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- ItemA ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert DavidIt is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
- ItemAbordagens metodológicas para avaliar risco de extinção de espécies de Brachyteles (Primates: Atelidae)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-27) Gonçalves, Arthur Machado; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Araujo, Ana Carolina Srbek de; Leite, Yuri Luiz ReisThe geographical distribution of a taxon is limited by ecological and historical aspects. Many human activities have caused changes in vegetation cover, leading to fragmentation and loss of habitat. This has led to local extinction of populations of various species by altering their geographical distribution. Among them are the two species of the genus Brachyteles (muriquis), which are endemic primates of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most affected biomes by these processes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that seeks to conserve biodiversity. Among other criteria, it uses the knowledge of the restricted geographic distributions of species to rank them in threatened categories, the so-called red lists. It uses spatial parameters that indicate the risk of extinction of a particular taxon in relation to their geographical distribution. Often the calculations of these parameters are subjective and it is necessary the search of methods that make the assessments more objective, accurate, and replicable. In this context, we tested different calculation methods of three parameters related to the geographical distribution of B. hypoxanthus and B. arachnoids. They are threatened species with well-known occurrence localities and were deeply affected by the Atlantic Forest fragmentation. Thus, they are potentially a good model for these analyses. We built a database of current occurrence localities of both species. Through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approaches, we estimated the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) using Minimum Convex Polygons and a-hull, and Area of Occupancy (AOO) and subpopulations using grids, circular buffers and a-hull methods, in different special scales. The results were compared to identify the most appropriate approaches and scales for the assessment of extinction risk. The analyses indicate that the list of localities and maps of IUCN should be updated. Moreover, they suggest that a-hull is an advantageous approach to EOO and the buffer method is the most suitable parameter for AOO and subpopulations, when smaller spatial scales are used. The GeoCAT tool can be used as a preliminary extinction risk assessment based on the geographical distribution criteria for being able to perform instant EOO and AOO analyses, and their results are similar to those of other approaches.
- ItemAnálise de viabilidade populacional do muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae), em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Santa Maria de Jetibá - Espírito Santo(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-27) Coutinho, Bruno Rocha; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido daHabitat lost and habitat fragmentation are in the most important processes related to species extinction around the world. Because of isolation in habitats fragments, those processes can reduce the population size and modify remaining subpopulations’spatial distribution. This situation is occurring with the northern muriqui(Brachyteles hypoxanthus), one of the most 25 most endangered primates of the world. This species have been hunted for centuries because of this great size. In a region of Espírito Santo state, Southern Brazil, there are many northern muriqui subpopulations that survive in small isolated fragmented habitats where somefemales became lonely after they disperse because they can’t find another group todisperse. This research focused on: (1) subpopulations vulnerability on absent of demography interactions, (2) dispersal fluency of females on the populations’ viability, (3) stochastic factors (demographic, environmental, and genetics) that arecritical for the species persistence in a fragmented landscape, and (4) relative riskestimation faced by the subpopulations due species biological extrinsic processes,like hunting. I conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) using the computerpackage VORTEX. I used four years of demographic data from Espírito Santo’s Muriqui Project (Projeto Muriqui) and biological data from Karen B. Strier’s researches. PVA’s results demonstrated that all nine subpopulations showed high probability of extinction, and at least 25% heterozygosity lost for 50 years. The results also demonstrated that six of nine subpopulations are in decline. These subpopulations presented negatives growing rates (r < 0). 21 and 34 years were the subpopulations’ median extinction time, and seven and eight individuals/subpopulations were the final size. Female dispersal was the most critical factor on species survivorship. There were other factors that increased the speciesextinction probability when they were added to model: males’ sexual rate deviation,burning and adults female’s hunting. Young females can’t disperse because of the subpopulations isolation which cause high extinction vulnerability and northern muriquis subpopulations’ decline in a region of Espírito Santo. It’s necessary to arrange actions that minimize the isolation effects to increase the subpopulations viability in long term.
