Ciências Contábeis

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Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 134

Um estudo de percepções de ONGs ambientalistas capixabas acerca da relevância de indicadores ambientais da GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-08-15) Paris, Patrícia Krauss Serrano; Siqueira, José Ricardo Maia de; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Costa, Alessandra de Sá Mello da
The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) stands out worldwide in order to minimize perceived quality problems in Sustainability Reports. One of GRI s initiatives is the development of environmental indicators. In the context of growing concern about environmental impacts of human activity, and considering environmental disclosure tool relevance for users depends on their relevance perception on the information it contains, the purpose of this study is: to analyze the perceived relevance by environmentalists non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Espírito Santo (Brazilian state) on the essential environmental indicators in GRI s third version. Questionnaires were sent to 52 NGOs, resulting in 24 responses. Indicators and respondents were analyzed according to their responses profiles. It was found that all the environmental indicators considered essential by GRI were mostly indicated as being of significant importance, by respondents, what means GRI has the ability to meet this segment of Brazilian society s expectations. The results signalize the GRI essential environmental indicators importance on sustainability reports, and that disclosure standards internationalization for basic global issues related to the environment does not diminish its importance to users, in specific locations
Conselhos de administração : uma análise das suas características e impacto sobre as firmas no mercado acionário brasileiro.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-09-04) Brugni, Talles Vianna; Almeida, José Elias Feres de; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria; Nossa, Valcemiro
This study aimed to identify what are the key attributes that characterize the Boards of Directors (BoD) in Brazil, thus allowing for a better understanding of their influences on the capital market. I have been found that there is a high degree of correlation between the 31 analyzed characteristics, suggesting that other researches on the topic could have evidenced the relationships of some variables that probably were reflecting many other strongly correlated characteristics. The main target was to better understand the environment in which the Boards of Directors are situated in order to define, in fact, what are the key attributes of these Boards based on the variance of a larger set of characteristics. The factor analysis (FA) allowed a deeper analysis of these characteristics, getting rid of the specific correlations between them and then building non-correlated factors. From this scenario, five indexes were built to reflect the factors extracted from the FA, allowing them to be related to the value and performance of firms through multiple regressions; these factors are: variable and fixed remuneration, dedication of the members to the Board, basic training and degree of the BoD members (Master and PhD degree). The results were divided into three sections: i) characterization of the Boards of Directors in Brazil, to allow a better understanding of the BoD´s environment in the country; ii) determination of the key characteristics of these Boards, in other words, which are the characteristics that explain most of data variance, through factor analysis and; iii) the relationship between the constructed indexes and the return, abnormal return, Tobin´s Q, ROA e ROE, in order to verify if the features that summarize the environment of the BoD are perceived as important by investors at the time of the investment. In addition, I also found that the remuneration of the Directors is responsible for explaining about 40% of the data variance referring to the Boards of Directors, thus suggesting that this characteristic is of great importance in the spectrum of corporate governance, especially regarding the Boards of Directors of the firms. I also identified that the "fixed compensation" factor influences negatively and significantly both in abnormal return and Tobin´s Q. The relationship between dependent variables and other factors has also been tested and the results suggest that the dedication of the Board members is significant to explain Tobin´s Q and that the level of education of the members explains significantly the return, abnormal return and the Tobin´s Q.
