Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Animal

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A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Abordagens metodológicas para avaliar risco de extinção de espécies de Brachyteles (Primates: Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-27) Gonçalves, Arthur Machado; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Araujo, Ana Carolina Srbek de; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
The geographical distribution of a taxon is limited by ecological and historical aspects. Many human activities have caused changes in vegetation cover, leading to fragmentation and loss of habitat. This has led to local extinction of populations of various species by altering their geographical distribution. Among them are the two species of the genus Brachyteles (muriquis), which are endemic primates of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most affected biomes by these processes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that seeks to conserve biodiversity. Among other criteria, it uses the knowledge of the restricted geographic distributions of species to rank them in threatened categories, the so-called red lists. It uses spatial parameters that indicate the risk of extinction of a particular taxon in relation to their geographical distribution. Often the calculations of these parameters are subjective and it is necessary the search of methods that make the assessments more objective, accurate, and replicable. In this context, we tested different calculation methods of three parameters related to the geographical distribution of B. hypoxanthus and B. arachnoids. They are threatened species with well-known occurrence localities and were deeply affected by the Atlantic Forest fragmentation. Thus, they are potentially a good model for these analyses. We built a database of current occurrence localities of both species. Through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approaches, we estimated the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) using Minimum Convex Polygons and a-hull, and Area of Occupancy (AOO) and subpopulations using grids, circular buffers and a-hull methods, in different special scales. The results were compared to identify the most appropriate approaches and scales for the assessment of extinction risk. The analyses indicate that the list of localities and maps of IUCN should be updated. Moreover, they suggest that a-hull is an advantageous approach to EOO and the buffer method is the most suitable parameter for AOO and subpopulations, when smaller spatial scales are used. The GeoCAT tool can be used as a preliminary extinction risk assessment based on the geographical distribution criteria for being able to perform instant EOO and AOO analyses, and their results are similar to those of other approaches.
Análise de viabilidade populacional do muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae), em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Santa Maria de Jetibá - Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-27) Coutinho, Bruno Rocha; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da
Habitat lost and habitat fragmentation are in the most important processes related to species extinction around the world. Because of isolation in habitats fragments, those processes can reduce the population size and modify remaining subpopulations’spatial distribution. This situation is occurring with the northern muriqui(Brachyteles hypoxanthus), one of the most 25 most endangered primates of the world. This species have been hunted for centuries because of this great size. In a region of Espírito Santo state, Southern Brazil, there are many northern muriqui subpopulations that survive in small isolated fragmented habitats where somefemales became lonely after they disperse because they can’t find another group todisperse. This research focused on: (1) subpopulations vulnerability on absent of demography interactions, (2) dispersal fluency of females on the populations’ viability, (3) stochastic factors (demographic, environmental, and genetics) that arecritical for the species persistence in a fragmented landscape, and (4) relative riskestimation faced by the subpopulations due species biological extrinsic processes,like hunting. I conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) using the computerpackage VORTEX. I used four years of demographic data from Espírito Santo’s Muriqui Project (Projeto Muriqui) and biological data from Karen B. Strier’s researches. PVA’s results demonstrated that all nine subpopulations showed high probability of extinction, and at least 25% heterozygosity lost for 50 years. The results also demonstrated that six of nine subpopulations are in decline. These subpopulations presented negatives growing rates (r < 0). 21 and 34 years were the subpopulations’ median extinction time, and seven and eight individuals/subpopulations were the final size. Female dispersal was the most critical factor on species survivorship. There were other factors that increased the speciesextinction probability when they were added to model: males’ sexual rate deviation,burning and adults female’s hunting. Young females can’t disperse because of the subpopulations isolation which cause high extinction vulnerability and northern muriquis subpopulations’ decline in a region of Espírito Santo. It’s necessary to arrange actions that minimize the isolation effects to increase the subpopulations viability in long term.
Anuros de ilhas continentais: vicariância ou dispersão?
