Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17475

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2013
Conceito atual na CAPES: 5
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE/CES Parecer nº 250/2014, portaria nº 187 de 06/03/2015, publicado no DOU de 09/03/2015 seção 1, página 11
Periodicidade de seleção: Semestral
Área(s) de concentração: Genética e Melhoramento
Url do curso: https://geneticaemelhoramento.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGGM/detalhes-do-curso?id=1416

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Análises biométricas de palmeiras juçara de fragmentos florestais no sul do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-19) Senra, João Felipe de Brites; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Ferreira, Adésio; Dalcolmo, José Maria; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça
The species Euterpe edulis Martius is native to the Atlantic Forest and popularly known as jussara palm. It is a key species of the Atlantic Forest, producing fruits that are consumed by about 30 bird species and 13 mammal species, and also presenting great economic potential for exploitation of its fruit in the form of pulp, sweets and ice creams. Currently the jussara palm is on the official list of endangered species in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to: estimate the coefficient of repeatability and determination of the characteristics of fruits and seeds, analyze the number of measurements for a 95% confidence level and test different methods for estimation of repeatability, study the genetic diversity among accessions and evaluate the pattern of seed germination via the Logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Will Bill nonlinear models, quantify the inter-population genetic diversity of the species based on the correlation between plant traits and related to fruit production. Collection of the jussara palm fruits was performed in 20 forest fragments in the following municipalities in the southern region of the state of Espírito Santo: Alegre (eight fragments), Guaçuí (four fragments), Ibitirama (three fragments), Jerônimo Monteiro (one fragment), Mimoso (three fragments) and Muqui (one fragment). For the study of repeatability 198 accessions were used, 25 fruits per plant, evaluating: longitudinal and equatorial diameter of the fruit and seed (DLF, DLS, DEF and DES) in millimeters (mm), and fruit and seed mass (MF and MS) in grams (g). Deviance was estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The coefficient of repeatability and determination and the required number of measurements was determined using the REML methods, principal components via the correlation matrix, and covariances and structural analysis based on correlation and covariance matrices. Estimates of the repeatability coefficients and determination of all variables analyzed were greater than 0.78 and 98% respectively, for all tested methodologies, performing 25 measurements. For 95% reliability, 5 measurements are required for the variables DLF, DEF, DLS, DES and MS and 4 measurements for the variable MF. The methods used do not differ with respect to estimate of the repeatability coefficient for the variables DLF, DES, MF and MS, while for the other variables the differences were minimal. To analyze the identity of the models, seeds from 40 accessions were used to evaluate: germination, germination speed index, mean germination time, first germination count and the germination percentage. Based on the quantitative data the generalized Mahalanobis distance matrix (d²) was calculate and later accessions were clustered by the Tocher optimization method divided into four groups. In each group germination was analyzed via non-linear regression using the Logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Will Bill models. Fit of the models was evaluated by the determination coefficient (R²), residual mean error (QMR), mean absolute deviation (MAD), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The identity test of the models was performed by the F-test. The Gompertz model showed intermediary values of ß1, ß2 and ß3 compared to other models which avoid under or over estimation of these regression parameters; in addition, this model presents the highest R 2 values and the lowest values of QMR, DMA, AIC and BIC, and is the most indicated to describe the pattern of germination. The identity test of the models was not significant and therefore a single regression is not efficient to describe the germination process. Groups three and four have the highest values of TG, indicating greater vigor, and for seedling production the ideal time for transplanting would be 30 days for groups one, two and 4, and 22 days for group three. For the study of genetic diversity, data from fruit of the 198 accessions utilized in the analysis of repeatability were used. In this case we evaluated the traits of: mass of one hundred fruits (MCF) and mass of one hundred seeds (MCS) in grams, pulp yield (RP) in percentage, stem diameter at 1.5 m above the ground (D1,5), stem diameter at 1.0 m above the ground (D1,0) and stem diameter at 0.5 m above the ground (D0,5) in millimeters, number of clusters (CN), cluster length (CC) in centimeters, number of rachilles (NR), and height of the cluster (AC) in meters. Based on these data the genetic correlation was estimated, and a principal components analysis and correspondence analysis were performed. Genetic correlation between the traits MCF x NR (0.44) is positive. The characteristic NR is the main determinant in variation of MCF and indirect selection can be effective, depending on estimates of heritability. The fragments GU3, AL4, JM1, MI1 and MQ1 from different municipalities are those that presented the greatest inter-population genetic divergence among the 20 fragments studied. The fragments GU2, GU3 and AL4 have exceptionally large individual producers regarding the mass of one hundred fruits (211.54 to 352.24 g) which make them important sources of selection for use in jussara palm breeding programs focused on the production of fruit pulp.