Governança corporativa e competição : influências sobre a qualidade da informação contábil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-09-11) Bastianello, Ricardo Furieri; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria; Almeida, José Elias Feres de; Salotti, Bruno Meirelles
This dissertation analyzes the quality of accounting information (QAI) on the interaction between corporate governance and competition, aiming to tackle questions that have not been addressed by the literature available so far, especially when it comes to comparing the four possible environments resulting of the combination between different competition and governance environments. When it comes to the relationship between competition and governance, studies such as Karuna s (2010) point out to the existence of a cause/effect relationship between the intensity of the competition and stronger governance. When discussing accounting and competition, Dhaliwal et al. (2008) evidenced a positive relation between the amount of competition and the conditional conservatism, which is considered one of the main priorities of accounting information. Thus, in what concerns the relationship between governance and accounting, findings made by Bushman et al (2000) confirm that accountancy has an influence on corporate governance. Ball et al (2000) are contrary to that opinion, claiming that it is corporate governance that impacts on accountancy, which means that the governance mechanisms present at a certain environment would play a fundamental role in the quality of accounting information. The product market competition was calculated using the Herfindahl Index and the identification of firms with strong or weak governance was based on BM&FBovespa listings, where firms listed in New Market or Level 2 were considered with strong governance, and the others were considered with weak governance. The data used was collected between 2000 and 2011, from the firms listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange. The type of statistical analysis used to process data was the multiple regression with unbalanced panel data. In general, the results point to the same direction as previous ones, showing that both the presence of a strong governance and a highly competitive environment can enhance the accounting numbers in order to make them more qualitative. Interestingly, results suggest that in environments classified as uncompetitive and weak governance mechanisms, the quality of accounting information disclosed was relatively high, according to two of the three properties of the quality of accounting information analyzed
Eficiência técnica e inovatividade : um estudo em hospitais privados brasileiros
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-12-10) Saquetto, Thiago Chieppe; Carneiro, Teresa Cristina Janes; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga
Innovation is currently considered one of the main contributing factors for competitive differentiation and organizational performance improvement. Investing in innovativeness, i.e.the great ability to promote innovation has been pointed as the way for the companies to achieve success in highly competitive markets. In the hospital business, enterprises have invested in innovation in order to enhance both the quality of their health services, as well the efficiency. However, given the multiple meanings of the terms innovation and innovativeness in the literature, there are still questions about the actual contributions of these factors for the enterprises performance. Especially in segments whose innovative dynamics is distinguished from others by their specific aspects, as in the hospital business. Thus this research aimed to clarify the influence of innovativeness in hospital performance. Therefore innovativeness was defined as a measure of the companys ability or propensity to innovate, both perceived by the organizations internal culture and the way of acting in the marketplace. This operation was achieved by compiling variables from two constructs of innovativeness: Organizational Innovativeness (IO) and Perceived Firm Innovativeness (PFI). Operational performance was defined as a measure of the efficiency, with which a private hospital enterprise uses the resources available to provide services, comparing to other private hospitals. By a comprehensive literature review, we identified non-financial variables often used in hospital researches, both domestic and international. This operation was achieved by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) mathematical model. Based on a sample of 17 private hospitals, we found that the innovativeness perceived by hospital managers has an inverse relationship with the operational technical efficiency of hospital enterprises
A influência do Private Equity e Venture Capital sobre a informatividade dos lucros no mercado brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-22) Almeida, André Abreu de; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Gomes, Leonardo Lima; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria
This research aimed at investigating the influence of PE / VC on the informativeness earnings of companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. It was considered informativity as the intensity of the relationship between accounting profit and stock returns, calculated by the slope estimated between the variables PEVC and Adjusted Net Income (LLA). Additionally, the study investigated the influence of the combined effect of PE / VC and governance on the informativeness earnings. It is expected that this research contribute for the expansion knowledge improvement on the role of accounting in capital markets. The sample consisted of 1177 observations of nonfinancial companies listed on the BM & FBovespa in the period from 2004 to 2011. The result of this research confirm the hypothesis that the informativeness of earnings is positively related to the existence of PE / VC
Efeitos das características da estrutura e composição do conselho de administração na qualidade da informação contábil no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-05-22) Holtz, Luciana; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Ferreira, Vicente Antonio de Castro; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria
This research was developed with the objective of investigating the effects of the characteristics of structure and composition of the board of directors on the quality of accounting information of the companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. Specifically, the characteristics of the board studied were the size and the independence of the board, and the separation of the roles of the president of the board and the chief executive of the business. The proxies for quality of accounting information were the value relevance of the accounting information and the informativeness of earnings. The sample includes non-financial firms listed on the BM&FBovespa with an annual liquidity higher than 0,001, during the period of 2008 to 2011. The data was collected from the Economática® data base and directly from annual reports and reference forms of firms available on the CVM or BM&FBovespa site. To reach the proposed objective the methodology of research consists in a quantitative approach based on Vafeas (2000), Firth, Fung and Rui (2006) and Habib and Azim (2008). The analysis of the data was based on the technique of multiple regression for the estimation of models of value relevance of accounting information and informativeness of earnings. The results indicate that in the Brazilian market, for firms that negotiate stock on the BM&FBovespa, the characteristics of independence of the board of directors and separation of the roles of president of the board of directors and of chief executive have a positive influence on the quality of the accounting information being reported, specifically on the relevance of the net equity. The informativeness of earnings is positively affected by the independence of the board of directors and negatively by the bigger boards (above nine members). The results in general corroborate with international studies such as Vafeas (2000), Firth, Fung and Rui (2006), Ahmed, Hossain and Adams (2006) and Dimitropoulos and Asteriou (2010), specially relating to the independence of the board of directors. Is possible to check that stronger governance structures exercise effects that improve the quality of accounting information reported.
