Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Animal

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A Comparison between an Existing ad hoc MPA and a Prioritization Model Using the Decision Support Tool Marxan
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-10-01) Vieira, Natalia Brandao; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; https://orcid.org/0000000321601326; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9929035189946817; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Pinheiro, Hudson Tercio; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Steger, Tamara; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/
Marine Protected Areas have been a broadly used strategy to ensure ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. However, the adoption of ad hoc frameworks in the designing process of MPAs networks have been narrowing down their capacity of conservation by sel
A methodological and practical take on an exhaustive combination approach for ecological niche models applied in Rhodniini tribe biogeographical patterns for paleoclimate conditions
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-06-29) Nascimento, Guilherme Sanches Correa do; Leite, Gustavo Rocha; https://orcid.org/0000000343203804; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2276153460276432; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-3017; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Goncalves, Rodrigo Gurgel; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-8690; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6102756952860771; Paula, Alexandre Silva de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6351; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2193708427094253; Gorla, David Euladio
The present study utilizes ecological niche models (ENMs) to investigate the historical biogeography of neotropical species. We apply a combination method of variable predictor and Maxent parameters to select ENMs and we deal with strategies to address the challenges associated with exhaustive approaches in model building and evaluation. We base our analyses in neotropical kissing bugs belonging to the Rhodniini tribe Pinto, 1926, which exhibit diverse regional distribution patterns. To explore distribution traits, including timespatial suitability, we develop binary ENMs and discuss methodological aspects of assessing range shifts. The study is divided into three chapters: Chapter One examines the combination of environmental variable, feature classes, and regularization multipliers, indicating its traits and proposing early strategies to manage the time and hardware-intensive nature of the approach. Chapter Two focuses on the stability of suitable conditions for Rhodniini species since the last glacial maximum, covering three topics: • 2.1 Introduces the proposed method to assess the stability of suitable areas for the current distribution across various time scenarios. • 2.2 Presents our published article that investigates stability patterns for Rhodnius domesticus. • 2.3 Expands the analyses to other Rhodniini species and proposes a new step involving averaging final ENMs. Chapter Three explores the suitable distribution during the Pleistocene and Pliocene for Rhodnius pallescens, Rhodnius neivai, and Rhodnius domesticus. This investigation examines their relationships with speciation events resulting from neotropical geological phenomena, such as the Andean uplift, the Panama Isthmus, and the Acre system. Throughout all chapters, we acknowledge limitations associated with ENMs application and compilation. Nonetheless, we have developed methodological strategies that may prove helpful and emphasize the significant role of climate change in the biogeography of neotropical species.
A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Abordagens metodológicas para avaliar risco de extinção de espécies de Brachyteles (Primates: Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-03-27) Gonçalves, Arthur Machado; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Araujo, Ana Carolina Srbek de; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
The geographical distribution of a taxon is limited by ecological and historical aspects. Many human activities have caused changes in vegetation cover, leading to fragmentation and loss of habitat. This has led to local extinction of populations of various species by altering their geographical distribution. Among them are the two species of the genus Brachyteles (muriquis), which are endemic primates of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most affected biomes by these processes. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that seeks to conserve biodiversity. Among other criteria, it uses the knowledge of the restricted geographic distributions of species to rank them in threatened categories, the so-called red lists. It uses spatial parameters that indicate the risk of extinction of a particular taxon in relation to their geographical distribution. Often the calculations of these parameters are subjective and it is necessary the search of methods that make the assessments more objective, accurate, and replicable. In this context, we tested different calculation methods of three parameters related to the geographical distribution of B. hypoxanthus and B. arachnoids. They are threatened species with well-known occurrence localities and were deeply affected by the Atlantic Forest fragmentation. Thus, they are potentially a good model for these analyses. We built a database of current occurrence localities of both species. Through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approaches, we estimated the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) using Minimum Convex Polygons and a-hull, and Area of Occupancy (AOO) and subpopulations using grids, circular buffers and a-hull methods, in different special scales. The results were compared to identify the most appropriate approaches and scales for the assessment of extinction risk. The analyses indicate that the list of localities and maps of IUCN should be updated. Moreover, they suggest that a-hull is an advantageous approach to EOO and the buffer method is the most suitable parameter for AOO and subpopulations, when smaller spatial scales are used. The GeoCAT tool can be used as a preliminary extinction risk assessment based on the geographical distribution criteria for being able to perform instant EOO and AOO analyses, and their results are similar to those of other approaches.