Cariótipo e conteúdo de DNA nuclear de Passiflora L.: uma contribuição para sistemática e evolução do gênero
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-27) Ferreira, Darley Aparecido Tavares; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça; Karsburg, Isane Vera; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Oliveira, Stefani Cristina de
Passiflora L. comprises five subgenera subdivided into subdivided into 16 supersections, 31 sections and 13 series. The genus has been studied in several aspects, botanical, systematic and evolutionary. However, its delimitation at the infrageneric level is still subject to discussion. Classical karyotype data and the size of the nuclear genome have been considered informative for the refinement of this knowledge. Based on this premise, the present study had two focus: a) revisiting, expanding and updating the information on karyotype and nuclear value 2C in species belonging to the subgenus Astrophea, Decaloba, Deidamioides and Passiflora. b) Analyze the data in the viewpoint of the systematic and evolution. As result, chromosome number knowledge was expanded for nine species and confirmed for 19. Chromosomes class was determinated for 19 species and reevaluated for nine. In all species analyzed the karyogram was assembled, being in 24 taxa for the first time and in four updated. Chromosome number counts revealed 2n = 12 for the subgenus Decaloba, 2n = 18 and 2n = 20 for the subgenus Passiflora and 2n = 24 on the subgenera Astrophea and Deidamioides and the unpublished 2n = 48 chromosomes in P. contracta (subgenus Deidamioides). Chromosome class ranged between metacentrics and submetacentrics pairs with exception of some acrocentrics in P. lindeniana (two pairs) and P. arborea (three pairs), both of the subgenus Astrophea. This presence of acrocentrics chromosomes evidenced probable occurrence of dysploidy within the genus. The knowledge of genome size in the genus Passiflora was also extended to 19 species and updated to 22. Nuclear 2C value exhibited differences up to 925% betweem species, where the lowest value found was 0.59 pg (P. capsularis - Decaloba) and the greater 5.46 pg for (P. quadrangularis - Passiflora). For some species the increase in genome size is correlated with the increase of the chromosome number, a consequence of the polyploidy. Already in others, this relation was not observed suggesting the occurrence of structural rearrangements. In conclusion, the karyotype and genome size of the genus Passiflora suggest diversification by polyploidy and disploidia. The number x = 6 is probably the ancestral chromosome number of the genus. Moreover, the data analyzes were complementary with systematic approaches of the genus and provided support for the current subgeneric classification of this taxon.
Desenvolvimento, produtividade e genes de referência de genótipos de coffea ssp. sob temperaturas adversas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-20) Martins, Madlles Queiroz; Ferreira, Adésio; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Vieira, Henrique Duarte; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Ramalho, José Domingos Cochicho
Global warming may promote changes in Agroclimatic zoning of the coffee, and consequêntimente in the global coffee scene. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the development, productivity and reference genes of Coffea spp genotypes. Under adverse temperatures. The work was divided in 5 chapters: Chapters 1 and 2: Increasing the atmospheric CO2 level and the high temperatures, can promote changes in the plants. This fact is of concern to mankind as regards the maintenance of food production, especially the world coffee industry. In this case the objectives of this study were: the occurrence of PSII photoinhibition (as photodegradation marker), followed by a characterization of the protection mechanisms, including the dynamics of photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and the quantification of the raffinose family Oligosaccharides RFOs) and heat shock protein, in addition, detailed study of reference genes to evaluate the expression of selected genes with potential roles in heat acclimatization. The experiment was carried out using a simple factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design, using two factors, the first one was composed of two levels of CO2 and the second factor was composed of four temperature levels. For the experimentation, two C. arabica genotypes (cv. Icatu and IPR 108) and one C. canephora (cv. Conilon clone 153) were grown in 80 L pots. The experiment was carried out in two growth chambers (Model 10000 EHHF, Mark Aralab, Portugal), with controlled climate conditions. The first chamber was controlled to maintain at constant 380 ppm of CO2 and the second chamber at 700 ppm of CO2. In these chambers the temperature was gradually increased every 30 days, taken day / night: 25/20°C; 31/25°C; 37/30°C at 40/34°C. The two growth chambers were submitted to 75% relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation of ca. 750- 800 micromol m-2 s -1 and photoperiod of 12 h, continuously throughout the experiment. According to results obtained in this study, relevant heat tolerance was observed up to 37/30ºC for both [CO2], considering all the genotypes evaluated in this study. This tolerance was achieved with support of several protective molecules (neoxanthin, lutein, carotenes, TOC, HSP70, raffinose), changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, QR, CAT) and upregulated expression of some genes (ELIP, Chape 20). At 42/34ºC the photoinhibition was manifested, especially in plans cultivated the 380 ppm and in the Icatu genotype. At this temperature an overall reinforcement of the antioxidative system was not observed, however, there was a positive regulation of protection mechanisms (HSP70, chaperonins, ELIP and APX Cyt) as well as raffinose content, which together constituted a common line For all genotypes evaluated in this study. A consistently higher expression in CL153 was observed at the highest temperature, according to its better tolerance at elevated temperatures. TOC and HSP70 appeared to be particularly relevant in C. arabica genotypes. The presence of RFOs, lutein, ß-carotene, TOC and HSP70, as well as upregulated expression of protective protein-related genes (ELIPS, HSP70, Chape 20 and 60) and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, CuSOD2, APX Cyt, APX Chl), Probably acted together to control the formation and elimination of ROS, induced by the increase in temperature. Overall, the results showed that the high [CO2] attenuated the impact of heat through higher photosynthetic performance, upregulation of protective molecules, as well as higher activity of some antioxidant enzymes. The expression stability varied according to the type of stress for most genes. The final ranking obtained with RefFinder ranked MDH as the most stable gene for a global use, regardless of the assessed stress. Chapters 3, 4 and 5: Taking into account the temperature rise predicted by the IPCC, one can imagine that some agricultural areas producing Coffea arabica may become unsuitable for cultivation. In this sense, plants of Coffea canephora may possibly occupy these areas, since they are plants that better adapt to the stressful conditions promoted by heat and possibly positive cold temperatures. In this context, it is necessary to experiment with Coffea canephora genotypes in regions that have the risk of shifting agricultural zoning from Coffea arabica to Coffea canephora, as is the case in this study. (a) To evaluate the productive capacity of 28 different genotypes of Coffea canephora grown in high altitude climate. (b) Characterize the growth rate of Coffea canephora genotypes grown at high altitude. (c) To identify genotypes with potential to be cultivated in the southern region of the cerrado of Goiás. The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano Campus Morrinhos, Goiás. Using 28 genotypes of Coffea canephora, multiplied by clones and Seeds. The design was a randomized block design, with four replications, each replicate being composed of five plants. The following