- ItemAnuros de ilhas continentais: vicariância ou dispersão?(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-02-20) Ornellas, Iago Silva; Costa, Leonora Pires; Rocha, Carlos Frederico Duarte da; Vargas, Sarah Maria
- ItemAs abelhas e a floração sequencial em área de restinga(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-25) Mendes, Geovana de Assis; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Tavares, Marcelo TeixeiraSequential flowering strategy consists in blooming of different species consecutively through the year. This strategy is crucial to the maintenance of pollinators, because ensure food for them along the year. The purpose of this study was investigate beeflower interactions of a sequentially flowering species in coastal environment. The study was conducted at Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Guarapari, ES, from October 24, 2012 to November 13, 2013. Data of bees were recorded through direct observations. Collections were made directly on flower. Observations and collections were accomplished in seven plant species (168 hours). Plants were visited by bees and bloomed sequentially. Results showed 594 visits of bees (Apidae and Halictidae). They were identified in 15 native morpho-species and one exotic. Apidae presented 87,3% of the visits and Frieseomelitta sp1 was the most frequently eusocial morphospecies founded. Pollen, nectar and resin were the floral resources collected by visiting bees. Trigona sp1 was the only morphospecies that collected latex and nectar. Visits occurred predominantly in the morning. Rainfall during the flowering period was correlated with visits number. From May to September 2013 showed a strong reduction in the bee visits frequency. After this period, Augochloropsis sp1, Frieseomelitta sp1, Trigona sp1 and Tetragonisca sp1 returned to visit the flowers. All native bees are first record for PEPCV. Bees are potential pollinators of the studied plant species due to their visitation frequency and their contact with the reproductive parts (male and female) of their visited flowers plants.
- ItemAssociação entre variáveis geográficas e climáticas e a ocorrência de Lutzomya longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-02-11) Pinto, Israel de Souza; Falqueto, Aloísio; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Brazil, Reginaldo PeçanhaLutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Brazil. In the Espírito Santo state, the AVL has always been associated to dry regions and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. To infer the potential distribution of L. longipalpis and the influence of biogeographic variables on its potential distribution in Espírito Santo, sand flies were captured on localities with autochthonous cases of AVL and adjacent areas from north region of the state. L. longipalpis was found in 84 localities, for a total of 133 localities belonging to 15 municipalities surveyed. To delimit the potential distribution, it was made ecological niche modeling using the DesktopGarp program and data of 73 occurrence points of L. longipalpis. Besides of the 15 municipalities with records of L. longipalpis, the distribution was provided by ecological niche modeling for, at least, other nine municipalities without records. Yet, the ecological niche modeling showed the association of L. longipalpis with geoclimatic features favorable to its occurrence like as dry climate represented by rainfall lower than 1000 millimeters and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. The occurrence of human autochthonous cases of AVL in two localities of Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, located on the south portion of ES and without geographic and climatic features favorable to occurrence of L. longipalpis, justified a systematic study for sand flies captured in these localities. From August 2006 to July 2007, mensal systematic entomological surveys were performed in Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, but no L. longipalpis was found. Therefore, it is possible that the ocurrence of AVL is disassociated with the presence of L. longipalpis in the south portion of ES. Furthermore, due to the low number of sand flies captured in Rio Novo do Sul, the presence of another mechanism of transmission of AVL is also possible. In conclusion, the presence of L. longipalpis in the Espírito Santo state was associated with geoclimatic well defined features and the occurrence of AVL in areas without these features possibly was related to other mechanism of transmission.
- ItemAtlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo TeixeiraThe skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
- ItemBiogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora PiresThe genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
- ItemBiomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio LucenaThe use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
- ItemCaracterização molecular de três espécies de Trachycephalus (Anura: Hylidae): investigando potenciais híbridos interespecíficos(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-11) Zaidan, Fernanda Couto; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Souza, Marcelo Nazareno Vallinoto de; Leite, Yuri Luiz ReisHybrids are evolutionary units generally without clear morphological, behavioral and genetic delimitation, thus representing a challenge to taxonomy and systematics. They can morphologically resemble their parents or, due to introgression, their characteristics can be diluted with a prevailing appearance of one of the parental species, which could hinder identification. One way to identify hybrids is through molecular biology tools, such as mitochondrial DNA (maternal inherintance exclusively) and nuclear DNA (maternal and paternal inheritance), allowing genetic comparisons. Besides hybridization, conflicting mtDNA and nDNA identifications may have other explanations, such as Incomplete Lineage Sorting. Some individuals collected in localities of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, presented a mix of morphological characters of T. mesophaeus and T. nigromaculatus, which are the only Trachycephalus species known to the region. However, previous studies using COI sequences grouped theses individuals as T. typhonius. Giving this, we sequenced fragments of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND2) and part of the nuclear exon of tyrosinase of 173 individuals of Trachycephalus, in order to better clarify the taxonomic uncertainty, and the link between morphological and genetic characters behind the identifications, according to the occurrence area. Results of molecular phylogenies, genetic divergences, haplotype networks, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) confirmed .T. mesophaeus, T. nigromaculatus, and T. typhonius as distinct evolutionary lineages and revealed seven more individuals potentially hybrids, but morphologically assigned to one species. Due to the slow mutation rate of tyrosinase, the most recently diverged species (T. typhonius and T. nigromaculatus) have not completely sorted in this gene. Trachycephalus mesophaeus is the oldest species of the three, and it was identified unambiguously in all analysis. Here, for the first time, evidence of bidirectional introgression between T. nigromaculatus and T. typhonius and between T. nigromaculatus and T. mesophaeus, with signs of F1 individuals, is presented. The use of ND2 gene seems to be more efficient than COI to recover the phylogenies in this particular group and, although tyrosinase is a slow evolving gene, it contributed significantly in order to identify cytonuclear incongruences. Our results indicate a complex phylogenetic history of Trachycephalus, and that more introgressive hybrids may be identified with the use of faster nuclear markers and the inclusion of more species of the genus in the analyses..
- ItemCariologia e filogenia molecular em Trinomys e Proechimys (Echimyidae, Rodentia)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-22) Machado, Marianna Xavier; Fagundes, Valéria; Paresque, Roberta; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Tosta, Wander Calmon; Carmignotto, Ana PaulaThe family Echimyidae Gray, 1825 is the most diverse of the neotropical rodents, being a good example of rapid ecological and phenotypic diversification throughout the evolutionary history. The taxonomic history is confused, with several generic names proposed and others abandoned. However, recent works involving morphometric and phylogenetic studies have clarified the relationships between family members and also the karyotypes has been helpful to the diagnosis of the species. Within the Echimyidae family, Proechimysis the most complex genus. For about a century, it was divided into two subgenres: Trinomysrestricted to the Atlantic Forest and Proechimysdistributed from Honduras to the south of Paraguay. Only in 1996, based on studies with mitochondrial DNA sequences, Trinomyswas elevated to gender. Trinomys, in turn, is treated as one of the most complex genera in eastern Brazil. The karyotype data present in the literature have revealed that the genera Proechimysand Trinomysharbor a greater diversity of taxa than is recognized, revealing the need for an investigation using tools with good discriminatory power. The present work aimed to compile, reinterpret and determine the karyotype diversity of Trinomysand Proechimys, associating karyotypes to the geographic distribution and, through phylogenies generated by DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, associates clades and karyotypes. The first chapter addresses a study of molecular phylogeny and cytotaxonomy of Trinomys, in which karyotypes and sequences of 62 new specimens were added tothose available in the literature to recover molecular phylogenies using the citB and vWF genes, in order to evaluate if the karyotype is a good marker for the diagnosis of taxa. The karyotypes of T. paratusand T. setosus denigratuswere described for the first time. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the concatenated data recovered ten evolutionary lineages with high support, each associated to a Trinomysspecies. The karyotypes associated with each clade were distinct from each other, with no sharing ofkaryotype forms among species. Identical karyotypes, together with the absence of monophyletic and low values of genetic divergence, do not support the division of T. gratiosusinto two subspecies (T. g. gratiosus and T. g. bonafidei), as well as T. albispinus(T. a. minorand T. a. albispinus). However, we confirmed the three subspecies for T. setosus: T. s. setosus, T. s. elegansand T. s. denigratus, recovering the status of a valid subspeciesfor denigratus. Thus, the results obtained reinforce the importance of karyotype data in the characterization of Trinomysspecies. The second chapter investigates the karyotype variation in a new species of Proechimysfrom the 11goeldiigroup, and analyzed the karyotypes and mitochondrial DNA sequences of two specimens, one with 2n=15 and one with 2n=17, and reconstructed the molecular phylogeny with several representatives of Proechimys, aiming to find evidences to identify the mechanism of karyotype evolution and the phylogenetic position of these specimens in the genus Proechimys. It was verified that the specimens with 2n=15 and 2n=17 recovered a monophyletic clade within the goeldii speciesgroup, with low intraclade divergence (2,26%), distinct from P. goeldiiand P. longicaudatus, with interclade divergence of 12,78% and 12,06%, respectively. Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, in which the karyotype variation is due to a multiple sex determination system of type XX: XY1Y2, with 2n = 17 exclusive to males, our data associated with reinterpretation and analysis of all karyotypic data available in the literature, confirmed that this is an autosomal rearrangement, present in both sexes, and that the karyotype with 2n=17 would be resulted of a fusion/fission process of pairs 1 and 7 (from a putative2n=18, with all the acrocentric chromosomes) and the karyotype with 2n=16 would be the homomorphic form with rearrangement between 1 and 7. The karyotypes with 2n=15 and 2n=14 are heteromorphic and homomorphic forms, respectively, of the rearrangement between the pairs 2 and 3. The genetic divergence within this clade is compatible with others for intraspecific divergence, involving individuals with 2n=15 and 2n=17, and equivalent to a new species other than those valid for Proechimys. Our data reinforce the association of this táxon to the goeldiispecies group and still deserves a formal species description. The third chapter evaluates the use of the karyotype as a specific marker for the genus Proechimys, with cytogenetic analysis of 43 new specimens, which were incorporated into those available in the literature, allowing the compilation of 1125karyotype specimens of Proechimys, with a collection of 39karyotypes The molecular phylogeny of the vWF and citB genes recovered thirteen evolutionary lineages,two of which have not yet been described for species of the genus. The karyotypes, when available, were associated with their respective DNA sequence in phylogeny in order to verify if the karyotype is associated with the monophyletic clades. We showed the formation of subgroups in some taxa, with high support. In P. cuvieri, clade A (2n=28/FN=46) presented 8,86% of genetic divergence between clade B (2n=28/FN=48) and 10,36% in relation to clade C, with no associated karyotype), whereas clade B differed by3% from clade C, suggesting that A (P. cuvieri, 2n=28/FN=46) is a taxonomic unit other than B (2n =28/ FN=48 ) and C, which should represent a species still to be described. In P. longicaudatus, two clades diverged from each other by 10.75%, and the cladeassociated with the 2n=28/FN=50 karyotype was 12identified as P. longicaudatus, while that associated with 2n=28/FN=48-50 should belong to a taxonomic unit not yet described. In P. roberti, the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56 in clade A showed low divergence in relation to clades B (3,31%) and C (2,93%), but high divergence in relation to clade D (6,94%), associated with the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56, but the morphology of the last pair is distinct from the cytotype in A. Our analysis suggests that the clade D with disjunct distribution, high divergence and distinct karyotype should correspond to a distinct taxonomic unit. Proechimys guyannensispresented as the most complex species due to the great karyotypic diversity associated to this species. The phylogeny showed three subgroups: A, B and C, with relatively low divergence, clade B diverged in 2.45% of clade A, clade C in 5,22% of B and clade C in 5,49% of A. Although low diversity, monophyly, disjunct geographical location and distinct karyotypes allowed to associate the karyotypes of P. guyannensis: 2n=40/FN=50-52, for Amapá, French Guiana and Venezuela (clade B); 2n=46/FN =50 to the east of Amazonas, Roraima and Pará (clade A) and 2n=38/52 to clade C to the extreme northwest of Amazonas. The latter presents remarkablekaryotypic variations and the greater divergence when compared to the other clades, could represents an effective barrier to the intercrossing between these individuals and those of the other clades. Due to the absence of phylogenetic resolution of the basal in P. guyannensis, low number of specimens analyzed under molecular and karyotype approaches, additional efforts are necessary, since this taxon can represent a set of species. Representatives of P. steereiwere not karyotyped in this study but the review in literature allowed to associate each karyotype with their respective sequence. The cytotypes 2n=24/FN=40-42, with variation of the FN due to pericentric inversion events in pair 3 are recognized. Our analysis indicated no structuring in the distribution of the karyotypesandthe variation of the FN within P. steerei(FN=40-42) as a chromosomal polymorphism, with FN=41 being the intermediate form between the two homomorphic
- ItemCognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert DavidSeveral species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