Informações sobre segmentos operacionais no Brasil : práticas e determinantes de divulgação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-17) Souza, Júlia Alves e; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Nakao, Sílvio Hiroshi; Bortolon, Patricia Maria
With business diversification, economic globalization and harmonization of international accounting standards, disclosure of information about operating segments assumes increasing importance and tends to favor the economic-financial analysis of entities. In 2009, was issued in Brazil the Pronouncement CPC 22, which directs companies on the way that should be defined their operating segments and how these data should be disclosed in the annual financial statements. In view of gaps on the analysis of financial information by segment, this study aims to identify factors that influence the level of disclosure of information about operating segments of Brazilian companies. Herewith, aims to present the practices of disseminating information about operating segments presented by these companies. The research, exploratory and explanatory, develops initially from the analysis of financial statements of companies, with reference to the requirements of CPC 22. Use also the statistical model of multiple linear regression analysis. It approached the disclosure for the years of 2010 and 2011, and 2010 was the first year of such compulsory disclosure by Brazilian public companies. The study covers 272 companies distributed across 20 economic sectors, totaling 544 statements analyzed. Regarding the disclosure practices of segments, the results indicate that there was no uniformity in the practices of such companies, as expected (given the discretion allowed by CPC 22 and the various organizational structures). Identify differences in the types of information disclosed and the same levels of detailing, both between different sectors and between firms in the same sector. It appears, also, that the level of corporate disclosure have not explored all the points mentioned in Statement (part of them even mentioned the existence of operating segments), and thus it is evident that there was not full compliance with the requirements of CPC 22. In relation to the factors that influence this disclosure, are tested hypotheses about the 8 characteristics identified as potential determinants, as Disclosure Theory, the Theory of Agency and/or previous studies that address the disclosure of segment information. For the characteristics "profitability", "sector concentration", "profit or loss" and "reporting year" are not obtained statistically significant results, indicating that these factors do not influence such disclosure levels. Is also concluded, in relation to companies analyzed: (i) the larger the company, the greater the level of disclosure about segments, (ii) the greater the degree of indebtedness of the company, the greater the level of disclosure about segments, (iii) companies listed in the Corporate Governance Levels of BM&FBOVESPA have higher levels of disclosure that companies not belonging to them, and (iv) companies audited by one of the "Big Four" have higher levels of disclosure that audited by "other companies". Thus, the results reveal that features "size", "debt", "corporate governance" and "audit" are determinants of levels of disclosure about segments of Brazilian companies.