characteristics were evaluated: productivity/ ha of the 28 genotypes of Coffea canephora in 4 seasons, growth rate and quantification of accumulated nutrients in leaves collected in winter and summer. The results showed a significant genetic variability among the genotypes evaluated in this study, a condition that favors the gain of clonal selection. In addition, a high heritability was observed among the genotypes, a result that indicates the high precision regarding the selection of superior genotypes. The genotypes that stood out in terms of productivity stability and adaptability were: the 3V genotype of the "Vitória" variety; NV2; NV8; P1; VERDIM TA and A1, It should be considered that of the six genotypes considered superior there are different degrees of similarity depending on the characteristic in question. The growth rates of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches of the C. canephora genetic material were negatively affected during a period when the minimum temperatures were below 17ºC. For most of the nutrients, it is observed higher average values in leaves collected in the winter. Principal components analysis indicates that the genotype groups of C. canephora alter the relationships between objects (genotypes) and descriptors (nutrient content) according to the season of leaves collected (winter and summer)
Diversidade de genótipos de goiabeiras por caracteres vegetativos e reprodutivos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-06-12) Silva, Séphora Neves da; Ferreira, Adésio; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Lopes, José Carlos; Souza, Tércio da Silva de
The guava crop yield is influenced by plant flowering and fruiting stages. Additional knowledge is needed on the diversity of guava genotypes during the vegetative and reproductive stages as well as on pollen viability. This information will help to identify crop management practices aiming to improve fruit production and quality. This information can also be used in breeding programs in the selection of high quality genotypes. The objective of this work was to investigate the diversity of guava genotypes, expressed by vegetative and reproductive characteristics during the crop cycle in two pruning seasons, as well as to study pollen viability under different growing seasons and locations. The guava genotype diversity was verified by the temporal evaluation of seven vegetative characters and eight reproductive traits for 22 genotypes and two production pruning: summer and winter. In addition, the crop diversity was also assessed using microsatellite markers and based on the occurrence of pests and diseases in the field. Cluster analyzes were used to identify patterns of vegetative and reproductive plant behavior, possible pest and disease resistance and molecular polymorphisms. The genetic diversity, evaluated though molecular markers, allowed the identification of similar genetic and morphological patterns for the genotypes Cortibel 7 and 8, which were the most similar among all guava genotypes. The genotypic behavior was influenced by the pruning period. The genotype Cortibel 8 showed a short flowering cycle and large fruit sizes for the two pruning periods. Cortibel 11 showed a possible resistance to pests and diseases. The pollen viability was obtained using colorimetric methods for the 22 genotypes during two growing seasons and two locations. Genetic parameters were estimated using mixed models. The genotype pollen viability was high and influenced by the environment conditions during the first growing seasons. Overall, those results provide relevant information for the guava crop, considering the importance of the reproductive and fruit quality parameter evaluated.
Diversidade e estrutura genética de Astronium concinnum Schott e Senefeldera verticillata (Vell.) Croizat, espécies arbóreas da Floresta Atlântica, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-21) Vieira, Alessandra Abreu Rodrigues; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Caldeira, Marcos Vinicius Winckle; Soares, Taís Cristina Bastos; Trazzi, Paulo André; Godinho, Tiago de Oliveira
Habitat fragmentation due to anthropic disturbance modifies the landscape of forest environments, among them the Atlantic Forest that today is a set of isolated forest fragments. The current situation of this biome has been causing the local extinction of several populations and others have been suffering invaluable losses of genetic variability. Astronium concinnum Schott (Gonçalo-Alves) and Senefeldera verticillata (Vell.) Croizat (Sucanga) are arboreal species that are suitable for use in parks and gardens projects, as well as pharmacological use. Understanding the patterns of genetic diversity of a species is a determining factor in decision making for preservation, management and recovery of degraded areas. In this sense, foliar samples of A. concinnum and S. verticillata were collected in two conservation units, in the Pacotuba National Forest (FLONA) and in the Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN) Cafundó, located in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, State of Espírito Santo. The main objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers and, based on the results, to infer about the most appropriate management of these species preservation, besides selecting more genetically divergent trees for seedling production recovery of degraded areas of the region. Also, a comparison was made between four different protocols, aiming at the isolation of pure genomic DNA of the S. verticillata species. For the A. concinnum species, eight primers provided 121 DNA fragments, with 73.55% polymorphism. The genetic diversity of Nei (H) and diversity index of Shannon (I) were 0.312 and 0.473, respectively. The gene flow (Nm) was 10,629. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified that, 92.54% of genetic diversity occur within the population. Three groups were identified through Bayesian analysis. By the unweighted arithmetic means clustering method (UPGMA), the formation of seven groups was observed. Aiming the isolation of pure genomic DNA from S. verticillata four protocols were compared. Protocol 1, Doyle and Doyle (1990) modified by the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), provided DNA with a purity of 1.96 and the highest mean DNA concentration (224.22 ng / µL). Protocol 2, Doyle and Doyle (1990) modified by IAC, with changes in the concentrations of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ß-mercaptoethanol, provided purity similar to protocol 1 and a mean concentration of 201.02 ng / µL. With protocol 3, Doyle and Doyle (1990) modified by IAC, with changes in the concentrations of PVP, ß-mercaptoethanol and addition of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), values of 65.75 ng / µL and 1.5 concentration and purity of DNA, respectively. Finally, in Protocol 4, Doyle and Doyle (1990) with Proteinase K addition, values of 67.6 ng / µL concentration and purity of 1.66 were obtained. The DNA purity results, in protocols 3 and 4, indicated that there was contamination by proteins during 12 the extraction process. It is suggested that protocol 1 be used to obtain good quality S. verticillata DNA. Twelve ISSR primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of S. verticillata, resulting in a total of 179 amplification products, with 75.97% of polymorphic bands. The results for H and I were 0.329 and 0.503, respectively. The estimated Nm was 13,542. Greater genetic diversity was observed within the populations (94.98%), through AMOVA results and, among populations, the result was 5.02%. Bayesian cluster analysis provided the formation of three groups. The dendrogram obtained by the UPGMA method provided the formation of six groups. Through this research, it was observed that the greatest genetic diversity occurs within the populations, for both species. The most genetically divergent individuals of A. concinnum and S. verticillata have been identified and can be selected as seed trees for the supply of seeds with genetic variability. Also, it was possible to obtain a protocol that resulted in higher quality S. verticillata DNA samples.