- ItemComportamento de um grupo isolado de muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) no Espírito Santo(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-18) Silva, Barbara de Almeida; Boubli, Jean Philippe; Strier, Karen Barbara; Fagundes, Valéria; Ferrari, Stephen Francis; Mendes, Sérgio LucenaSeveral studies have shown the effects of habitat size and quality and demographic factors on intraspecific behavioral differences in primates. In the last 25 years, studies of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Private Nature Reserve Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Caratinga, Minas Gerais, have provided insights into their behavior. However, it is not known whether the behavior of other northern muriqui populations living under different demographic and environment conditions is similar to that of the Caratinga muriquis. This study was conducted on one muriqui group of 13 to 15 individuals that inhabits a 128 hectare fragment of secondary vegetation at Saint Maria de Jetibá (SMJ). The aim of this work is to characterize the northern muriqui’s behavior at SMJ and to compare their behavior patterns with those of other northern muriqui populations. The focal animal method of behavioral sampling was used to collected data systematically, and all rare events observed were recorded opportunistically. Approximately 185 hours of focal animal samples were collected.Results suggest that the size and the composition of the group may affect some aspects of the muriqui’s social behavior. Specifically, the lower number of adult males affects their affiliative interactions, expressed primarily by the low frequency of embraces between adult males in the SMJ group, but does not seem to affect the proximity between adult males, which is similar across groups
- ItemComportamento reprodutivo de Hetaerina auripennis (Odonata, Zygotera: Calopterygidae): fatores determinantes de estratégias reprodutivas(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-08-04) Santos, Josiane Barboza dos; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Alves, Elcio Cassimiro; Mendes, Sérgio LucenaThe description of the reproductive behavior of the dragonfly species Hetaerina auripennisand as body size, spot size on the wings and choice of perch can be interfering with the dynamics of resident and satellitemales were carried out in theBiological Station of Santa Lucia, in the city of Santa Teresa, and an area of pasture in the city of Viana, both in Espírito Santo State (Brazil). Through the scan method with fixed areas, were collected information about the population abundance, distribution of individuals in the study area and behavior. The males employing reproductive strategy were weighed and its spots were measured. The reproductive behavior consists of an encounter, copulationand oviposition. The oviposition is accompanied by mate-guardin. The peak of activity was between 10:00 and 14:00 hours, coinciding with the hottest period of the day. The most frequently observed behavior was perched. This suggests that species belongs to the group of perchers and its dependence on luminosity for the accomplishment of its activities suggests that it is heliothermic. There was no significant relation between body size, spot size with the reproductive strategy employed. Perhaps age is the differential in order to a male becomes resident and the spots serve as a pointer of territory occupation. The type of perch most used by the males were grass stems or leaves, hanging over the river, with a height between 0 to 40cm and a distance from the bank of between 0 to 60 cm. This preference must be related with the ability to visualize females, since they fly to the river for mating and oviposition.
- ItemComposição da fauna associada à Ulva spp. Delile (Ulvales, Ulvaceae) em três áreas do litoral do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-08-22) Cruz, Cláudia Valéria Rodrigues; Nalesso, Rosebel Cunha; Fernandes, Marcos Antônio dos Santos; Joyeux, Jean Christophe
- ItemCompreendendo a influência da qualidade ambiental na comunidade de peixes de um Rio no Norte do Espírito Santo.(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-23) Nascimento, Cristiane Alves da Silva do; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Silva, Maurício Hostim; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Caramaschi, Érica Maria Pellegrini; Frehse, Fabrício de Andrade; Mendes, Sérgio LucenaThe Atlantic rain Forest has been substituted for several economic activities and, among those responsible for the modification of aquatic environments, agriculture and the establishment of cities near water resources are two of the main sources of damages to the river basins, causing changes in the channel, reduction the availability of habitats, extinction of species, among others. The objective of this study was to verify if there is a difference in the ichthyofauna of medium and highly impacted environments, and to understand if small fragments of forest are sufficient to maintain the stability of the aquatic environment in rivers with high anthropogenic pressure; and II - to evaluate the feeding of fish species occurring in two parts of a highly impacted river in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, in order to understand if, in a degraded river, a small stretch of riparian forest is sufficient to maintain the quality of the aquatic life that lives there. The work was carried out in the River Itaúnas located in the state of Espírito Santo. In this river the greatest indicators of anthropic impact were the presence of alien species, absence of points with Habitat Integrity Index within the high class and dominance of tolerant species. Signs of lower quality of the most impacted point are in the results obtained with the condition factor and the low number of trophic guilds, followed by a large number of species with high food overlays, an indicative of greater homogenization of the environment and supply of few food items. Feeding in both the forested and impacted environments was predominantly autochthonous, indicating that the Itaúnas river basin is degraded to the whole. However, the presence of a greater number of guilds in the forested environment may be indicative that a small fragment of forest still presents nuances that indicates that this is a place that offers larger niches to be explored by the fish community. It is possible to conclude that, even in highly degraded environments, small forest fragments are important for the maintenance of the aquatic biota, since they remain more stable and offer a greater range of niches to be explored.