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-02-20) Ornellas, Iago Silva; Costa, Leonora Pires; Rocha, Carlos Frederico Duarte da; Vargas, Sarah Maria
As abelhas e a floração sequencial em área de restinga
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-25) Mendes, Geovana de Assis; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
Sequential flowering strategy consists in blooming of different species consecutively through the year. This strategy is crucial to the maintenance of pollinators, because ensure food for them along the year. The purpose of this study was investigate beeflower interactions of a sequentially flowering species in coastal environment. The study was conducted at Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Guarapari, ES, from October 24, 2012 to November 13, 2013. Data of bees were recorded through direct observations. Collections were made directly on flower. Observations and collections were accomplished in seven plant species (168 hours). Plants were visited by bees and bloomed sequentially. Results showed 594 visits of bees (Apidae and Halictidae). They were identified in 15 native morpho-species and one exotic. Apidae presented 87,3% of the visits and Frieseomelitta sp1 was the most frequently eusocial morphospecies founded. Pollen, nectar and resin were the floral resources collected by visiting bees. Trigona sp1 was the only morphospecies that collected latex and nectar. Visits occurred predominantly in the morning. Rainfall during the flowering period was correlated with visits number. From May to September 2013 showed a strong reduction in the bee visits frequency. After this period, Augochloropsis sp1, Frieseomelitta sp1, Trigona sp1 and Tetragonisca sp1 returned to visit the flowers. All native bees are first record for PEPCV. Bees are potential pollinators of the studied plant species due to their visitation frequency and their contact with the reproductive parts (male and female) of their visited flowers plants.
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Caracterização molecular de três espécies de Trachycephalus (Anura: Hylidae): investigando potenciais híbridos interespecíficos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-11) Zaidan, Fernanda Couto; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Souza, Marcelo Nazareno Vallinoto de; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Hybrids are evolutionary units generally without clear morphological, behavioral and genetic delimitation, thus representing a challenge to taxonomy and systematics. They can morphologically resemble their parents or, due to introgression, their characteristics can be diluted with a prevailing appearance of one of the parental species, which could hinder identification. One way to identify hybrids is through molecular biology tools, such as mitochondrial DNA (maternal inherintance exclusively) and nuclear DNA (maternal and paternal inheritance), allowing genetic comparisons. Besides hybridization, conflicting mtDNA and nDNA identifications may have other explanations, such as Incomplete Lineage Sorting. Some individuals collected in localities of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, presented a mix of morphological characters of T. mesophaeus and T. nigromaculatus, which are the only Trachycephalus species known to the region. However, previous studies using COI sequences grouped theses individuals as T. typhonius. Giving this, we sequenced fragments of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND2) and part of the nuclear exon of tyrosinase of 173 individuals of Trachycephalus, in order to better clarify the taxonomic uncertainty, and the link between morphological and genetic characters behind the identifications, according to the occurrence area. Results of molecular phylogenies, genetic divergences, haplotype networks, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) confirmed .T. mesophaeus, T. nigromaculatus, and T. typhonius as distinct evolutionary lineages and revealed seven more individuals potentially hybrids, but morphologically assigned to one species. Due to the slow mutation rate of tyrosinase, the most recently diverged species (T. typhonius and T. nigromaculatus) have not completely sorted in this gene. Trachycephalus mesophaeus is the oldest species of the three, and it was identified unambiguously in all analysis. Here, for the first time, evidence of bidirectional introgression between T. nigromaculatus and T. typhonius and between T. nigromaculatus and T. mesophaeus, with signs of F1 individuals, is presented. The use of ND2 gene seems to be more efficient than COI to recover the phylogenies in this particular group and, although tyrosinase is a slow evolving gene, it contributed significantly in order to identify cytonuclear incongruences. Our results indicate a complex phylogenetic history of Trachycephalus, and that more introgressive hybrids may be identified with the use of faster nuclear markers and the inclusion of more species of the genus in the analyses..
Cognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Several species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
Comportamento de um grupo isolado de muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-18) Silva, Barbara de Almeida; Boubli, Jean Philippe; Strier, Karen Barbara; Fagundes, Valéria; Ferrari, Stephen Francis; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
Several studies have shown the effects of habitat size and quality and demographic factors on intraspecific behavioral differences in primates. In the last 25 years, studies of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Private Nature Reserve Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Caratinga, Minas Gerais, have provided insights into their behavior. However, it is not known whether the behavior of other northern muriqui populations living under different demographic and environment conditions is similar to that of the Caratinga muriquis. This study was conducted on one muriqui group of 13 to 15 individuals that inhabits a 128 hectare fragment of secondary vegetation at Saint Maria de Jetibá (SMJ). The aim of this work is to characterize the northern muriqui’s behavior at SMJ and to compare their behavior patterns with those of other northern muriqui populations. The focal animal method of behavioral sampling was used to collected data systematically, and all rare events observed were recorded opportunistically. Approximately 185 hours of focal animal samples were collected.Results suggest that the size and the composition of the group may affect some aspects of the muriqui’s social behavior. Specifically, the lower number of adult males affects their affiliative interactions, expressed primarily by the low frequency of embraces between adult males in the SMJ group, but does not seem to affect the proximity between adult males, which is similar across groups
Comportamento reprodutivo de Hetaerina auripennis (Odonata, Zygotera: Calopterygidae): fatores determinantes de estratégias reprodutivas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-08-04) Santos, Josiane Barboza dos; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Alves, Elcio Cassimiro; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The description of the reproductive behavior of the dragonfly species Hetaerina auripennisand as body size, spot size on the wings and choice of perch can be interfering with the dynamics of resident and satellitemales were carried out in theBiological Station of Santa Lucia, in the city of Santa Teresa, and an area of pasture in the city of Viana, both in Espírito Santo State (Brazil). Through the scan method with fixed areas, were collected information about the population abundance, distribution of individuals in the study area and behavior. The males employing reproductive strategy were weighed and its spots were measured. The reproductive behavior consists of an encounter, copulationand oviposition. The oviposition is accompanied by mate-guardin. The peak of activity was between 10:00 and 14:00 hours, coinciding with the hottest period of the day. The most frequently observed behavior was perched. This suggests that species belongs to the group of perchers and its dependence on luminosity for the accomplishment of its activities suggests that it is heliothermic. There was no significant relation between body size, spot size with the reproductive strategy employed. Perhaps age is the differential in order to a male becomes resident and the spots serve as a pointer of territory occupation. The type of perch most used by the males were grass stems or leaves, hanging over the river, with a height between 0 to 40cm and a distance from the bank of between 0 to 60 cm. This preference must be related with the ability to visualize females, since they fly to the river for mating and oviposition.
Conectividade entre populações de peixes recifais ao longo da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade: o papel da dispersão larval
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Stocco, Luana Birchler; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
Correlação entre estrutura cariotípica e filogenia molecular em Rhipidomys (Cricetidae, Rodentia) do leste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-03-23) Thomazini, Núbia Badke; Fagundes, Valéria; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Costa, Leonora Pires; Geise, Lena
The genus RhipidomysTshudi, 1845 belonging to the tribe Thomasomyini(Ray Steadman & 1982) includes rodents with arboreal habits, nocturnal and solitary. Are small, the weight varies from 35 to 170 grams, characterized by a combination of long vibrissae, brush or tuft at thedistal tail and dark coats this on the back of their front legs (Tribe, 1996; Emmons & Feer, 1997 ). It is widely distributed ranging from east of Panama, crossing South America to northern Argentina. In Brazil are recorded in all biomes. Cytogenetic studies in this genus revealed a high karyotypic variability, with three diploid numbers 2n = 44, 48 and 50, and varying the number of autosomal arms (NFA) and the sex chromosomes, totaling 20 distinct cytotypes. The karyotypes with 2n = 44 retain most of the variation of the genus karyotype with 11 distinct complements autosomal (NFA = 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 61, 70, 74, 76 and 80). The karyotype with 2n = 48 has three distinct cytotypes (NFA = 66, 67 and 68), whereas 2n = 50 presents two different cytotypes (NFA = 70 and 71). It was suggested that these could be divided karyotypes and three groups according to the 2n and NFA group R. nitelacomposed of animals with 2n = 48/50, group R. leucodactyluswith 2n = 44 and