Diversidade genética de 43 genótipos de Coffeacanephora; e implicações do aumento de temperatura e déficit hídrico ao Coffea spp.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-27) Dubberstein, Danielly; Ferreira, Adésio; Ramalho, José Cochico; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Silva, Diolina Moura; Rodrigues, Weverton Rodrigues
Chapters 1, 2 and 3 have the objective of studying the genetics of the 43 unpublished Coffea canephora genotypes through the stomatal and plant leaf morphological characteristics, as well as the choice of a mathematical model to determine the leaf area developed from linear of sheet. In chapter 1 the study of the stomatal characteristics was carried out, determining: epidermal cell count and number of stomata, polar and equatorial diameter measurement, density estimation, stomatal area index, stomatal index and stomatal functionality. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, grouped by the hierarchical method Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA); Pearson's linear correlation and principal component analysis in Biplot were also performed. Differences were observed among the 43 genotypes confirming the existence of genetic variability; the grouping method distinguished them into six groups; correlations with different levels of significance occurred among the parameters; plant height, distance internodes and leaf area correlate positively, showing that they can be associated with stomatal characteristics. In chapter 2 we estimated: length, number of nodes and distance between nodes of plagiotropic and orthotropic branches; plant height; cup diameter; length, width and actual leaf area of leaves in two evaluations. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, grouped by the Tocher optimization method and by the UPGMA hierarchical method, made to the analysis of Pearson's linear correlation and main components in Biplot. Significant differences were found among the 43 genotypes, forming six groups by the Tocher method and five groups by UPGMA, evidencing the existing genetic variability. Pearson's correlation provided values with different levels between characteristics, as evidenced by principal component analysis. In Chapter 3, the length of the midrib (L) and maximum leaf blade width (W) and leaf area (LA) of the 43 genotypes were measured manually. From L, W, LA and LW, Pearson correlation analyzes were performed, grouped by the Tocher optimization method, all combinations were tested by linear models according to the existing parameters and the values of R2 and BIC were just for h mo l. Est bl sh th qu t ons ons r n th p r m t rs ß0 n ß1. Th 43 genotypes were divided into three groups by the Tocher method and one group with 41 genotypes. Larger correlations occurred between products L and W (LW) and LA, followed by W and LA. Therefore, LW estimates the leaf area satisfactorily, but the variable width can be adopted due to the greater ease of measurement in the field. The equations generated considering the two variables were significant and the cross validation confirmed the adjustment. The objective of chapter 4 was to evaluate the impacts of individual and joint heat and drought stresses in coffee trees. Leaf parameters related to stomatal characteristics, gas 4 exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, thylakoidal electron transport, membrane permeability and activities of photosynthesis enzymes. In addition, chapter 5 aimed to identify mechanisms of response/acclimation of plants to heat and dry stress conditions, where they were evaluated the photoinhibition of PSII, the activities of the enzymes Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Superoxide Dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) as well as Ascorbate (ASC) content, heat shock enzyme (HSP70), photosynthetic pigments and malondialdehyde (MDA). It was observed that well-watered plants maintained good photosynthetic performance with temperature increase, presenting changes only at 39/30 °C in CL153 and Icatu from 34/28 °C as well as there was increase of Fo and decrease in Fv/Fm (Pn, Gs, E, Ci, iWUE and Amax), and the effect of heat on these plants was more evident at 42/30 °C only in Icatu. The joint imposition of stressors aggravates the situation, although some parameters have not been modified (for example: Pn and Amax in CL 153). The activity of the photosynthesis and photosynthetic enzymes was reduced with the simultaneous imposition of drought and heat. The photosynthetic structures in general, and the photosystems in particular, have been impacted, but the negative effects have been mitigated by the reinforcement of protective mechanisms. These are reflected in the increases in the values of Y(NPQ) (unregulated energy dissipation) and qN (sustained heat dissipation photoprotective), HPS70, and some photosynthetic pigments such as Neaxanthin, Anteraxanthin, Zeaxanthin, DEPS and Lutein, as well as increased APX, SOD and GR activity (which act in the removal of reactive oxygen species). The MDA content was increased only at 42/30 °C, confirming the membrane lipid peroxidation, but evidencing the leaf thermotolerance in the coffee trees at temperatures well above the optimum. In addition, a considerable recovery was observed for several parameters after reestablishment of the normal water and temperature conditions, confirming the resilience of the coffee trees
Diversidade genética, caracterização e atividade de óleos essenciais em Psidium spp
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-25) Bernardes, Carolina de Oliveira; Ferreira, Adésio; Zago, Hugo Bolsoni; Menini, Luciano; Souza, Tércio da Silva de; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Pinheiro, Patrícia Fontes; Santos, Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz
