. Groups CE and CR had gotten the lesser plasmatic levels and the biggest bone calcium levels. Group CR presented the lesser level of plasmatic match and groups CE and CR had presented the lesser levels of bone match. Group CE got the lesser profit of corporal weight. How much to the weight of thighbone, biggest groups CE and CR had gotten the profit of bone mass. The left ventricle presented bigger weight in group CE, as well as the weight of uterus. 15 On the basis of the gotten results, we conclude that the treatments with isoflavone and the raloxifene had presented greaters benefits, when comparative to the treatment with 17-ss-estradiol, therefore they had increased the calcium concentration and the bone mass without modifying the arterial pressure and nor the tropism of the cardiac and uterine cells
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    Efeitos do aumento do fluxo expiratório sobre parâmentros cardiorrespiratórios de crianças com bronquiolite aguda
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-12-16) Frasson, Thiago da Silva; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Cabral, Antonio de Melo; Araujo, Maria Teresa Martins de
    Acute bronchiolitis (BA) is an epidemic and seasonal respiratory infection of the child, who affects babies with age of up to two years. Chest phisioterapy has been wide used in the last years and considered a complement treatment of great aid in the prevention and treatment of pulmonary diseases in infancy. The bronchiolitis still is an illness little studied with the use of Chest phisioterapy techniques what in it comes across them with a at the very least controversial subject. The objective of this study is to verify the effect of the increase of the expiratory flow (AFE) in patients with BA, being evaluated props up it of Wood - Downes and the parameters of respiratory frequency (FR), cardiac frequency (FC), peripheral saturation of oxygen (SpO2), systolic arterial pressure (PAS), diastolic arterial pressure (PAD), average arterial pressure (PAM) in four different times, besides verifying social pointers through a partner-economic casuistry. The children had been randomized in 2 groups: experimental, where she was applied inhalation with medical lapsing, nasal hygiene and AFE, and has controlled group where she was applied inhalation and nasal hygiene. These parameters had been measured in four times: before the inhalation, immediately after the inhalation and before the application the AFE, immediately after the application of the AFE and thirty minutes after the application of the AFE. After the experiments the application of the comparative AFE to the group was observed a significant increase of the SpO2 (90,8947% to 97,2632%; p<0,5) in the experimental group thirty minutes has after controlled, that it did not have application of the maneuver, what in induces them to think that the AFE technique led in general to an improvement of the pulmonary function of these patients. We conclude thus that the technique of increase of the expiratory flow if shows efficient in the complement treatment of children with acute viral bronchiolitis.
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    EFEITOS DO TRATAMENTO COM ÁCIDO ELÁGICO SOBRE A DISFUNÇÃO DIASTÓLICA EM RATAS OVARIECTOMIZADAS
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-02-08) Costa, Bruno Maia; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0229590907405570; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-8191; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0784449193821231; Santuzzi, Cíntia Helena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3634-8602; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8343725873204499; Gouvea, Sonia Alves; https://orcid.org/000000015180471X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7268228122543743
    Oxidative stress, resulting from cardiovascular disease and estrogen deficiency, is a favorable condition for the development of ventricular diastolic dysfunction as well as progression and severity of cardiac insufficiency. In this sense, studies seek new therapeutic options that can reduce oxidative stress through natural alternative therapy, in which ellagic acid (EA) has been shown as an option for presenting antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to analyze whether treatment with EA can reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing diastolic dysfunction (DD), as well as investigating CaMKII's involvement in this pathophysiology. Wistar rats were ovariectomized and subdivided into 4 groups: SHAM diastolic dysfunction (Sham); Sham + EA; DD; DD + EA. Treatment with EA was carried out for 4 weeks, starting on the first day after induction of DD. At the end of treatment, cardiac hemodynamics was performed to analyze the systolic (LVSP) and final diastolic pressure of the left ventricle (LVEDP) and the maximum LV contraction and relaxation derivatives (dP/dt+ and dP/dt-, respectively). Cardiac oxidative stress "in situ" was evaluated by dihydroethidium fluorescence, CaMKII protein expression and pro and antioxidant enzymes by Western blotting, as well as antioxidant enzymatic activity by spectrophotometry. The animals with DD showed an increase in LVEDP and a reduction in the derivatives dP/dt + and dP/dt-, however, the treatment with EA attenuated the LVEDP and, in addition, it reduced the LVSP in the DD+EA group. The high production of EROS in the DD group was accompanied by an increase in gp91phox expression and a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD-2), which was reversed in the DD+EA group together with the increase in catalase expression. An increase in SOD activity was observed in the DD+EA group, on the other hand, the same did not occur with catalase. In addition, treatment with EA reduced CaMKII activation, analyzed by the low expression of p-CaMKII in the treated DD group, compared to the untreated one. Therefore, it is concluded that treatment with EA is able to attenuate diastolic dysfunction in an experimental model of menopause, via reduction of oxidative stress associated with decreased p-CaMKII, which makes EA a promising natural therapeutic option for better prognosis of cardiac dysfunction in women affected during menopause.