A relação entre investidores institucionais, gerenciamento de resultados e governança corporativa
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-21) Maria Junior, Elizeu; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria; Costa, Fábio Moraes da; Campos, Gabriel Moreira
This research aims to determine the concentration of ownership stake in the companies listed on the BOVESPA by domestic and foreign institutional investors, including its interaction with the adoption of best corporate governance practices, impacts the earnings management. The literature suggests that foreign institutional investors in the same economic environment may exert more influence on the management, monitoring the actions of the best managers, and obtain information at a lower cost and time differential. This research is classified as quantitative-descriptive data collection which presents itself as a documentary. The analysis will be performed on the active companies and traded on Bovespa in the period 2008-2012. It is hoped that as a result the concentration of institutional investor participation is inversely proportional to the level of earnings management and the level of corporate governance associated with the participation of national and foreign institutional investors increase this inverse proportionality. The results show an indication that participation in the ownership structure of domestic institutional investors generates greater impact on rates of earnings management than the participation of foreign institutional investors. It was also found that, diverging from previous studies, the participation of institutional investors relatives may be negatively impacting the index of earnings management of Brazilian companies. Ultimately it was observed that the adoption of best corporate governance practices associated with shareholding of institutional investors did not significantly impact earnings management
Acordo de acionistas e qualidade das informações contábeis : evidências empíricas no mercado brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-07-31) Lyrio, Felipe Maia; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Silva Júnior, Annor da; Costa, Jorge Vieira da
The goal of the thesis is to assess the influence of shareholders’ agreement in the quality of bookkeeping information released by the companies listed on BM&FBOVESPA, from 2001 to 2011. In order to infer about the quality of the bookkeeping information, informativeness metrics and value relevance were used. The command agreement (used to guarantee the control) of the defense agreements (used to guarantee the access to certain rights by reaching a minimal percentage of voting capital). The sample had as cutting criterion the minimum of 0.001 liquidity in BM&FBOVESPA. The multiple linear regression with unbalanced panel data was used, having as control variables: concentration of votes, size, debt incurring, market-to-book and losses. Based on achievement and monitoring effects, using the methodology proposed, the study shows that companies with any kind of agreements among shareholders have more quality of the released bookkeeping profits.
O impacto da restrição financeira na prática do conservadorismo contábil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-09-05) Demonier, Gladyson Brommonschenkel; Bortolon. Patrícia Maria; Almeida, José Elias Feres de; Campos, Gabriel Moreira; Lima, Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de
This research investigated the practice of accounting conservatism in Brazilian companies with financial constraints. For this, we used a sample of 1086 observations of Brazilian companies listed on BM&F Bovespa in the period from 2000 to 2012, in which 106 observations were classified in a situation of financial constraint, as criteria developed using for the distribution of dividends, cash and cash equivalents and investments. To investigate the accounting conservatism were used models Basu (1997) and Ball and Shivakumar (2005) adapted. The findings of this study confirmed the hypothes is that firms with financial constraints do not adopt the attribute conditional conservatism in their accounting numbers
Análise do processo de elaboração das normas internacionais de contabilidade pública
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-09-06) Salaroli, Abner Ribeiro; Almeida, José Elias Feres de; Campos, Gabriel Moreira; Cardoso, Ricardo Lopes
It was sought in this study to investigate how the public consultation process can influence the delimitation of the International Public Accounting Standards (IPSAS) issued by IFAC. Thus, it was possible to identify the participation of several worldwide agents, in addition to verify the link between the characteristics of suggestions submitted and its acceptance by the responsible agency. This research was based on theoretical conceptual the Tridimensional Theory of Law, developed by Miguel Reale, wherein fact, value and norm are present and are related consistently, dialectical and complementary throughout the regulatory process, in the case in question, the accounting standardization. The facts represent present situations in the context of each participant, which are, in its turn, oriented, among other factors, by ideologies and principles, which are the values. Already the norm is the result of the relation between facts and values and is represented here by the IPSAS. As a methodological approach, resorted to documental research, to the content analysis and to the quantitative analysis through the Chi-square test and the interpretation of standardized residuals. From the sample, composed by suggestions made in 123 letters, was identified 59 agents from many countries, and 76% were not owned by the IFAC members. Also, the institutions occurred in seven different grades, such as professional institutions, regional standardization bodies, government agencies. On the acceptance level of the submitted contributions, were counted 926 suggestions, of which 322 somehow, the IFAC held. Moreover, there was an expressive participation from Oceania with 29.5% of the contributions total and participation of the Accounting Standards Board (South Africa) and the Australian Heads of Treasuries Accounting and Reporting Advisory Committee (HoTARAC) and Australian Accounting Standards Board, and both institutions that most delivered contributions. Additionally, the quantitative approach, succeeded evidence of a greater association between the suggestions of non-members and acceptance by the IFAC. There was also a strong link between compliance and the contributions of type Form. Still, for the entire sample, there was no evidence of dependence between the level of acceptance and the fact that the items whether they are converging standards issued by the IASB. However, the tests for each statement occurred, in some cases, evidence of association for both situations: approach and distancing of private standards, according to the sub-sample analyzed.