- ItemConectividade entre populações de peixes recifais ao longo da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade: o papel da dispersão larval(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Stocco, Luana Birchler; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Ghisolfi, Renato David; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
- ItemCorrelação entre estrutura cariotípica e filogenia molecular em Rhipidomys (Cricetidae, Rodentia) do leste do Brasil(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-03-23) Thomazini, Núbia Badke; Fagundes, Valéria; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Costa, Leonora Pires; Geise, LenaThe genus RhipidomysTshudi, 1845 belonging to the tribe Thomasomyini(Ray Steadman & 1982) includes rodents with arboreal habits, nocturnal and solitary. Are small, the weight varies from 35 to 170 grams, characterized by a combination of long vibrissae, brush or tuft at thedistal tail and dark coats this on the back of their front legs (Tribe, 1996; Emmons & Feer, 1997 ). It is widely distributed ranging from east of Panama, crossing South America to northern Argentina. In Brazil are recorded in all biomes. Cytogenetic studies in this genus revealed a high karyotypic variability, with three diploid numbers 2n = 44, 48 and 50, and varying the number of autosomal arms (NFA) and the sex chromosomes, totaling 20 distinct cytotypes. The karyotypes with 2n = 44 retain most of the variation of the genus karyotype with 11 distinct complements autosomal (NFA = 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 61, 70, 74, 76 and 80). The karyotype with 2n = 48 has three distinct cytotypes (NFA = 66, 67 and 68), whereas 2n = 50 presents two different cytotypes (NFA = 70 and 71). It was suggested that these could be divided karyotypes and three groups according to the 2n and NFA group R. nitelacomposed of animals with 2n = 48/50, group R. leucodactyluswith 2n = 44 and NFA low ranging from 46 to 52, and group R. mastacalis2n = 44 and NFA high ranging from 74 to 80. This distinction was reinforced by the existence of private alleles in some of these groups. Although data from the literature suggest that the karyotype is a good tool to assist in the characterization of species Rhipidomys, and molecular studies begin to suggest how the karyotypes of Rhipidomysare phylogenetically structured, work involving karyotypic data on molecular characterization of populations are nonexistent in Rhipidomys. Accordingly, we propose to characterize the karyotypes of Rhipidomysthe number and morphology of chromosomes; propose a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the forms from eastern Brazil using a new molecular marker; verify that the karyotypes distinct monophyletic clades are correlated with, and test the validity Rhipidomysgroupings based on karyotype structure: group R. leucodactylus(NFAS low) and group R. mastacalis (NFAshigh). In this study we found two new descriptions of karyotypes, a karyotype with unprecedented high NFA (NFA 2n = 44 and = 72) and another with an unprecedented combination of X and Y chromosomes (2n = 44, = 50 NFA, XbYc). Adding our data to the literature we found 22 karyotypes described for the genus Rhipidomys. Karyotypes of these 22, 14 were associated with 12 of the 21 taxa recognized in Rhipidomys, and eight karyotypes are not associated with any recognized taxon. Furthermore, we identified six species of Rhipidomysrecognized and suggest the presence of two new taxa to eastern Brazil. We find evidence that vicarious barrier in the Atlantic is marked by the Jequitinhonha river, not the Doce river, as suggested in many studies. Revealed that the group with high NFA is monophyletic, while the group with low NFA is polyphyletic and paraphyletic, a fact which goes against the hypothesis of karyotypic groups. We found that there is an upward trend in the number of autosomal arms in the genre, being more karyotypic forms derived farther from the bridge probable origin of the genus in 9South America yet, it was proposed that the source of radiation occurred RhipidomysAndes and the populations of this region carry the primitive conditions of the group, as the 2n = 44 and low NFA. From this ancestral karyotype propose a model of karyotype evolution taking into account the distribution of chromosomal forms in each region