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    Efeitos do tratamento com alisquireno e L-arginina sobre a sensibilidade barorreflexa e estresse oxidativo de ratos com hipertensão renovascular
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-07-01) Mengal, Vinícius; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Gouvea, Sonia Alves; Bissoli, Nazaré Souza; Futuro Neto, Henrique de Azevedo
    Renovascular hypertension is characterized by increased angiotensin II, oxidative stress, and by endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was tested if the administration of aliskiren (ALSK) and L-arginine (L-ARG), would restore impaired baroreflex sensitivity and reduce the oxidative stress in a rat renovascular hypertension model. Hypertension was induced by clipping the left renal artery, and the following 5 groups were divided: SHAM, 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C); 2K1C plus ALSK (ALSK); 2K1C plus L-ARG (L-ARG); and 2K1C plus ALSK+ L-ARG (ALSK+LARG). SOD-2 and Catalase expression was measured in plasma and tissues and Assay of advanced oxidation protein products. After 21 days of treatment, only the ALSK+L-ARG group was effective in normalize the arterial pressure ( 108.8±2.8 mmHg). The L-ARG and ALSK+L-ARG groups not show hypertrophy of the left ventricle. All treatments restored the depressed baroreflex sensitivity to values found by SHAM group in both parasympathetic and sympathetic component of baroreflex system. Acute administration of TEMPOL restored the depressed baroreflex sensitivity in 2K1C group to values that resembles to those presented by other groups. The advanced oxidation protein products levels in plasma that 2K1C group was significantly increased in 2K1C group compared with SHAM, ALSK, L-ARG and ALSK+L-ARG groups (5,79±0,67 vs. 3,79±0,41; 3,96±0,35; 4,26±0,47 and 3,91±0,36 umol/Lchloramine-T respectively, P<0.05). The similar responses was found in cardiac tissue. The SOD-2 and Catalase expression in the cardiac tissue was significantly increased in ALSK, L-ARG and ALSK+L-ARG. The gp91phox in the cardiac tissue to L-ARG and ALSK+L-ARG groups was significantly decreased when compared with 2K1C and ALSK groups. In conclusion, combined ALSK+L-ARG treatment normalizes SBP and prevents ventricular hypertrophy in 2K1C hypertensive rats, an effect that can be partially attributed to increased baroreflex sensitivity and decreases oxidative stress.
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    Efeitos do tratamento com tamoxifeno sobre o peso e composição corporal de ratas normotensas de hipertensas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-03-16) Lopes, Andressa Bolsoni; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Botion, Leida Maria; Gouvea, Sonia Alves
    The tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogenic agent classified like selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has been widely used since the 1970s in adjuvant hormonal treatment of primary breast cancer. Paradoxically this SERM is known for produce agonistic effects against the estrogen in uterus, bone, liver and fat metabolism. The actions agonist or antagonists of the SERMs depends of its interaction with α and β estrogen receptor. Changes on the body weight and metabolism have been observed in women during the treatment of the cancer of breast. The estrogen, it is able to modulate the adipose tissue in its different stages. Studies in women and in experimental animals show that the replacement with estrogen is responsible for the reduction of the visceral adipose deposition and the stimulation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. This evidence indicates an important paper of the estrogen in the modulation of the lipolytic and / or lipogenic effects in this adipose tissue. The objective of the present study was to investigate the causes and mechanisms responsible for the loss of body weight promoted by the chronic treatment with tamoxifen in normotensive and hypertensive, ooforectomized and non ooforectomized rats. Female normotensive (Wistar) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 4-week-old were used in this study. Both, Wistar and