Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental

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Navegando Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental por Assunto "Abastecimento de água"

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    Avaliação da formação de trialometanos considerando o uso de cloro e permanganato de potássio como pré-oxidantes em águas de abastecimento
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-02-25) Agrizzi, Alexandre Demo; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Braga, Florindo dos Santos; Rosa, Cristina Filomêna Pereira
    Chlorine has been used as the main pre-oxidation of organic matter, inactivating pathogenic microorganisms that live in fresh water for over one hundred years. The organic matter found in surface waters containing humic substances that can react with chlorine, generating potentially carcinogenic halogenated organic compounds, especially trihalomethanes. The main trihalomethanes that are formed are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, bromoform and the dibromochloromethane, and the sum of the concentrations of these four products is called total trihalomethanes. In water treatment plants (WTP), the stage of pre-oxidation with chlorine significantly contributes to the formation of these compounds. This research aimed to evaluate the formation of trihalomethanes after conventional treatment of water from the simulation of four different routes in bench tests (Jar-test), and specimens removed from the water treatment plants in the study. The trihalomethanes were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Samples were collected from raw water from two springs of the state of Espirito Santo (Jucu and Sahy River), with different color, absorbance at 254 nm and turbidity. Two Oxidants were tested in analyses: chlorine (as calcium hypochlorite) and potassium permanganate. The results showed that the formation of trihalomethanes was lower when the water samples were treated with potassium permanganate in the pre-oxidation, when compared with samples treated with chlorine. A similar result occurred in the potential for trihalomethane formation for 24 hours. In relation to the potencial formation of seven days, both springs were shown to be capable of forming compounds precursors of trihalomethanes. Concentrations of trihalomethanes above the limit allowed by the Ordinance of Ministry of Health number 518 were only detected in samples of treated water from the Sahy River
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    Avaliação da remoção de fitoplâncton e formação de trialometanos em águas de abastecimento em processo de tratamento por FAD, interoxidação e desinfecção com cloro
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-08-26) Justino, Fabiana Freitas; Dias Júnior, Camilo; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Tangerino, Edson Pereira
    The presence of algal populations in the reservoirs becomes more problematic the operation of treatment systems and may cause negative impacts on water quality in distribution to generate flavors and odors in water and affect the process of clarification. Moreover, a major environmental and public health in lakes and reservoirs and blooming of algae and cyanobacteria toxins. In water supply, natural organic matter, algae / algae and cyanobacteria and their metabolites, including their toxins are the main precursors with which the halogens react to form chlorination byproducts, trihalomethanes between them. Clarification process using the flotation system has been used for removal of algae, cyanobacteria and their toxins in place of or in conjunction with the processes of settling and direct filtration. This study consisted of evaluation, bench scale, the processes of coagulation and flocculation with aluminum sulfate, dissolved air flotation (DAF), inter-oxidation with chlorine, sand filtration and disinfection with chlorine, in order to investigate the removal of phytoplankton and the formation of trihalomethanes in drinking water with the presence of microalgae and cyanobacteria. The study of coagulation with aluminum sulfate resulted in similar regions of removal (pH 6.3 and 6.5 and 25 to 35mg / L Al2 (SO4) 3) parameters of apparent color and true color and turbidity for the periods of drought ( 71%) and wet (93%). In the optimization of the flotation results indicated a better removal of particulate material (95%) and true color (74%) in the velocity range of 5cm/min. Tests for inter-oxidation resulted in lower chlorine demand, indicating the efficiency of flotation in the removal of organic matter. The characterization of water from the spring Duas Bocas showed satisfactory water quality for water supply in the period observed. In qualitative and quantitative assessment of phytoplankton were recorded 22 taxa, being the most representative class Cyanophyceae in wealth and total relative density in the two months of study, highlighting the dominance of the species Synechococcus nidulans and Anabaena sp. The latter has potential to produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins, 9 of the 15 genera listed are mentioned as causes of operational problems such as taste, odor, clogging of filters, among others. Comparing the results between two lines of treatment, despite a higher expense and alkaline coagulant, treatment 2 (30mg / L Al2 (SO4) 3 at pH 6.4) was adequate in the two months studied (May and June) . The inter-oxidation showed low removal efficiency parameters apparent color, turbidity and absorbance 254 and 665, for treatments 1 and 2. The media mix consisting of sand with grain size from 1.20 to 0.60 mm (70%) and 0.60 to 0.30 mm (30%) followed by disinfection with chlorine (5mg Cl2/mL), was efficient in the removal of the parameters analyzed for the four treatments, compensating for the removal of lower values observed in previous steps. All treatments showed positive results for the formation of chloroform and bromodichloromethane, but below the limits established by the MH 518/04 for TTHM.