Ativismo de acionistas no mercado acionário brasileiro : evidências e determinantes em empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-09-20) Vargas, Luiz Henrique Fernandes; Bortolon, Patricia Maria; Barros, Lucas Ayres Barreira de Campos; Almeida, José Elias Feres de
This study aims at verifying the characteristics and determinants of shareholder activism in public Brazilian companies. Shareholder activism means the attempt of shareholders to cause alterations in the company, without changing its control structure, as defined by Gillan e Starks (2007). The sample is made up of 322 companies for the year 2010 and 347 companies for 2012. The study analyzed minutes of the ordinary meetings, media news on activism, and complaints at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM). In order to achieve our goals and show shareholder activism in the sample, an index made up of seven questions was employed, as well as logistic regression and multiple linear regression. The results show the existence of shareholder activism expressed in the minutes through proposals made before and during the meetings, opposing votes and refusal of proposals presented, as well as search for representation in board of directors and audit committee through the election effective members by minority shareholders. Evidence of shareholder activism was verified in news of that period, mainly incorporation events and capital closing operations. Because of the interest these events aroused in the media, the news about them were republished, which led to an increase in the figures from one year to another. As far as the proceedings filed at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission are concerned, there was a decrease from 2010 to 2012, even though there was an increase in proceedings concerning “measures adopted by company’s administrator and/or controller". The Shareholder Activism Index showed the highest score for five of the seven questions for only two of the sample companies in the study period. The chances of a company to target of activism are negatively affected by return on equity and ownership concentration, and positively by firm size, board size , number of proposals during meetings and quantity of shareholders; both individuals and corporations. However, when using the variable “number of individual shareholders”, no statistical significance was found for the model referring to complaints filed at CVM. For companies that had been target of activism, multiple linear regression and activism measured by the index showed that the company is negatively affected by leverage, and positively affected by firm size and quantity of individual shareholders. Therefore, this study is a contribution the literature on shareholder activism in the Brazilian stock market by showing the existence of the former through methodology different from what had been used in international studies, i.e. analyzing three aspects: meeting minutes, media news, and complaints filed at Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission. This variety of information allows verifying this phenomenon that is frequently analyzed in international studies, but scarcely investigated in the Brazilian market.
Efeitos do acompanhamento de analistas e da dupla listagem sobre o disclosure voluntário durante o processo de convergência ao padrão IFRS no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-10) Rodrigues, Herbert Simões; Almeida, José Elias Feres de; Galdi, Fernando Caio; Campos, Gabriel Moreira
We aim in this paper to study the effects of the International Account Standards, the cover of financial analysts and the emission of American Depositary Receipts (ADR), on the voluntary disclosure of BM&FBOVESPA companies, during the period of convergence to IFRS standards. From the analyses of 14 papers, we developed a check list with 38 items of voluntary disclosure, being 25 financial, economic and organizational items and 13 environmental and social items. The developed check list was applied to 1,406 documents (foot notes and director’s reports, with 58.2 thousand pages) of a sample of 703 firm–year observations, between 2006 and 2013. By using Wilcoxon test, the results show significant augmentation in the voluntary disclosure levels during the period of IFRS adoption in Brazil, being economic, financial and organizational elements more significant than social and environmental elements. By using robust OLS models for unbalanced panel data, the results for the econometric tests partially confirmed the hypothesis that IFRS has contributed for the development of voluntary disclosure of firms with higher financial analysts’ coverage. Besides, we found significant evidence that firms which emitted ADRs has enhanced their levels of voluntary disclosure during the convergence period to IFRS. The results are robust and significant when controlled by size (TAM), profitability (RENT), leverage (ALAV) and being audited by a Big Four company (AUDI) as determinants of voluntary disclosure over the period of convergence to IFRS.