SHR were classified in 8 differents groups: normotensive control (NC), normotensive treated (NT), normotensive ovariectomized control (NOC), normotensive ovarietomized treated (NOT), SHR controls (SC), SHR treated (ST), SHR ovariectomized controls (SOC) and SHR ovariectomized treated (SOT), n=10 in each group. The treatment began in the 47º day of life of the rats, seven days after gonadectomy. The Tamoxifen was administered once a day by gavage (1mg/Kg) during 90 days. In the control groups was done 0,9% of saline, as vehicle. Weekly the body weight was monitored. On the final of the treatment the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Immediately samples were removed the blood, visceral fat, muscle Soleus and femur. The Tamoxifen promoted a minor gain of body weight specifically due to the reduction on the visceral adipose tissue. Its possible that the modifications of the adipose mass was caused directly by agonist actions on the estrogen receptors, or indirectly for increase of the metabolism because of the thyroid hormones. We did not observe alteration on the dry weight of the proteins concentration in the muscle Soleus. Also did not occurred modification in the serum total proteins or its fractions. The major weight of femur in the animals treated was consequent to estrogenic agonist effect of this drug. We did not observe modify in the serum levels of the LPL, but the levels of TG in the ooforectomized and treated animals were significantly major. It’s possible that the Tamoxifen promoves like-estrogens actions in the hepatic tissue. This explains its alterations on the lipoproteins and serum lipids. The elevated serum levels of T4 in the Tamoxifen groups could be by direct or indirect actions of tamoxifen on thyroid gland. Furthermore news studies probably will clarify the specific action of the Tamoxifen on the adipose visceral tissue demonstrated in this study
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    Efeitos do tratamento crônico com tamoxifeno sobre a reatividade vascular do leito coronariano de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-12-17) Borgo, Mariana Veronez; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Moyses, Margareth Ribeiro; Andrade, Tadeu Uggere de
    Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in pre-menopausal women when compared with postmenopausal women. These results may be related, at least in part, with a significant decrease in the release of estrogen in menopause. Hormone reposition therapy (HRT) benefits metabolic and vascular factors, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. However, clinical trials are controversial as to their effects augmenting clinical interest over different replacement therapy low dose estrogen. Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal agent classified as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for its specific actions, acting as an agonist or antagonist of estrogen receptors in deferent tissues. It is used as adjuvant therapy in estrogen dependent breast cancer, mostly in post-menopausal patients; however the cardiovascular effects of this drug have not been totally elucidated. The goal of this study is to identify the chronic tamoxifen effects on the blood pressure, cardiac function and coronary vascular reactivity. SHR rats were divided in four groups: control (SC), tamoxifen treated (ST), ovariectomized control (SOC) and ovariectomized tamoxifen treated (SOT). The animals were treated during 90 days using the gavage method. BP, HR, dP/dTmax and coronarian vascular reactivity, in Langendorff method isolated hearts were evaluated. The results demonstrated that tamoxifen attenuates the elevated blood pressure present in ovariectomized animals (SOC), reduces heart rate (HR) and the cardiac contractility index (dP/dTmax). Coronary vascular reactivity was also affected with reduced vasoconstriction to acetilcoline and increased vasodilation to adenosine. These results show the importance of the potential benefic effects of tamoxifen over coronarian vascular reactivity through mechanisms that may contribute to the protection against cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors.