Myrtaceae is one of the most important families in the ecosystems of Brazil presenting as an important characteristic being rich in essential oil. The genus Psidium is one of the most explored in the family and it represents 100 species, approximately, where P. guajava, P. brownianum and P. guineense are detached. It was aimed with this work to study the genetic diversity of P. guajava, P. brownianum and P. guineense, to identify the terpenic profile of essential oils of Psidium species and to use the essential oils properties from P. guajava as an alternative to the control of Spodoptera frugiperda. For the diversity studies, the same group of microsatellite markers was used in populations from the three species. The higher number of alleles was detected for P. guajava populations and elevated values of He and H’ were found for the populations of the three species. Among 73 and 80% of variation occurred within populations, reflecting elevated values of genetic divergence (P. guajava, FST = 0.1996; P. brownianum, ØST: 0.2636; P. guineense, ØST: 0.2034). Populations of the three studied species were moderately structured, with the formation of two main groups, representing the South and North regions of the state of Espírito Santo. Regarding the terpene variability of the leaves essential oils, eleven species were analyzed with GC-FID and GC-MS, as well as by leaf microbiology analysis and herbivory index. Fifty-nine components were identified, with the predominance of sesquiterpenes. Literature data was obtained and fourteen species were included in this study. Elevated diversity for the oil’s components was observed, as well as the predominance of ß-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Additionally, 1,8-cineole, apinene and (E)-nerolidol were also responsible for distinguishing groups of species in cluster analysis. The herbivory index was low for all the species; it is explained by the fact that sesquiterpenes are directly related to the defense against microorganisms and predators. The presence of trichomes and coriaceous leaves, also contributed for the herbivory reduction. At last, the effect of two chemotypes of guava essential oil was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillars. The chemical composition of the essential oils showed the presence of thirteen components in both genotypes. The major components identified in Paluma were caryophyllene oxide (15.9%), ß-caryophyllene (12.1%) and selin-11-en-4-a-ol (10.3%) and in Cortibel VII, ß-bisabolol (12.3%). Both essential oils presented repellency effect, under the concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm to S. frugiperda caterpillars. This way, the knowledge of genetic diversity is an important tool that may show the real situation of species regarding their conservation status in determined environments. Besides, with the information about Psidium spp. essential oils composition, it is possible to understand what chemotypes may be present in such species and this way, indicate the correct use of the essential oil.
Embriogênese somática indireta e poliploidia no gênero Coffea : base e aplicação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-07-14) Sanglard, Natália Arruda; Ferreira, Márcia Flores da Silva; Clarindo, Wellington Ronildo; Mendonça, Maria Andréia Côrrea; Werner, Elias Terra; Soares, Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça
Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) is one of the tissue culture applications that allow the maintenance, propagation and generation of new germplasms. Thus, from the establishment of ISE in four Coffea with different ploidy levels (diploids Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner and Coffea eugenioides Moore; allotriploid "Híbrido de Timor" – HT, and allotetraploid Coffea arabica L.), the aims of the present study were: (a) to verify the relation between karyotype features (chromosome number, ploidy level and nuclear DNA content) and ISE; and (b) doubling the chromosome number of the allotriploid HT 'CIFC 4106'. Under the same in vitro conditions, the four Coffea varieties differed from each other during all steps of the ISE. The allopolyploids provided the highest mean number of friable embryogenic calli (FEC), in relatively short time, and visually exhibiting more pronounced cell proliferation. FEC of C. arabica resulted in the highest mean number of mature cotyledonary somatic embryos, followed by HT and C. eugenioides with the same mean value, and C. canephora with the lowest amount. Regarding the ISE data, chromosome number, ploidy level and nuclear 2C value, in vitro responses in Coffea were related to ploidy level. From established ISE, chromosome doubling of the allotriploid HT 'CIFC 4106', an anorthoploid with 2n = 3x = 33 chromosomes, was conducted by associating this in vitro system with colchicine treatment. A total of 65 plantlets were regenerated from the FEC treated with colchicine (0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 mM) for 96 h. Independently of the applied xv colchicine concentration, a rate of 49.3% of hexaploids (2n = 6x = 66 chromosomes, 2C = 4.20 pg) was obtained. In addition, the established strategy (ISE/colchicine) solved the main bottlenecks of in vitro chromosome doubling: low rate of polyploids, high number of mixoploids and high mortality. This study provided new data on the basics of ISE, understanding and contributing with a new strategy of chromosome doubling. In addition, a new Coffea germplasm, the HT 'CIFC 4106' hexaploids, was generated.