Honorários, serviços fora da área de auditoria e independência do auditor : evidências nas companhias abertas listadas na BM&FBovespa
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-10-14) Rodrigues Sobrinho, William Brasil; Bortolon, Patricia Maria; Carvalho, Antonio Gledson de; Almeida, José Elias Feres de
This paper aims to identify the determinants of audit and non-audit fees. Additionally aims to assess if the provision of these non-audit services in conjunction with audit of the financial statements affect the independence of the external auditors of Brazilian companies traded on the BM&FBovespa. The sample contains 180 non-financial corporations observed in the period 2010 to 2012.Results indicate that, overall, the effort and risk proxies raise audit fees, while corporate governance variables show the demand effect (raising fees) and risk effect (lowering fees) depending on the proxy observed. Regarding the hiring of non-audit services, firms that need more monitoring and have audit committees require additional services, although the fiscal board inhibits hiring these services. Finally, evidence indicates that the provision of non-audit services does not affect auditor's independence. These results are the same even when considering the existence of a going concern opinion as a proxy for independence. Additional tests confirm the maintenance of the independence of the auditor, even when, type of auditor (non-Big4), unexpected non-audit services, possibility of modified opinion and the effect of best practices in corporate governance.
Remuneração executiva e desempenho : evidências empíricas no mercado de capitais brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-10-24) Oliveira, Isaac Gezer Silva de; Silva Júnior, Annor da; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria; Araújo, Bruno Félix Von Borell de
The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the relation between management compensation and firm performance of Brazilian public listed companies at BM&FBOVESPA. The theoretical supposes that the incentive contract corroborates with the interests alignment between shareholders and managers and acts as a mechanism of corporate governance in order to drive the managers efforts for maximization of firm value. The sample is 100 more liquid listed firms in share trading at BM&FBOVESPA during the period of 2010 to 2012, for 296 sample observations. Data was obtained from the Reference Forms of Brazilian SEC (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários — CVM) and from Economática® as well from Thomson Reuters®. Eight hypotheses were tested as well as OLS regression models with unbalanced panel data, using the total compensation as the dependent variable and, for independent variables, variables concerning performance, firm value, size, ownership structure, corporate governance and control variables as well. To verify the factors that explain the usage of stock options and bonus programs, logit models were used. The results show that, in the selected sample, the greater the company size, board and firm value, the greater will be the manager compensation. Some industries like mining, chemistry, oil and gas, also plays a positive influence on manager compensation. Further, there is inverse relationship between total manager compensation and ownership concentration, the public rights of control and the governance classification set by BM&FBOVESPA. A greater firm value influences the utilization of stock options, as well as the use of bonus, being this impacted by grater firm performance. There were also robust check tests estimated by random effects, clustered standard-errors, dynamic models but the results remained the same. Therefore that the executive compensation is related with the corporate value, creating wealth to the shareholders; but the lack of relation with operational performance suggests failures on the compensation system which still depends on greater transparency and other governance mechanisms to align the interests of CEOs and shareholders.
Os fundos de investimento imobiliário listados em bolsa e as variáveis que influenciam seus retornos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-11-21) Yokoyama, Karen Yukari; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Gomes, Leonardo Lima; Cunha, Claudio Marcio Pereira da
The REITs combine features of two markets: the real estate market - main source of REIT income - and the capital market, environment in which they are traded. The impact of each of these underlying markets in behavior, performance and risk of this asset class; however, has not been clearly defined, being one of the major themes under analysis, both in the academic literature, as in the international funds industry. Given the significant expansion of this investment alternative in the Brazilian market, the present study focused on variables that influence the returns of Brazilian real estate funds, considering a sample of funds listed on the Stock Exchange of São Paulo, during 2008-2013. Following the methodology of Clayton and Mackinnon (2003), the model explaining Brazilian REIT returns were decomposed into four main components: three factors of market return (stocks, bonds and and unsecuritized Real Estate) and idiosyncratic risk. According to descriptive statistics, REITs presented higher return compared to other markets, except in comparison with real estate market, but with less risk. Correlation analysis, regression and variance decomposition indicate that the stock market and the unsecuritized real estate market are generally significant in the model, however; those variables are responsible for only about 15% of total volatility of FII returns. In light of the Modern Portfolio Theory, these results indicate that the inclusion of REITs may provide potential diversifier benefit in a multi-asset portfolio, by increasing the total return of a portfolio consisting of stocks and bonds, without an increase in risk; or keeping the return of this portfolio, with reduced volatility, thereby broadening the efficient frontier of the portfolio. This result put in question the traditional equilibrium fund of portfolios composed only by stocks and bonds, as REITs emerges as an alternative investment, and mainly as a unique asset class. However, analysis of subsamples by type indicates that the diversifier role of real estate funds is tied to property focus, since the explanatory factors and their impact on returns differ from one type of REIT to another. This outcome has important implications for the selection criteria to be adopted by optimal investors and also real estate fund managers regarding product formatting and management. We also conclude that Brazilian REIT returns, in a way, reflect its hybrid condition,but in the other hand the model decomposed into four components is not sufficient to explain their total returns, since the extended model showed that other variables, including other market parameters than returns, as well macroeconomic variables and firm specifics (eg. market-to-book, size) may be responsible for considerable part of the variance of their returns.