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    Efeitos do tratamento crônico de natação e da terapia estrogênica sobre a reatividade vascular coronariana e expressão das enzimas antioxidantes em ratas ovarectomizadas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-17) Claudio, Erick Roberto Gonçalves; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Santos, Roger Lyrio dos; Lemos, Virginia Soares
    Cardiovascular diseases are a major source of morbidity and mortality in most industrialized countries. In women in the postmenopausal period these diseases remain the leading cause of death. With the decreased production of estrogens we can observe the appearance and the rise of many factors which could increase the risk of its development. Among these factors, the oxidative stress has been highlighted as an important mediator with significant contribution in the pathophysiology of many diseases, like hypertension, atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Experimental and clinical studies show a markedly rise in the oxidative stress biomarkers after menopause. Although many experimental works report beneficial effects of hormonal replacement with estrogen (E2) in the reduction of cardiovascular diseases risk, the results of clinical studies are so far to be conclusive about the use of this therapy as exclusive indication to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. In this context, lifestyle modifications are necessary, as the incorporation of regular physical activity. Many studies have demonstrated that physical training can positively influence on the main cardiovascular risk factors, including in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of chronic physical training through swimming and the estrogen therapy in the vascular reactivity of coronary bed of ovariectomized rats, and the role of antioxidant enzymes expression in these responses. The female rats were divided in five groups following ovariectomy: SHAM, ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized treated with E2 (OTRH), Ovariectomized trained (OEX) and ovariectomized treated with E2 plus exercise (OTREX). E2 replacement was performed by injection s.c. containing 5 µg of 17βEstradiol, three times a week. The training was conducted by continuous swimming training, sixty minutes daily and five times per week. Both training and therapy started seven days after ovariectomy and lasted eight weeks. Forty eight hours after the last treatment and/or training session, the animals were sacrificed to carry out two different protocols of analysis. For the functional study with isolated hearts we evaluated the effects of treatments on bradykinin-mediated dilation, and for the assessment of antioxidant enzymes expression was performed dissection of the coronary arteries. The results demonstrated that both exercise and E2 can modulate the body composition. The endothelium-dependent vasodilator response was improved in all groups compared to OVX in the highest concentration (1000 ng), however, it was more pronounced in the OEX group which was significantly higher in the three highest concentrations. In relation to antioxidant enzymes, SOD-1 increased in the three experimental groups compared to OVX. Catalase was increased only in the OEX group compared to OVX and glutathione peroxidase decreased in all groups compared to SHAM. The eNOS expression was significantly higher in the OEX group in relation to OTRH, while iNOS was decreased in this same group compared to SHAM. Thus, according to the results of the present study, we can conclude that both training and E2 treatment may play a role in the cardioprotection and the practice of physical training can be a feasible alternative in relation to estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women.
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    Efeitos do tratamento quimioterápico e hormonioterápico sobre biomarcadores de lesão cardíaca e estresse oxidativo em mulheres com câncer de mama
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-03) Silva, Fabrício Bragança da; Romero, Walckíria Garcia; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Meyrelles, Silvana dos Santos
    The increase in deaths from cardiovascular disease in women submitted to antineoplastic treatments for breast cancer is a fact observed in many works and is most often associated with cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Although not well understood, it is believed that the cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents are associated with the increase in oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the treatments against breast cancer on biomarkers of cardiac injury and oxidative stress. Thirty women were monitored for one year and divided according to the therapeutic protocol: women subjected to hormone therapy with tamoxifen (Tam group, n = 10), women treated with chemotherapy (chemo group, n = 10), and women treated with chemotherapy followed by hormone therapy with tamoxifen (Chemo+Tam group, n = 10). Blood samples were collected in three moments, before initiation of treatment and after six, and twelve months for the analysis of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and plasma activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We observe that women in the Chemo group showed increased levels of cTnI and AOPP and lower plasma activity of GPx when compared to Tam and Chemo + Tam groups. These data reinforce that oxidative stress may play a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases after chemotherapy treatment and highlights a cardioprotective effect of hormone therapy with tamoxifen. Furthermore, accumulated scientific evidence supports the adoption of more effective public policies in monitoring and treatment of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the population: cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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    Efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbico sobre a reatividade vascular em anéis de aorta de ratas ovariectomizadas e infartadas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-17) Oliveira, Suelen Guedes de; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Gouvêa, Sônia Alves; Mauad, Helder
    The main characteristic of women in the postmenopausal period is the ovarian hormones deficiency. It is known that it is the time when the woman is most susceptible to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Among the CVDs that most affect women during their lifetime, the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is highly significant. In order to reduce hospitalization rates and population mortality, aerobic training may be an important therapeutic strategy aimed to reduce the side effects of disease and improving the patients' quality of life. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on vascular reactivity in aorta rings of ovariectomized and infarcted rats, from a perspective of the antioxidant system. The animals were submitted to ovariectomy 7 days after induction of AMI or fictitious surgery. Then, the animals were divided into sedentary or trained groups, who started the training 15 days after AMI and performed the training for 8 weeks, resulting in the following groups: Control, OVX+SHAMsed, OVX+SHAMef, OVX+IMsed and OVX+IMef. After the exercise training period, animals were sacrificed and the vascular reactivity was assessed in aorta rings. Investigation of antioxidants protein expression and of gp91phox was made by the western blotting method and the superoxide anion production was evaluated by the dihydroethidium fluorescence (DHE). After AMI there was an increase in vessel contractility and an impairment in the endothelium-mediated relaxation. On the other hand, the group submitted to exercise training showed a higher relaxation compared with the sedentary infarcted rats, in addition to a lower contraction. Moreover, the protein expression of the pro-oxidant protein gp91phox and the superoxide production was higher in the OVX+IMsed group compared to OVX+Shamsed. In infarcted rats, exercise training was able to prevent these changes. The present study highlights the importance of exercise training as a therapy which helps to provide a better quality of life for postmenopausal women.