Abundance of microplastic in different coastal areas using Phragmatopoma caudata (Kroyer in Morch, 1863) (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) as an indicator
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2022-08-25) Menario, João Marcos Fausto Schuab; Fagundes, Valeria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-0751; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; Otegui, Mariana Beatriz Paz; Vidigal, Teofania Heloisa Dutra Amorim
Plastic consists of a synthetic or semisynthetic polymer and its molecular structure is built of long repeating chemical units composed of hydrocarbons. Plastic materials degrade very slowly and plastic pollution has been considered an emerging problem in modern society. Microplastic (MP) particles are highlighted among the countless types of plastic debris disposed of in the ocean, once they can trap chemical pollutants and be mistaken as food by marine organisms, mainly filter-feeders and suspension feeders. The polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata (Kroyer in Morch, 1863) is a reef building Sabellariidae widely found on the brazilian coastline and has the ability to trap MP particles in their colonies structures. In order to evaluate MP pollution in different coastal areas, we collected 12 samples of water and 36 samples of P. caudata’s colonies in 12 sampling spots on the Espírito Santo (Brazil) coast divided into three regions (North, Central, and South). These samples were, processed, washed, and sieved, and the resulting product stored at a petri dish for further analysis. For sorting the MPs, a stereomicroscopic with an attached camera were used and all MPs were counted regarding their type (filament, fragment, and ‘other’) and color. Statistical analyses were performed using the GrahPad Prism software considering significant results p < 0.05. All 12 sampling spots were contaminated with MP, thus the investigated beaches had a MP pollution rate of 100%. The Central region showed the highest numbers of MP, followed by the North and the South regions respectively. This pattern of MP pollution in the Central region could be due to the high anthropic occupation, once it is where the capital and its metropolitan region are located, presenting more traffic of people. The Central region also holds two busy port complexes with intense ship traffic. The North region takes second place due to a specific sampling spot in the mouth of a big hydrographic basin, the Piraquê-Açú Basin. The South region holds the second more urbanized region of the Espírito Santo State, however, showed small numbers of MP, probably because two of the four sampling spots are slightly away from city impacts. Thus, microplastic pollution is indeed ubiquitous and widely found in coastal areas. Therefore, P. caudata colonies are a trustable indicator of MP presence in intertidal zones once they can trap plastic particles inside the colony structure. However, it is essential to investigate the mechanisms of MP trapping and how long they take to be absorbed from the water column into the colony, and how long they can remain trapped.
“Agulha no Palheiro”: Modelos de Distribuição Geográfica da Cuíca D’água (chironectes Minimus) Através do Tempo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-11-29) Bretas, Diego de Souza; Costa, Leonora Pires; https://orcid.org/0000000326253172; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2579577549150613; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-0528; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2850667861242096; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5930; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0845710849863593
The water opossum (Chironectes minimus) is unique from a morphological and ecological standpoint, being the only marsupial really adapted for a semiaquatic lifestyle. Morphologically, it is a very peculiar animal, which presents a series of adaptations similar to those found in otters. Its conservation status varies, depending on the spatial scale observed and, due to its lifestyle, it ends up being underrepresented in inventories based on traditional capture techniques. As a consequence, it is poorly understood in terms of its basic ecological aspects. Historically, its geographic distribution is not uniform, generating inconsistencies about its classification. It is well known that it is essential to understand the distribution of any given species as an essential step on the development of efficient strategies for the conservation of biodiversity, both currently and in future environmental scenarios. Modern tools, such as Species Distribution Models, are able to predict the potential distribution of various taxa, based on occurrence records and environmental variables relevant to their persistence. In this context, this study estimated the geographic distribution of current watershed and in different future scenarios, from the elaboration of species distribution models, using MaxEnt 3.4.1 and RStudio software. We used 480 occurrence records and ten bioclimatic variables in the elaboration of both current distribution models and in different future environmental scenarios. Based on the generated models, we can see the expansion of the potential geographic distribution of C. minimus currently known by the IUCN, reinforcing the need for its update. Regarding the geographic distribution of the species in the future, we could observe the contraction of environmentally suitable areas according to the increase on the intensity of global warming effects. Large portions of environmentally suitable areas for its persistence in the equatorial zone are lost, leaving only small isolated patches between South and Central America, in the Guianas region and in the southern and southeastern portion of Brazil. Some regions remained stable in relation to the probability of occurrence of the species, which may represent an indication of greater success in choosing future locations for studies involving C. minimus. The compilation of the new occurrence records in a complete database allowed us to elaborate more accurate distribution models, filling some important gaps in the current geographic distribution of the water opossum. Regarding the type of geographic distribution presented by the species, our results suggest that, although some gaps exist, the species has a continuous distribution.