A relação entre o nível de evidenciação socioambiental e os fatores da sustentabilidade de empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-11-27) Silva Neto, Eliezer Rodrigues da; Campos, Gabriel Moreira; Nossa, Valcemiro; Almeida, José Elias Feres de
The Annual Social and Environmental Responsibility Report (RARS) of companies in the Brazilian Electric Sector (SEB) is an important channel of communication between the organizations and stakeholders. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the level of environmental disclosure and economic, environmental and social sustainability factors. The research is classified as quantitative descriptive, in which data collection is presented as documental analysis. The analysis was performed in 108 companies electric utilities that published the RARS in 2012. The first important result was the validation by the Cronbach's alpha test of the indices used to measure the level of Environmental Disclosure of the companies surveyed. Then it was found that companies showed more social indicators that environmental, and some companies still fall within the levels "Regular and Low" social and environmental disclosure, which reinforces the thesis that only through regulation, companies will hold disclosures complete. Regarding the main practices of environmental disclosure, it was found that are aimed to publicize the social and environmental policies pursued by companies, and the negative socio-environmental interactions are poorly evidenced by the companies. Regarding the main research study, a positive and significant relationship between the level of Environmental Disclosure, Social and Environmental Factors and Economic Sustainability was found, and between Level of Social Disclosure and Social Sustainability Factors. And the pressure of stakeholders is positively related and significantly with the level of Environmental Disclosure.
Transações com partes relacionadas : determinantes e impactos no desempenho das empresas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-11-28) Souza, João Antônio Salvador de; Bortolon, Patrícia Maria; Macedo, Marcelo Alvaro da Silva; Leal, Ricardo Pereira Câmara
The international literature that examines the factors impacting related parties transactions focuses on the UK, US and Asia, and Brazil is an environment little investigated. This research aims to investigate both the impacting factors of contracts with related parties, and the impact of these transactions on the performance of Brazilian companies. Studies recent that investigated the determinants of related parties transactions (RPTs), as well as its impact on business performance, took into account the aspects presented by Gordon, Henry and Palia (2004): (a) conflict of interests, which support the view that the RPTs are harmful to minority shareholders, implying expropriation of their wealth by controlling (majority shareholders); and (b) efficient transactions that may be beneficial to companies, serving thus to economic objectives. This research draws on aspects of conflict of interest, based on agency theory and the fact that the Brazilian scenario is characterized by concentrated ownership and a legal environment characterized by poor protection of minority shareholders. To operationalize the research, we used an initial sample consisted of 70 companies listed on the BM&FBovespa observing the period from 2010 to 2012. The contracts listed were identified and quantified in two ways, according to the methodology applied by Kohlbeck and Mayhew (2004; 2010) and Silveira, Prado and Sasso (2009). As major determinants were investigated proxies to capture the effects of corporate governance mechanisms and legal environment of business performance, the control rights and cash flow rights mismatch and excessive executive compensation. Control variables to isolate the intrinsic characteristics of the firms were also added. In the econometric analysis Poisson models, clustered cross section (Pooled-OLS) and logit models were estimated. The estimation was done by the method of ordinary least squares (OLS), and to increase the robustness of the econometric estimates, instrumental variables with generalized method of moments (GMM) were used. Evidence indicates that investigated factors impact differently the various RPT measures of the companies analyzed. It was found that the contracts, in general, are damaging to companies, negatively impacting their performance, and this performance is increased by the presence of effective corporate governance. The results of the impact of corporate governance measures and the intrinsic characteristics of the firms in business performance are robust to the presence of endogeneity based on regressions with instrumental variables.