Métodos estatísticos para estudo adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica e repetibilidade em genótipos de goiabeiras
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-06-30) Silva, Clemilton Alves da; Ferreira, Márcia Flores da Silva; Ferreira, Adésio; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Santos, Lidiane Gomes dos; Dalcomo, José Maria
The guava is a species that stands out in Brazilian fruit-growing for its economic, social and food importance. Agronomic research concerning the genetic improvement of the species allows the knowledge about an adaptation of the culture to different environments. The objective of this work was to evaluate an interaction genotype environment and to estimate repeatability coefficients using production variables in 22 guava genotypes in two experiments not located in the state of Espírito Santo: one in the south of the municipality of Mimoso do Sul and the other in the north in the municipality From Linhares. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replications, each replicate with a plot composed of two plants. Among the most varied: fruit production by plants; Mass, fruit length and diameter, endocarp and mesocarp thickness, pulp mass and yield, determined fruit diameter ratio. An evaluation of the parameters of adaptability and stability of the genera testimony obtained by different methods: Eberhart & Russell, Lin & Binns, Annicchiarico, Modified centroid method, REML / BLUP and AMMI analysis. As estimates of the repeatability coefficient (r), were obtained by four different methodologies: analysis of variance; Maximum restricted likelihood, applying the basic model of repeatability; Major components based on correlation matrix; And structural analysis based on the matrix of correlations between as repeated measures. The methods analyzed were concordant for the parameters of adaptability and stability. The genotypes Cortibel LM and Cortibel RM are the most recommended for cultivation because they present satisfactory performance as environmental variations. The genotypes Cortibel LG, Cortibel LM, Cortibel BRM, Cortibel V Cortibel III, Cortibel RG presented general adaptability. The genotypes Cortibel SLG, Cortibel BLG, Paluma, 21st Century, Sassaoka presented better performance in favorable environments. The genotypes Cortibel V, Cortibel VII, Cortibel XII had satisfactory performances, deserve special attention in works of genetic improvement. There was agreement on the viii magnitudes of the repeatability coefficients for nine variables analyzed, obtained by different methods. The number of eight harvests used in the work was evaluated to evaluate the true value of the genotypes based on the variables fruit mass, fruit length, pulp mass, pulp yield, fruit size / diameter and fruit production per plant. There was a difference in the magnitude of the repeatability values of the analyzed variables. The number of medications needed to predict the individual's actual value obtained by the main component method were lower than all other methods analyzed.
Murcha-de-Ceratocystis em Eucalipto : método de detecção não destrutivo e precoce da resistência e aspectos morfofisiológicos e anatômico da infecção
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-24) Oliveira, Regina Gonçalves dos Santos; Moraes, Willian Bucker; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva
Pathogen´s Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted causes wilt in Eucalyptus, it´s difficult to control systemic character and genetic variability of the isolates. The resistant material is the main control form. Thus, in the present work aimed to: 1) to study early and non-destructive phenotypic evaluation methodology in leaf discs of clones (E. grandis x E. urophylla), to eucalyptus resistance of the C. fimbriata infection. 2) to evaluate morphophysiological and anatomical responses to C. fimbriata infection in eucalyptus clones. Clones of AEC 1528, BA 7346, CO 1407, BA 6021 (six- months-old years) were used. First, 0.1 mL of fungus spores (2.5 X 106 mL-1 ) were inoculated in genotypes’s leaf disc (Ø2 cm), in the adaxial leaf surface, near midrib and kept in chamber humidity in an air-conditioned room. After, 6 days of inoculation the severity was evaluated. In order to compare this methodology, disks (Ø5mm) of MAEY with fungus’s mycelium. A cut lengthwise 2 cm length was made on the stem in 10 plants and seedlings control (without fungus). For both tests, frequency scale was used and different resistance levels were found, since high resistance until high susceptibility. In the second experiment, morphological analyzes, leaf and stem dry matter, height and stem diameter of the infected and uninfected clones were performed, and anatomical analyzes were performed at the lesion site and 3 cm before and after the lesion, of the mycelium of C. fimbriata growth avaliation in the xylem vessels, before and after 50 days, of the inoculation. It observed mechanism of resistance: gels, new tissues near the infection region.
Origin of the allotriploid "híbrido de timor" through a karyotype comparison with its coffea ancestors
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-12-21) Oliveira, Stéfanie Cristina de; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7738-9518; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1372644511398549; Soares, Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7198-1577; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5855273025512026; Clarindo, Wellington Ronildo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-8620; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0339970047422716; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-2601; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6404885772178652; Karsburg, Isane Vera; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-0449; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4736928411585458; Carvalho, Guilherme Mendes de Almeida; https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2724-1955; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8143011123794868