Análise de viabilidade populacional do muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae), em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Santa Maria de Jetibá - Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-27) Coutinho, Bruno Rocha; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da
Habitat lost and habitat fragmentation are in the most important processes related to species extinction around the world. Because of isolation in habitats fragments, those processes can reduce the population size and modify remaining subpopulations’spatial distribution. This situation is occurring with the northern muriqui(Brachyteles hypoxanthus), one of the most 25 most endangered primates of the world. This species have been hunted for centuries because of this great size. In a region of Espírito Santo state, Southern Brazil, there are many northern muriqui subpopulations that survive in small isolated fragmented habitats where somefemales became lonely after they disperse because they can’t find another group todisperse. This research focused on: (1) subpopulations vulnerability on absent of demography interactions, (2) dispersal fluency of females on the populations’ viability, (3) stochastic factors (demographic, environmental, and genetics) that arecritical for the species persistence in a fragmented landscape, and (4) relative riskestimation faced by the subpopulations due species biological extrinsic processes,like hunting. I conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) using the computerpackage VORTEX. I used four years of demographic data from Espírito Santo’s Muriqui Project (Projeto Muriqui) and biological data from Karen B. Strier’s researches. PVA’s results demonstrated that all nine subpopulations showed high probability of extinction, and at least 25% heterozygosity lost for 50 years. The results also demonstrated that six of nine subpopulations are in decline. These subpopulations presented negatives growing rates (r < 0). 21 and 34 years were the subpopulations’ median extinction time, and seven and eight individuals/subpopulations were the final size. Female dispersal was the most critical factor on species survivorship. There were other factors that increased the speciesextinction probability when they were added to model: males’ sexual rate deviation,burning and adults female’s hunting. Young females can’t disperse because of the subpopulations isolation which cause high extinction vulnerability and northern muriquis subpopulations’ decline in a region of Espírito Santo. It’s necessary to arrange actions that minimize the isolation effects to increase the subpopulations viability in long term.
Análise Paleopatológica da Coluna Vertebral de Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Mammalia, Xenarthra)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-08-31) Germano, Rodrigo Ventura; Silva, Taissa Rodrigues Marques da; https://orcid.org/0000000179181358; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9562316044920852; https://orcid.org/0000000190732632; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Nunes, Louisiane de Carvalho; https://orcid.org/0000000349240614; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8222729734090366; Viana, Maria Somalia Sales; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/
Eremotherium laurillardi is one of the several species of megamammals that populated Brazil during the Pleistocene until they became extinct during the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Its remains are found throughout Brazil, but mainl
Anuros de ilhas continentais: vicariância ou dispersão?