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    Avaliação da remoção do herbicida 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4 D) e do seu principal metabólito 2,4 diclorofenol (2,4 DCP) no sistema convencional de tratamento de água associado à pré-oxidação
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-06-26) Cardoso, Márcia Cristina Martins Campos; Jamal, Claudia Masrouah; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Paschoalato, Cristina Filomêna Pereira
    Through the use of pesticides has been possible to increase the capacity to produce and harvest larger quantities of food in less space and time. In the other hand, agriculture causes greater impact in water resources and its intensi cation have contributed to stream degradation. Diclorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most used herbicides in the world to control a great variety of herbs in many cultures and has been frequently detected in surface water sources, wich are generally used as public water supply. In Brazil agrotoxic control in drinking water is established by law and 2,4-D's maximum allowable concentration is 30 µg.L−1 . The most used process in drinking water is the water conventional treatment (coagulation, occulation, sedimentation, ltration and disinfection). Therefore this paper has been made to evaluate the e ciency of water conventional treatment associated or not with preoxidation to 2,4-D and 2,4 Diclorophenol, its main metabolite. To accomplish this research, the water was collected by the Santa Maria da Vitória river. Preview studies were made to determinate the coagulant's and oxidant's dosage as for the contact period to optimizate the color removal. The tests were performed for the calcium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate were also tested in distilled water to assess the in uence on organic matter on removal of herbicides. The experiments's conditions had been established to evaluate herbicide removal in the sedimentation, ltration and disinfection in the conventional treatment and than the association with preoxidation in the herbicide's removal, considering di erents oxidants to both compounds studied. Accordind to the acquired results organic matter in the studied matrix had no in uence in the herbicide removal. Conventional treatment in association or not with preoxidation was not e cient in the 2,4-D herbicide using ativated chlorine or potassium permanganate. To 2,4D, conventional treatment had no relevant results, but in association with preoxidation to both oxidants, the herbicide was not detected after disinfection.
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    Ultrafiltração aplicada à remoção do agrotóxico glifosato e do seu principal metabólito (AMPA) em águas de abastecimento: avaliação em escala de bancada
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-27) Reis, Dariene Patrícia dos; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; Bergamasco, Rosangêla
    The herbicide glyphosate is currently one of the most used agricultural products in the world. Farmers from Espirito Santo (ES), Brazil, uses this agrochemical for cultivation of banana, coffee and chemical weeding. The aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is produced by glyphosate degradation, and may be considered a more aggressive compound to the environment than glyphosate. With the advancement of membrane technology, and the possibility that this type of treatment can be replace conventional water treatment, it is necessary to study the effectiveness of this procedure for different micropollutants that can be contamined rivers in Brazil. Thus the present study evaluated the removal of the herbicide glyphosate and its major metabolite AMPA through the ultrafiltration process using water collected in Water Treatment Plant Carapina, from Santa Maria da Vitória river. The feed’s wather and the permeate were evaluated for the parameters: turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, real and apparent color, absorbance at 254 nm and total organic carbon (TOC). In the laboratory there fortification of water samples with solutions of glyphosate and AMPA to obtain concentrations of 630, 800 and 1250 μ.L-1 in the feed. Besides the effect of concentration was also checked for the effect of pH and adsorption to determine the form of rejection UF membrane. There was a slight tendency of increase in removal basic (pH = 10) also observed an increase in the removal from the increased concentration in the permeate. The mass balance indicated that occurs adsorption of glyphosate and AMPA molecules (adsorbed average mass of 1.3 µg.cm-2 ), but the rejection occurs in most of the effects of interaction between charges (membrane-solute) and size exclusion. There was an effective removal of turbidity and apparent color. This was necessary to produce permeate with values lower than the permissible maximum limit for these parameters required by legislation. The results however have shown some effectiveness in the removal of conductivity and UV 254nm. The rejection of microcontaminants assessment also proved ineffective presenting efficiency below 50% for all tests. The use of UF is able to produce permeate whith value below than the limits of 2914/2011 when glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in the permeate have slightly higher values than the LMP 500 μg.L-1