Hedge accounting no mercado acionário brasileiro : efeitos na qualidade da informação contábil e disclosure
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-16) Potin, Silas Adolfo; Sarlo Neto, Alfredo; Bortolon, Patricia Maria; Galdi, Fernando Caio
This work investigates, in the Brazilian stock market, the effect of hedge accounting on the quality of accounting information disclosed, in the disclosure of derivative financial instruments and information asymmetry. To measure the quality of accounting information, the metrics of relevance of accounting information and accounting earnings informativeness were used. For the execution of this work, a general sample consisted of non-financial Brazilian companies, listed on São Paulo’s Stock Market, comprising 150 companies with the highest market value in 01/01/2014. From the overall sample, samples were set up for the implementation of models of value relevance, informativeness, disclosure and information asymmetry. The relevance sample included 758 firms–years observations for the period ranging from 2008 to 2013. The sample for informativeness included 701 firms–years observations for the period from 2008 to 2013. The sample for disclosure had 100 firms–year observations, for the period from 2011 to 2012. The sample for information asymmetry had 100 firms–years observations for the period 2011 to 2012. For the statistical analysis, we used regressions with robust standard errors with POLS approach and Fixed Effects, applied to panel data. In addition to the analysis of the effect of hedge accounting on the disclosure and information asymmetry, we applied the method of propensity score matching. The evidence for the influence of hedge accounting on the relevance of accounting information showed a positive and significant relationship in the interaction with earnings. In the informativeness of accounting earnings analysis, the research showed a negative and statistically significant relationship between earnings when interacted and the hedge accounting dummy variable. As for the evidence found for the influence of hedge accounting on the disclosure of derivatives, there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between the hedge accounting dummy and the disclosure indicator of derivatives. Regarding evidence for information asymmetry, although the coefficients showed the expected effect, they were not statistically significant. Additionally, we incorporated, to the econometric analyzes, a descriptive analysis, in the overall sample, of the use of hedge accounting in Brazil for 2013. Among the 150 companies in the sample, 49 companies used hedge accounting, where 41 companies adopt only one type hedge. The cash flow hedge is the type of hedge more adopted by companies, being used by 42 companies.
Análise da eficiência técnica dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-04) Furtado, Lorena Lucena; Gabriel Moreira Campos; Nossa, Valcemiro; Carneiro, Teresa Cristina Janes
This study aims to identify the technical efficiency and productivity change as the Federal Education, Science and Technology (IF), covering the period 2012 to 2013 total sample consists of 19 units. Parallel to this, we performed an analysis of the expansion of the Federal Networking and current spending by students involved in the internalization of professional and technological education process. As a theoretical aspect, discussed the human capital theory (SCHULTZ, 1960, 1961, 1962; BECKER, 1960; MINCER, 1958), with the forms of investment in education in Brazil and its political accountability. To operationalize the research verified the technical efficiency through the methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA) using indicators developed by the Secretary for Vocational and Technical Education (SETEC) established by the Court of Accounts (TCU) and presented annually in the Report provision of Annual Accounts. The results relative efficiency demonstrates that only 31% of the Federal Institutes analyzed the efficiency score attained in the year 2012 and also in 2013. However, when analyzed productivity through time with the Malmquist Index, you can see that 63% of the Federal Institutes are moving along to the efficiency frontier showing increasing product education within the units. Additionally, with the mean comparison test (z test), evidence that the Federal Institutes considered effective exhibited better average scores of graduates and lower expenses for current students enrolled indicating that the result set can not be conditioned to higher expenditures were found financial.

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