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-02-20) Ornellas, Iago Silva; Costa, Leonora Pires; Rocha, Carlos Frederico Duarte da; Vargas, Sarah Maria
Aprimoramento metodológico da técnica de plastinacão nas plumagens de aves: uma perspectiva estético-científica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-10-08) Silva, Marcos Vinícius Freitas; Bittencourt, Athelson Stefanon; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-2577; Santos, Áureo Banhos dos; Abreu, Tainá de; Baptista, Carlos Augusto de Camargo Souza
Plastination is considered the gold standard technique in the preservation of biological tissues, allowing for their conservation in a natural, non-toxic manner, with easy storage and high durability. However, the literature on bird plastination is scarce due to the complexity of feather treatment. Since birds are the second most diverse class among vertebrates, it is essential to document and preserve their diversity in collections through modern techniques. This study aimed to investigate and adapt the plastination process for bird plumage, preserving the morphological integrity and natural appearance of the specimens. Thirty-two carcasses of Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia) were used as a model, plastinated according to two impregnation protocols: at room temperature (±25 °C) and at low temperature (-25 °C). After impregnation, four treatments were applied, each with 6 specimens, under the two impregnation protocols: adsorption with starch, absorption with paper, heating (60 °C), and emulsification. Macro and microscopic analyses assessed the structural changes caused by the silicone and the effectiveness of the treatments. Additionally, the mass of the specimens was measured before and after the treatments to evaluate the effectiveness of silicone removal at the end of the process. The treatments that showed promising results were absorption with paper and adsorption with cornstarch; these demonstrated a significant visual aesthetic improvement, with effective removal of excess silicone from the feathers, while the other treatments did not produce promising aesthetic results. However, microscopically, although cornstarch removed much of the silicone from the surface of the feathers, it produced artifacts adhered to this surface, while the other treatments resulted in the formation of a silicone layer on the feather’s barbs. These results were extremely important for understanding the effect of plastination on feather structure, allowing the technique to be adapted for birds, expanding its use in educational and scientific collections, exhibition classes, and research. Furthermore, both treatments offer an economic and ecological solution for long-term collection management, contributing to the preservation of specimens with the highest quality when compared to the conventional plastination protocol. Finally, this study helped solve a problem that has challenged plastination since 1978, which is the plastination of birds with the natural preservation of feathers, aiding in the dissemination and application of the plastination technique to this highly diverse taxon.
As abelhas e a floração sequencial em área de restinga
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-25) Mendes, Geovana de Assis; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
Sequential flowering strategy consists in blooming of different species consecutively through the year. This strategy is crucial to the maintenance of pollinators, because ensure food for them along the year. The purpose of this study was investigate beeflower interactions of a sequentially flowering species in coastal environment. The study was conducted at Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Guarapari, ES, from October 24, 2012 to November 13, 2013. Data of bees were recorded through direct observations. Collections were made directly on flower. Observations and collections were accomplished in seven plant species (168 hours). Plants were visited by bees and bloomed sequentially. Results showed 594 visits of bees (Apidae and Halictidae). They were identified in 15 native morpho-species and one exotic. Apidae presented 87,3% of the visits and Frieseomelitta sp1 was the most frequently eusocial morphospecies founded. Pollen, nectar and resin were the floral resources collected by visiting bees. Trigona sp1 was the only morphospecies that collected latex and nectar. Visits occurred predominantly in the morning. Rainfall during the flowering period was correlated with visits number. From May to September 2013 showed a strong reduction in the bee visits frequency. After this period, Augochloropsis sp1, Frieseomelitta sp1, Trigona sp1 and Tetragonisca sp1 returned to visit the flowers. All native bees are first record for PEPCV. Bees are potential pollinators of the studied plant species due to their visitation frequency and their contact with the reproductive parts (male and female) of their visited flowers plants.
Assembleias e Padrões Alimentares de Peixes da Reserva Biológica do Córrego Grande, Conceição da Barra, Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-03-04) Ribeiro, Marcella Bueno; Filho, Luisa Maria Sarmento Soares; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5100696102233268; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Moraes, Leonardo Evangelista; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Nunes, Savana de Freitas; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/
The present study was developed with the objective of investigating the food trophic structure of stream fishes in relation to temporal seasonality (dry and rainy seasons) in the Itaúnas River Basin, within the scope of the Córrego Grand
Assinaturas de expansão populacional durante o Último Máximo Glacial revelam uma nova hipótese de diversificação para Akodon cursor (Rodentia, Cricetidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-11-09) Cruz, Letícia Rosário; Fagundes, Valeria; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5821-4509; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3476630798139363; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Dalapicolla, Jeronymo