NFA low ranging from 46 to 52, and group R. mastacalis2n = 44 and NFA high ranging from 74 to 80. This distinction was reinforced by the existence of private alleles in some of these groups. Although data from the literature suggest that the karyotype is a good tool to assist in the characterization of species Rhipidomys, and molecular studies begin to suggest how the karyotypes of Rhipidomysare phylogenetically structured, work involving karyotypic data on molecular characterization of populations are nonexistent in Rhipidomys. Accordingly, we propose to characterize the karyotypes of Rhipidomysthe number and morphology of chromosomes; propose a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the forms from eastern Brazil using a new molecular marker; verify that the karyotypes distinct monophyletic clades are correlated with, and test the validity Rhipidomysgroupings based on karyotype structure: group R. leucodactylus(NFAS low) and group R. mastacalis (NFAshigh). In this study we found two new descriptions of karyotypes, a karyotype with unprecedented high NFA (NFA 2n = 44 and = 72) and another with an unprecedented combination of X and Y chromosomes (2n = 44, = 50 NFA, XbYc). Adding our data to the literature we found 22 karyotypes described for the genus Rhipidomys. Karyotypes of these 22, 14 were associated with 12 of the 21 taxa recognized in Rhipidomys, and eight karyotypes are not associated with any recognized taxon. Furthermore, we identified six species of Rhipidomysrecognized and suggest the presence of two new taxa to eastern Brazil. We find evidence that vicarious barrier in the Atlantic is marked by the Jequitinhonha river, not the Doce river, as suggested in many studies. Revealed that the group with high NFA is monophyletic, while the group with low NFA is polyphyletic and paraphyletic, a fact which goes against the hypothesis of karyotypic groups. We found that there is an upward trend in the number of autosomal arms in the genre, being more karyotypic forms derived farther from the bridge probable origin of the genus in 9South America yet, it was proposed that the source of radiation occurred RhipidomysAndes and the populations of this region carry the primitive conditions of the group, as the 2n = 44 and low NFA. From this ancestral karyotype propose a model of karyotype evolution taking into account the distribution of chromosomal forms in each region
Dieta de um grupo de muriquis-do-norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Kuhl, 1820) (Primates, Atelidae) em um fragmento florestal de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-03) Machado, Flávia Figueiredo; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Ruiz-Miranda, Carlos Ramón
The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is an endemic primate to the Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, critically endangered. Their diet is based on fruits and leaves, but they also consume flowers and buds. The feeding strategies of muriquis are determined by environmental variables, proprieties and availability of resources and intrinsic variables of each population. This can generate intra and inter population differences. This study aimed to investigate the proportion of use of the items, feeding resources and plant species by a group of 18 muriquis, as well as the variations in consumption between two distinct bioclimatic stations. The group studied was monitored from January to December 2006 (except July) in a forest fragment of 70 ha of Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES (SMJ), through scan sampling. Muriquis devoted an average of 20% of their daily activity in feeding. Leaves were the most representative in the diet (34.04%), but this consumption was proportionally lower than that observed in other studies. Buds (17.94%) and flowers (21.37%) presented high consumption, not observed in groups of other sites. There was no significant difference in the consumption of fruits (22.35%), flowers and buds. Only the consumption of flowers and fruits changed between bioclimatic stations. Flowers were more consumed in the rainy season and fruits in the dry season. In the period with higher consumption of fruits, the immature ones were the most consumed. Probably, those cases occurred because the restrict size of the fragment, so there isn’t large supply of edible fruits, necessitating the use of less energy items, such as flowers, immature fruits and buds. Immature leaves were more consumed than mature ones in the rainy season, a period with great offer this item due to leaf growth and replacement. Trees were the most commonly used feeding resources. Both male and female showed no significant differences in the proportion of consumption of the items and time spent on feeding. There were identified 44 plants species on the diet of the group studied. Only five species were consumed at both stations: Tibouchina arborea, Tovomita brasiliensis,Terminalia sp., Vochysia saldanhanam e Virola oleifera. The tree species V. oleifera, Ocotea aciphylla, Hirtella martiana, Micropholis sp., Terminalia sp., H.hebeclada, O. glaziovii e V. saldanhanam represented more than 50% of feeding records in any of the periods analyzed. Because of the high consumption of these species, they should be considered in conservations programs aimed at the conservation of muriquis in SMJ
Distribuição e estrutura da população de Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Portunidae) na Baía Noroeste de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-30) Sforza, Roberto; Nalesso, Rosebel Cunha; Fernandes, Luiz Fernando Loureiro; Almeida, Renato de; Joyeux, Jean Christophe