Among the Coffea, there is a natural hybrid denominated “Híbrido de Timor” (HT), found on Timor Island in 1927. HT 'CIFC 4106', which represents the first HT plant, possesses 2n = 3x = 33 chromosomes and 1C DNA value equal 1C = 2.10 pg. Chromosomal number, nuclear 1C DNA content and geographical evidences support a possible allotriploid origin from fusion of a reduced reproductive cell of Coffea arabica (2n = 4x = 44) and Coffea canephora (2n = 2x = 22). C. arabica, another allopolyploid, accumulates studies that seek to unravel its progenitors. Molecular and karyotype data suggests that this true allotetraploid was formed from a reduced reproductive cell of C. canephora (CC) and another C. eugenioides (EE) followed by a polyploidization event. In this way, C. arabica genome is represented as C aC a E a E a . Based on this evidences, we formulate the following hypothesis: HT ‘CIFC 4106’ genome is CCa E a ? The present study aimed to cytogenetically characterize C. eugenioides, C. canephora, C. arabica and HT 'CIFC 4106'. The combination of morphometric data, flow and image cytometries and 5S rDNA fluorescente in situ hybridization (FISH) expanded knowledge about the evolutive origin and genome structure of HT ‘CIFC 4106’. HT 'CIFC 4106' karyogram evidenced chromosomes group delimited according to the class and DNA value similar. Based on these karyotype features was possible show the presence of two identical genomes in HT 'CIFC 4106', possibly of C. canephora (CC) and a distinct genome (C. eugenioides, E). HT 'CIFC 4106' chromosomes presented class, DNA content identical to the chromosomes of C. eugenioides, C. canephora and C. arabica. 5S rDNA sites were detected in two HT ‘CIFC 4106’ chromosomes. Distribution patterns of 5S markings found in C. eugenioides and C. canephora revealed in this study corroborate with HT ‘CIFC 4106’ CCa E a genome hypothesis. The 15 distribution of the 5S rDNA sites found in three Coffea allied to the chromosomal DNA content and class shows chromosomes similar to C. eugenioides and C. canephora in HT ‘CIFC 4106’. In addition, the data reveal possible structural chromosomal rearrangements along the evolution of HT ‘CIFC 4106’
Pré-melhoramento de feijões crioulos e comerciais cultivados no Estado do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-25) Carvalho, Marina Santos; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Carias, Cíntia Machado de Oliveira Moulin; Ferreira, Adésio; Posse, Sheila Cristina Prucoli; Lopes, José Carlos
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume of the Fabaceae family, being an important source of proteins and fibers. The landrace type is cultivated mainly in family agriculture and deserve prominence for having genes of interest for breeding. In the state of Espirito Santo, production is predominantly carried out through family farms in properties distributed in all regions of the state. The common bean landraces are adapted to local conditions and selected over several generations, however they are not characterized. In order to identify potential common bean landrace and commercial for use in breeding, the objective of this study is to characterize by means of molecular markers SSRs (Single Sequence Repeat), SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and by agromorphological descriptors the genetic diversity of a collection of beans grown in the state of Espírito Santo in comparison to commercial cultivars obtained from several breeding programs. Initially, 159 accessions of landraces beans were harvested on public farms and public markets in the state of Espirito Santo and 27 commercial cultivars were transferred from the work collection of the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (Incaper). These accessions were evaluated for genetic diversity with 13 microsatellite loci. The mean polymorphic information content of the SSRs was 4.46, characterizing them as moderately informative and the expected heterosygosity (He) was 0.51, suggesting that the accesses have a wide genetic diversity. The allelic number (A), private (AP) and rare alleles (AR) were observed in greater magnitude in the bean landraces (landraces, He = 0.50, A = 5, AP = 29.30, commercial, He = 0.42, A = 2.92, AP = 2, AR = 8), demonstrating that the common bean landraces potentially represent a reservoir of rare and private alleles compared to commercial stocks. The analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic diversity and moderate differentiation between the groups of commercial and criollo accesses (9.89%, FST = 0.074, P <0.01) and within the group was 90.11%, but not significant. The UPGMA divided the accesses into 10 main groups, of which one was formed by 89% of the accesses (138 lndraces and all the commercial ones), which was subdivided into 28. The UPGMA allowed to discriminate the IX 50 accesses that represented a subset of common bean divergent. These accesses were submitted to three field experiments in two harvests in the agricultural years of 2017 and 2018, conducted in randomized blocks with three replicates. Twelve morphoagronomic variables were analyzed. The multivariate analysis of the variance indicated significant differences among the common bean accesses evaluated, suggesting there is variability among accessions. The characteristic with greater discriminatory power was the height of plants ranging from 30.89 (Red-132) to 102.29 cm (Pearl-22). The accessions Green-111, White110, Pearl-102, Black 13-69, Beans queen-18, White-05 showed high levels of productivity (above 3,000 kg.ha-1). Six groups were formed by the UPGMA, one of them composed of 96.30% of the commercial cultivars, suggesting that the landraces have characteristics of interest, since the commercial ones have already undergone some process of genetic improvement. Later, there was an increase in the bean collection with other samples collected in the state, totaling 206 landraces accesses, as well as 47 samples of commercial cultivars provided by Embrapa Rice and Bean and 12 by Incaper. These samples were analyzed with 23 SSR, labeled with fluorescence and analyzed in a multiplex coamplification system in capillary electrophoresis and by 251 SNPs. In the total collection the SSR markers allowed the detection of 272 alleles, with an average of 10.74 per locus. For the SNPs the total number of alleles was 439 with a mean of two per locus. SSR produced high PIC values (0.65) while SNPs had a lower PIC value (0.27). The mean genetic diversity, quantified by the expected heterozygosity was higher for the SSR loci (0.678) than for the SNPs (0.34). The ideal number of groups by the STRUCTURE software analysis were two for both markers. Genetic dissimilarity matrices for allelic data from SSRs and SNPs were highly correlated (r = 0.74, 0.005), so the markers were combined and analyzed for understanding the genetic relationships among the studied subjects. The neighbor joining analysis, considering the simple coincidence genetic distance, grouped the 265 accessions into 17 subgroups. This work revealed a wide genetic divergence in the work collection, which makes it a valuable source for the conservation, management and later use of the accesses in crop breeding programs
Reconhecimento parental e plasticidade fenotípica em duas cultivares de milho em resposta à competição intraespecífica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-24) Cola, Geovana Poton Arcobeli; Amaral, José Augusto Teixeira do; Cola, Geovana Poton Arcobeli; Oliveira, Fábio Luiz de; Garbin, Mário Luiz; Soares, Taís Cristina Bastos