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    Efeitos do treinamento físico sobre a função cardíaca de ratas ovariectomizadas após o infarto do miocárdio
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-08-22) Simões, Simone Alves de Almeida; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; Pereira, Fausto Edmundo Lima; Baldo, Marcelo Perim
    Approximately 40% of patients with myocardial infarction develop ventricular dysfunction with or without signs of heart failure, which adversely affect the quality of life, rates of hospitalization and mortality. The adverse ventricular remodeling after an acute ischemic event is the main factor involved in ventricular dysfunction and presents important differences between males and females. Studies have shown that the reduction of ovarian hormones can interfere negatively in important pathways related to the remodeling process. In addition, the regular practice of exercise training have shown important beneficial effects after myocardial infarction. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyze the effects of exercise training in treadmill on the cardiac function, histologic and morphometric parameters and to check the protein expression of cardiac renin-angiotensin, oxidant and antioxidant systems in ovariectomized rats after myocardial infarction. Female Wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus Albinus), with eight weeks of age were randomly divided into five groups at the time of ovariectomy: Control, OVX+SHAMSED, OVX+SHAMEF, OVX+IMSED and OVX+IMEF. Two weeks after the induction of myocardial infarction animals started the exercise training. The training protocol was carried out for a period of eight weeks, with duration of 60 min/day, five times a week with an interval of two days to rest. Fortyeight hours after the last day of exercise training protocol, animals were anesthetized for the achievement of the following analyzes. For the evaluation of cardiac function, the left ventricle was catheterized. Proteins expression in the left ventricle were performed by Western Blotting. Collagen and hypertrophy were assessed by histology and the citrate synthase activity by fluorimetry. After eight weeks of exercise training and myocardial infarction, animals of OVX+IMEF group showed a reduction in the expression of AT1 receptor and gp91phox, accompanied by an increase in catalase expression when compared to MI group (p<0.05). In addition, the exercise training prevented the increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure together with the reduction of dP/dt+. The cross-sectional area of the myocyte and collagen deposition were significantly increased in the MI group (p<0.05), but these changes were also prevented by exercise training. Together, these results demonstrates the beneficial effects promoted by the exercise training in treadmill on the cardiac remodeling process, impacting directly on the improvement of cardiac function in ovariectomized rats submitted to myocardial infarction
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    O ácido elágico melhora o padrão funcional hemodinâmico e previne o remodelamento cardíaco após infarto agudo do miocárdio em ratas ovariectomizadas
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-03-27) Gonçalves, Laís Lopes; Simões, Simone Alves de Almeida; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-509X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4036865618615755; Abreu, Glaucia Rodrigues de; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8772-8470; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0229590907405570; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-8354; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0964569425731887; Gouvea, Sônia Alves; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-471X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7268228122543743; Lemos, Virgínia Soares; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1234-9325; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6575569264319071
    Postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and a worse prognosis. The main cause of fibrosis and heart failure is MI. We previously demonstrated that Ellagic acid (EA) attenuates diastolic dysfunction by reducing cardiac oxidative stress. Here, we examined the effect of the administration of EA on cardiac fibrosis and other pathological effects induced by MI in female rats that have been exposed to estrogen deprivation. Ovariectomized Wistar rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation to induce MI. The EA (30 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily for four weeks. Hemodynamic parameters were measured through cannulation of the carotid artery. Picrosirius red staining was used to evaluate collagen deposition and to determine the size of the infarction. MMP-8 expression was measured by immunofluorescence. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were quantified by the DAF-2 and DHE probes, respectively. ELISA was used for the quantification of inflammatory cytokines. MI promoted ventricular dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. Oral administration of EA reduced the size of the myocardial lesion, improved hemodynamic parameters, decreased the deposition of total collagen, and type I collagen, and increased the deposition of type III collagen. MMP-8 expression and IL-6 production were increased in the heart after MI and EA decreased them. Finally, the administration of EA increased the production of in situ NO and decreased the production of ROS. These data highlight that oral treatment with EA may be a potential natural therapeutic for menopausal women under cardiac stress.