The swimming crabs Callinectes danae (Portunidae) are abundant in Brazilian estuaries, being an important iten to artisanal fisheries. Spatial and seasonal distribution of C.danae in the Northwest Vitoria Bay, southeast Brazil, were investigated by night trawl through monthly sampling during one year (Dec/00 to Nov/01 N=72), with physico-chemical parameters of water measured in situ on each of the six sampling stations, located through the bay on three areas sub-divided in shallow and deep ones, along a transversal axis. A total of 3879 individuals was collected, being 2537 females (1147 adults, 318 ovigerous and 1072 juveniles) and 1339 males (444 adults and 895 juveniles). Mean carapace width (including lateral spines) at sexual maturity was 9,13 cm for males and 8,05 cm for females, and sex ratio was 1,89?1?. Ovigerous females occurred the whole year (except on Nov/01), with higher densities on February, July and October/01, almost exclusively in the southern part of sampling area, which showed higher salinities and lower temperatures due to coastal waters entering throw the harbor channel. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes occurred mainly in north and central parts of sampling areas, with lower salinities and higher water temperatures due to the discharges of Santa Maria and Bubu rivers; their densities were higher on December/00, October and November/01. Adult females showed homogeneous densities along the bay and sampling months
Distribuição geográfica e modelagem de habitat das espécies do gênero Callithrix (Primates, Callitrichidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-02-25) Nicolaevsky, Bertha; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Barreto, Francisco Candido Cardoso; Ditchfield, Albert David
The genus Callithrixcontainssix species of smallarboreal primates found in central andeastern Brazil.The distributions of these species are parapatric with seeming to haveconnection totypes phytoeological training: Callithrix jacchusinhabits in the thorn shrub, C.penicillatadwellsmainly on savanna areas and the other species, C. aurita, C.flaviceps, C.geoffroyi and C.kuhliiaretypical of the Atlantic Forest. Events to introduce some of these species have shown their ability to colonize areas distinct from those where they are native.ThedistributionofCallithrixhasnotbeenreviewedforoverten years and there is a large number of new records for instance, published in specialized literature, that need to be included in biogeographical studies of these species.Moreover, the whereforeof lack of sympatry between Callithrixspecies are not clear,ath the time this matter requiresfurther research.Thus, the aims of this study was to review the geographical distribution of species of Callithrix,investigate the suitable habitat for them to stay beyondgeographical boundaries known and find out if there are regions suitable for more than one species. The occurrence records compiled were georeferenced and the localities were inserted graphically on mapsof the cities, protected areas and vegetation. Subsequently, occurrence data were associated with climatic and topographic variables to produce habitat models forusing the MaxEnt algorithm.A total of 359 localities were compiled and the overlap estimated distribution of polygons displayedthat species exhibit varying degrees of specialismto habitat -from specialistssuch as C.flavicepsable to colonize only four typesdifferent vegetation, to C.jacchusobserved in 25 kinds of different formations.Furthermore, we observed that the vegetation types dense rain forest vegetation and semideciduous forest are present in geographical distribution of the six species.Habitat models showed AUC values greater than 0.9, thenthey can can be considered models with optimum performance. There was overlap between areas suitable for all species.The analysis of occurrence and vegetation associated with habitat modeling results allowed to infer that the boundaries between the areas ofoccurrence, not only coincide with the presence of large rivers, but also with the transition between distinct vegetation formations, and that differentecological adaptive potential of speciesprobably influence their geographical distribution through competitive exclusion
Diversidade e estruturação genética de Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae) em um ambiente fragmentado no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá (ES) usando DNA mitocondrial e nuclear
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-02-26) Alvarenga, Clara Scarpati; Fagundes, Valéria; Farro, Ana Paula Cazerta; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Meyer, Diogo
Brachyteles hypoxanthus, northern muriqui, is threatened by the small number of individuals in the wild, distributed in only 12 isolated populations, being classified as "critically endangered" species. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies revealed the population of Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ) as a Management Unit, despite of habitat smaller and highly fragmented. Our objective was to assess whether the populations of each fragment also form different units. We analyzed 43 individuals from six areas of the municipality using five microsatellite loci and 366 bp of hypervariable region I (D-loop, mtDNA). Moderate levels of genetic diversity (Dg=0,74) and heterozygosity (Hobs=0,60) were found with nDNA. Populations São Sebastião de Belém (SSB) and Córrego do Ouro 1 (CO1) deviated from HWE and were significants in the inbreeding coefficient (Fis=0,259 and 0,206; respectively). Were detected seven haplotypes (mtDNA), with moderate haplotype diversity (h=0,7540). The H1 haplotype was unique to SSB, while the