The neotropical rodent Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) shows distinctive features. The species has a broad distribution throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, ranging from Paraíba state in the north to Paraná in the south. There are records of 28 distinct karyotypes, with three diploid numbers (2n=14, 15, and 16) and morphological variation in 5 autosomal pairs, with a fundamental number (NF) ranging from 18 to 27. Molecular studies reveal a phylogeny with a north-south break coinciding with the region of the Jequitinhonha River. Although some localities show evidence of exclusive karyotypes, such as in Pernambuco (2n=16) and Espírito Santo (2n=14), the karyotypes are distributed in both the northern and southern clades. The species lacks significant intraspecific morphological variation, being considered cryptic with two species (A. montensis and A. diauarum), which is named as the cursor species group. These unique characteristics make this rodent an excellent model for diversification processes studies, specially within complex and heterogeneous biome as the Atlantic Forest. The role of chromosomes, rivers as geographical barriers, and climate changes bring questions about the diversification processes of this species. In this study, we investigated evolutionary events that have played a significant role in the diversification processes observed in the phylogeographic studies of A. cursor. We used a comprehensive sample of 389 specimens collected throughout the species' entire geographic range. Using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we conducted integrative analyses such as phylogenies, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), neutrality tests, demographic history, Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSPs) coalescent analyses, and species distribution models. Our results revealed a new phylogenetic structure, exhibiting three main clades with high support, corresponding to the northern (Paraíba, Pernambuco, northern Minas, and Bahia), central (Espírito Santo, southern Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro), and southern (Espírito Santo, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro) regions of the Atlantic Forest.AMOVA results demonstrated that most of the genetic differentiation is attributed to differences among the three phylogroups rather than between populations located above and below the Jequitinhonha River. Neutrality tests and BSPs indicated that populations underwent demographic expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These results were consistent with species distribution models, showing that suitability areas for the species expanded during the same period. Additionally, spatiotemporal analysis revealed that the species originated approximately 800 thousand years ago and showed simultaneous dispersal routes to the north and south (later diverging into central and southern lineages) of the Atlantic Forest. Thus, our data support refuting the hypothesis that rivers have acted as effective barriers in the species' diversification. Instead, the expansion and contraction of suitable areas, associated with recovered demographic history patterns, suggest that Quaternary climate oscillations played a more crucial role in shaping the diversification of A. cursor. These patterns align with the predictions of the "Mata Atlantida" hypothesis, showing that expansions of suitable areas during glacial periods, especially along the continental shelf, played a crucial role in the evolutionary history of species. Furthermore, the dispersal patterns recovered by spatiotemporal dynamics also bring new insights into the origin and distribution of karyotypic variations, which seem to have occurred in the base of this rodent's diversification. Finally, although we did not find strong support for subdividing the taxon into two species, the complexity of its evolutionary history suggests that A. cursor is undergoing an early stage of speciation.
Associação entre variáveis geográficas e climáticas e a ocorrência de Lutzomya longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-02-11) Pinto, Israel de Souza; Falqueto, Aloísio; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Brazil, Reginaldo Peçanha
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Brazil. In the Espírito Santo state, the AVL has always been associated to dry regions and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. To infer the potential distribution of L. longipalpis and the influence of biogeographic variables on its potential distribution in Espírito Santo, sand flies were captured on localities with autochthonous cases of AVL and adjacent areas from north region of the state. L. longipalpis was found in 84 localities, for a total of 133 localities belonging to 15 municipalities surveyed. To delimit the potential distribution, it was made ecological niche modeling using the DesktopGarp program and data of 73 occurrence points of L. longipalpis. Besides of the 15 municipalities with records of L. longipalpis, the distribution was provided by ecological niche modeling for, at least, other nine municipalities without records. Yet, the ecological niche modeling showed the association of L. longipalpis with geoclimatic features favorable to its occurrence like as dry climate represented by rainfall lower than 1000 millimeters and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. The occurrence of human autochthonous cases of AVL in two localities of Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, located on the south portion of ES and without geographic and climatic features favorable to occurrence of L. longipalpis, justified a systematic study for sand flies captured in these localities. From August 2006 to July 2007, mensal systematic entomological surveys were performed in Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, but no L. longipalpis was found. Therefore, it is possible that the ocurrence of AVL is disassociated with the presence of L. longipalpis in the south portion of ES. Furthermore, due to the low number of sand flies captured in Rio Novo do Sul, the presence of another mechanism of transmission of AVL is also possible. In conclusion, the presence of L. longipalpis in the Espírito Santo state was associated with geoclimatic well defined features and the occurrence of AVL in areas without these features possibly was related to other mechanism of transmission.