Agricultural crops are normally established in monocultures, with proper distribution of water and nutrients, intensive weed managing and a high number of closely related plants, as a way of obtaining higher yields. Such conditions may have increased the capacity of kin recognition in cultivated plants. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the kin recognition capacity and the phenotypic plasticity in two maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in response to the intraspecific competition. For that purpose, two contrasting maize genotypes in terms of levels of domestication (‘Híbrido’ and ‘Crioula’) were cutivated with neighboring plants of different degrees of kinship [treatment between half-sibling, population and strangers (between cultivars)] for an evaluation of their growth and morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The “Hibrido” cultivar presented kin recognition behavior, avoiding competition between related plants, nevertheless presenting competitive behavior when submitted to competition with nonrelated neighbors, altering its pattern of biomass allocation, presenting greater allocation to the roots in comparison to culm and leaf. A lower investment was also observed in morphological structures such as height and, a higher concentration of chlorophyll a and total was observed for “Hibrido” cultivar, when under competition with strangers individuals. The “Crioula” cultivar, on the other hand, presented the same pattern of biomass allocation, morphological structures and physiological between different treatments. For biochemical variables, when under competition with half-sibling individuals and the population, the plants of the cultivar 'Crioula' showed to invest resources for the production of secondary metabolites, suggesting that identity recognition responses on species of unimproved crops may involve metabolic changes in the plant. Therefore, the cultivar 'Crioula' presented low phenotypic plasticity in growth, morphological and physiological attributes in relation to intraspecific competition. Physiological and Growth characteristics were not affected by kin recognition for the ‘Crioula’ cultivar, which showed low phenotypic plasticity in the competition among individuals intraspecific. Due to its higher kin recognition capacity, the “Hibrido” cultivar presented more elevated phenotypic plasticity in attributes related to growth and morphology
Respostas morfofisiológicas e herança materna para tolerância à seca em progênies de café conilon
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-22) Sobreira, Franciele Barros de Souza; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Soares, Taís Cristina Basto; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Ferrão, Romário Gava; Caixeta, Eveline Teixeira; Rosado, Carla Cristina Gonçalves
Coffee is currently one of the major commodities in Brazil. Among many works carried out aiming at the improvement of this culture, the search for materials more adapted to the climatic variations, especially the drought has been highlighted. This fact is mainly due to the climatic changes that are occurring in many Brazilian regions. The morphological and physiological analyzes of the plants have aided in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes for the evaluation of superiority in breeding programs. The present study aimed at evaluating the morphophysiological characteristics of conilon progenies submitted to drought, evaluating the plant morphology, photosynthesis and chemical quantification of foliar tissues, to verify the variability of the progenies, to evaluate the possibility of extrachromosomal maternal inheritance for drought tolerance and to identify more drought tolerant genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Marilândia-ES Incaper and two populations of Coffea canephora, derived from the cross between the susceptible clone 109 and the drought tolerant clone 120 (120x109 and 109x120) were used. For the evaluation of the experiment and conclusions of the results was used to descriptive statistics and principal component analyzes (PCA). It was observed through the measures of position and dispersion that there were many changes between the variables throughout the analysis period (July/2015, December/2015 and April/2016), wide variability among individuals within each evaluation period and that in April 2016 it was the most critical period of drought, among the evaluated periods, occurring, most of the time, decreases in the means of the analyzed parameters and greater variations in the progenies. In July and December 2015 the population 109x120 presented the highest averages, however in April 2016 the population 120x109, showed higher averages. These changes were allied to extrachromosomal maternal inheritance, mainly chloroplast, due to differences in the means of reciprocal crosses, for most variables. There was a greater manifestation of the characteristics of clone 109, as pollen recipient mother, in July and December of 2015, in the progenies 109x120, period of greater hydration of the plants. In April 2016, critical period of drought, there was a greater manifestation of clone 120, in the population 120x109, so it presented better means. Due to the variabilities observed among the individuals, the PCA were used to identify the parameters that best represented the variation among the individuals. Ten parameters were evaluated in July, nine in December and April in all individuals, demonstrating that approximately 80% of the observed variation can be explained by five and six principal xii components (PC) in the population 120x109, and four and five components in the 109x120. Each PC represented a proportion of the variation and was correlated in different degrees to the measured parameters. Attention was drawn to the information from PC1 and PC2, in April 2016, showing a better growth condition in the 120x109 population, due to the high positive correlation with RAF (leaf area ratio), AFU (unit leaf area), AFE (leaf area specific), FT (total phenol), proline and ETR (electron transport rate), which are important correlations between the variables, for the development of plants under conditions of water stress. Due to the different correlations of the PCA with the parameters, a hierarchical UPGMA grouping, based on average euclidean distance, was performed to discriminate the differentiations between the individuals. For the population 120x109, eight groups were identified in July/2015, ten in December/2015 and seven in April/2016. For the population 109x120, four groups in July/2015, three in December/2015 and three in April/2016. Based on average of the groups for each parameter, it was found that in April 2016, a critical period of drought, some individuals managed to maintain better morphophysiological characteristics, such as those presented in groups 3, 5 and 7, represented by individuals 1, 2, 12, 13, 17, 26, 28, 50 and 58 of the population 120x109, demonstrating phenological highlight to tolerate more drought, being the AFE, RAF, A, ETR, gs and A/gs variables more relevant for genotype discrimination. Genotypes 1, 26, 56 and 58 showed greater dissimilarity, but individual 56 was more characterized as susceptible to drought. It has also been shown that there are other individuals that have similar characteristics to those selected for tolerance and that deserve to be better explored, such as individuals 8, 9, 14, 22, 25, 29 for tolerance and genotypes 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 for drought susceptibility. In summary, most of the mechanisms of resistance to drought in conilon coffee are governed by extrachro

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