other three populations shared haplotypes (H2, H3 and H5). Not were discarded the hypothesis of population stability. There was a weak genetic structure for nDNA (Fst=0,0768), but strong structure for mtDNA (Fst=0,58013), with SSB distinct from other populations (0,65256=Fst=0,94310). Moderate genetic diversity in SMJ unexpected for a species critically endangered and is probably due to the long generations, since the populations had weak genetic structure between themselves (nDNA). However, deviations from HWE and the predominance of one haplotype of mtDNA for SSB may be signs of the effects of genetic drift, since it does not rule out the hypothesis of demography equilibration. These effects are consistent with the proposal that genetic drift tends to be more intense in island populations, an analogy to forest fragments of SMJ. Seen the low differentiation in allele frequencies and sharing of haplotypes, our data suggest that the population of SMJ in particular should not be treated as different units. Based on this, the genetic diversity simulations show that the increased connectivity of forest fragments in SMJ over the medium and long term can be an essential step in the restoration, maintenance and conservation of northern muriqui in the municipality
Diversidade gênica populacional para Lonchophylla dekeyseri (Taddei, Vizotto & Sazima, 1983) (Mammalia, Chiroptera)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-05-30) Coutinho, Rafael Zerbini; Ditchfield, Albert David; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza
Diversificação de roedores do gênero Phyllomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Echimyidae) na Mata Atlântica brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-02-22) Loss, Ana Carolina; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Patton, James Lloyd; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis
The Neotropical rodents of the Echimyidae family are the most diverse among the Caviomorpha clade. Little is known about the geographic range, natural history and evolution of several Echimyidae members, despite its high diversity. The taxonomic history of the family is confusing and some groups are rare in scientific collections, resulting in less conclusive inferences about evolutionary and biological traits, which are based on a few individuals. Molecular phylogenies do not support the taxonomic classification based on morphological traits, highlighting the complexity of the evolutionary history of this group. Five Echimyidae genera occur within the Atlantic Forest range: the bamboo-rat, Kannabateomys; the arboreal Phyllomys and Callistomys; the terrestrial Trinomys; and the semi-fossorial Euryzygomatomys. In the present study I used DNA sequences to investigate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of three echimyids from the Atlantic Forest at three different taxonomic levels: family, genus, and species. The first chapter investigates the phylogenetic position of Callistomys within Echimyidae using sequences of one mitochondrial (CytB) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. The results show that Callistomys forms a clade with the semi-aquatic coypu (Myocastor) from the grasslands in the southern South America and terrestrial spiny rats (Proechimys) from the Amazon forest. This clade is sister to Thrichomys, a terrestrial rat from the dry lands of central South America. These clades are unexpected, given the contrasting morphology, ecology, and geographic ranges of its members. The resulting echimyid phylogeny indicates that Callistomys is not closely related to the other arboreal echimyids, and suggest that arboreal habits evolved more than once in this family. The second chapter investigates aspects of the phylogeny, evolution and species limits in the genus Phyllomys using two mitochondrial (CytB and COI) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. Three main species groups were identified: one with a longitudinal distribution through the central portion of the Atlantic Forest (P. pattoni (P. mantiqueirensis, Phyllomys sp. 4)); one distributed along the northern portion of the Atlantic Forest (Phyllomys sp. 2 (P. blainvilii (P. brasiliensis, P. lamarum))) and another along the southern portion (Phyllomys sp. 3 ((Phyllomys sp. 1, P. lundi), (Phyllomys sp. 5 (P. dasythrix (P. nigrispinus (P. sulinus, Phyllomys sp. 6)))))). Two independent evolutionary linages were identified, probably representing new species, raising the potential number of Phyllomys species from 17 to 19. These phylogenies, together with geographic distribution data, suggest that the diversification and distribution of Phyllomys species were affected by the concomitant action of different factors, such as neotectonics, altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, and climate change acting since the Miocene, underlining the first diversifications within Phyllomys until more recent speciation events, during the Pleistocene. The third chapter explores the genetic variation, geographic distribution and taxonomic status of the species Euryzygomatomys spinosus using two mitochondrial markers (CytB and D-loop). The results show that E. spinosus is distributed along the Atlantic Forest and surrounding areas, south of the Rio Doce in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, including a confirmed occurrence in the Cerrado. This species occupies very distinct habitats and may be consider a generalist. The populations are genetically structured along its distribution and the genetic data corroborate the current taxonomy, which considers only one species in the genus, E. spinous.

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