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Avaliação temporal de uma comunidade bioincrustante atuando como armadilha para microplásticos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-12-11) Motta, Daniel Gosser; Costa, Mercia Barcellos da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5149413563390151; https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7098-3124; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3495075683040297; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9764759048676848; Fillmann, Gilberto
Ecological succession is a natural and gradual process of changes in the structure and composition of a community, in which the form of colonization of the substrate and its respective biological interactions will be important factors in the creation or modification of an ecosystem. Biofouling or biofouling is the process of fixing micro and macro organisms on immersed consolidated substrates. Ecosystem engineers directly or indirectly influence the availability of resources, creating and modifying habitats and niches. Benthic communities represent one of the most important elements for assessing environmental quality and are particularly sensitive to different types of contaminants and pollutants, including plastics. These materials can have different sizes and when they reach 5mm to a few micrometers, they are called microplastics (MPs). Due to their geographic location, between rivers and waters, in addition to their proximity to urban areas, estuaries are regions highly impacted by the release of domestic and industrial effluents, being environments conducive to the accumulation of MPs. Unless better known, the relationship between fouling organisms and the presence of microplastics has not yet been studied, therefore, the present study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between the fouling community and microplastics present in the water column in a temporal analysis using silicone membranes as substrate. To this end, 6 membranes were collected and remained submerged in the Vitória Bay estuary, every 15 days, until they completed 90 days. The organisms and MPs associated with the membranes were sold in Petri dishes, where they were viewed under a magnifying glass, photographed and classified. The results show that the community acts as a trap for MPs, in addition to there being a positive difference between the exposure time of the membranes and the quantity of MPs.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Biogeografia e Bioacústica aplicadas à Myrmotherula axillaris (Aves:Thamnophilidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2022-06-22) Barbosa, Renata Pasini; Mendes, Sergio Lucena; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Filho, Henrique Batalha; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Ditchfield, Albert David; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411
abstract
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Caracterização molecular de três espécies de Trachycephalus (Anura: Hylidae): investigando potenciais híbridos interespecíficos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-04-11) Zaidan, Fernanda Couto; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Souza, Marcelo Nazareno Vallinoto de; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Hybrids are evolutionary units generally without clear morphological, behavioral and genetic delimitation, thus representing a challenge to taxonomy and systematics. They can morphologically resemble their parents or, due to introgression, their characteristics can be diluted with a prevailing appearance of one of the parental species, which could hinder identification. One way to identify hybrids is through molecular biology tools, such as mitochondrial DNA (maternal inherintance exclusively) and nuclear DNA (maternal and paternal inheritance), allowing genetic comparisons. Besides hybridization, conflicting mtDNA and nDNA identifications may have other explanations, such as Incomplete Lineage Sorting. Some individuals collected in localities of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, presented a mix of morphological characters of T. mesophaeus and T. nigromaculatus, which are the only Trachycephalus species known to the region. However, previous studies using COI sequences grouped theses individuals as T. typhonius. Giving this, we sequenced fragments of two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND2) and part of the nuclear exon of tyrosinase of 173 individuals of Trachycephalus, in order to better clarify the taxonomic uncertainty, and the link between morphological and genetic characters behind the identifications, according to the occurrence area. Results of molecular phylogenies, genetic divergences, haplotype networks, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) confirmed .T. mesophaeus, T. nigromaculatus, and T. typhonius as distinct evolutionary lineages and revealed seven more individuals potentially hybrids, but morphologically assigned to one species. Due to the slow mutation rate of tyrosinase, the most recently diverged species (T. typhonius and T. nigromaculatus) have not completely sorted in this gene. Trachycephalus mesophaeus is the oldest species of the three, and it was identified unambiguously in all analysis. Here, for the first time, evidence of bidirectional introgression between T. nigromaculatus and T. typhonius and between T. nigromaculatus and T. mesophaeus, with signs of F1 individuals, is presented. The use of ND2 gene seems to be more efficient than COI to recover the phylogenies in this particular group and, although tyrosinase is a slow evolving gene, it contributed significantly in order to identify cytonuclear incongruences. Our results indicate a complex phylogenetic history of Trachycephalus, and that more introgressive hybrids may be identified with the use of faster nuclear markers and the inclusion of more species of the genus in the analyses..

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