- ItemDieta de um grupo de muriquis-do-norte Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Kuhl, 1820) (Primates, Atelidae) em um fragmento florestal de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, Brasil.(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-03) Machado, Flávia Figueiredo; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Ruiz-Miranda, Carlos RamónThe northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is an endemic primate to the Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, critically endangered. Their diet is based on fruits and leaves, but they also consume flowers and buds. The feeding strategies of muriquis are determined by environmental variables, proprieties and availability of resources and intrinsic variables of each population. This can generate intra and inter population differences. This study aimed to investigate the proportion of use of the items, feeding resources and plant species by a group of 18 muriquis, as well as the variations in consumption between two distinct bioclimatic stations. The group studied was monitored from January to December 2006 (except July) in a forest fragment of 70 ha of Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES (SMJ), through scan sampling. Muriquis devoted an average of 20% of their daily activity in feeding. Leaves were the most representative in the diet (34.04%), but this consumption was proportionally lower than that observed in other studies. Buds (17.94%) and flowers (21.37%) presented high consumption, not observed in groups of other sites. There was no significant difference in the consumption of fruits (22.35%), flowers and buds. Only the consumption of flowers and fruits changed between bioclimatic stations. Flowers were more consumed in the rainy season and fruits in the dry season. In the period with higher consumption of fruits, the immature ones were the most consumed. Probably, those cases occurred because the restrict size of the fragment, so there isn’t large supply of edible fruits, necessitating the use of less energy items, such as flowers, immature fruits and buds. Immature leaves were more consumed than mature ones in the rainy season, a period with great offer this item due to leaf growth and replacement. Trees were the most commonly used feeding resources. Both male and female showed no significant differences in the proportion of consumption of the items and time spent on feeding. There were identified 44 plants species on the diet of the group studied. Only five species were consumed at both stations: Tibouchina arborea, Tovomita brasiliensis,Terminalia sp., Vochysia saldanhanam e Virola oleifera. The tree species V. oleifera, Ocotea aciphylla, Hirtella martiana, Micropholis sp., Terminalia sp., H.hebeclada, O. glaziovii e V. saldanhanam represented more than 50% of feeding records in any of the periods analyzed. Because of the high consumption of these species, they should be considered in conservations programs aimed at the conservation of muriquis in SMJ
- ItemDistribuição e estrutura da população de Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Portunidae) na Baía Noroeste de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-30) Sforza, Roberto; Nalesso, Rosebel Cunha; Fernandes, Luiz Fernando Loureiro; Almeida, Renato de; Joyeux, Jean ChristopheThe swimming crabs Callinectes danae (Portunidae) are abundant in Brazilian estuaries, being an important iten to artisanal fisheries. Spatial and seasonal distribution of C.danae in the Northwest Vitoria Bay, southeast Brazil, were investigated by night trawl through monthly sampling during one year (Dec/00 to Nov/01 N=72), with physico-chemical parameters of water measured in situ on each of the six sampling stations, located through the bay on three areas sub-divided in shallow and deep ones, along a transversal axis. A total of 3879 individuals was collected, being 2537 females (1147 adults, 318 ovigerous and 1072 juveniles) and 1339 males (444 adults and 895 juveniles). Mean carapace width (including lateral spines) at sexual maturity was 9,13 cm for males and 8,05 cm for females, and sex ratio was 1,89?1?. Ovigerous females occurred the whole year (except on Nov/01), with higher densities on February, July and October/01, almost exclusively in the southern part of sampling area, which showed higher salinities and lower temperatures due to coastal waters entering throw the harbor channel. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes occurred mainly in north and central parts of sampling areas, with lower salinities and higher water temperatures due to the discharges of Santa Maria and Bubu rivers; their densities were higher on December/00, October and November/01. Adult females showed homogeneous densities along the bay and sampling months