Mestrado em Engenharia Ambiental
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- ItemAvaliação das metodologias para estimar exposição e dose inalada em poluição do ar(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-04-04) Machado, Raí Silvério; Galvão, Elson Silva; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-877X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9129029345894560; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-4063; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4944106074149720; Goulart, Elisa Valentim; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-0778; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0014236670973457; https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1870-1095; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7712071999961419; Furieri, Bruno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-0250; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585455298349085; Hoinaski, Leonardo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-914X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2990900789926189Air pollution poses significant risks to human health, especially to children due to their immature immune systems and developing lungs. Accurate monitoring of air pollutant concentrations is vital for health impact studies. Fixed-site monitoring stations (FSM) are mostly used for this purpose in the literature, but they may not be effective in capturing exposure information due to limitations regarding variations between outdoor and indoor environments. This study evaluated seven methodologies to estimate personal exposure in four neighborhoods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), and three methodologies to assess the inhaled dose for NO2, SO2, O3, and particulate matter with particle sizes smaller than 10 micrometers and smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively). Data sources include FSM stations, regulatory air quality models (CMAQ and CALPUFF), and direct measurements using passive samplers (PS). To improve the estimates, a correction factor (indoor-outdoor ratio [I/O]) was also applied. The seven approaches evaluated for exposure were: (i) direct measurement using PS, (ii) FSM data only, (iii) FSM data with I/O correction, (iv) CMAQ model data only, (v) CMAQ with I/O correction, (vi) CALPUFF model data only, and (vii) CALPUFF with I/O correction, while for dose, only those that considered I/O correction were evaluated. The results obtained indicate that FSM data with I/O correction provided the most accurate exposure estimates for NO2 and SO2 , improving the FAC2 metric from 46% to 63% by excluding out-of-bounds data. For O3, both the FSM model and CMAQwere the most effective methods. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of FSM data corrected by I/O ratios for personal exposure assessments. However, the CMAQ model also showed improved accuracy by integrating I/O correction, which may be a more cost-effective method for locations where FSM data are not available. Among all methods, the CALPUFF model was the least effective method for personal exposure and inhaled dose assessments. The inhaled dose results indicated advantages in using models due to their ability to capture spatial variability that FMS cannot. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for indoor exposure and selecting appropriate data sources when estimating both personal exposure and inhaled dose for air pollutants.
- ItemAnálise numérica do desenvolvimento de estruturas turbulentas em leitos de partículas e sua relação com eventos de emissão atmosférica(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-05-06) Espírito Santo, Geisiely do; Furieri, Bruno ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-0250; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6585455298349085; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-3290; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4738815353163302; Goulart, Elisa Valentim ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-0778; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0014236670973457; Prata Junior, Ademir Abdala ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-9357; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2375033203317106Industrial activities, although essential for human life, contribute significantly to air pollution. Among these activities, steelworks stand out, as they have large open areas where stockpiles of granular materials such as iron ore and coal are exposed to wind action. This scenario favors wind erosion, a natural phenomenon that promotes the emission of particulate matter, compromising air quality and posing risks to human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. To estimate this type of emission, the model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is widely used. However, this model does not consider the proportion of non-erodible particles in the composition of granular materials, a factor that plays a fundamental role in flow turbulence and in the estimation of particle emissions. In view of this limitation, this study numerically investigated the development of turbulent structures in the presence of roughness elements, using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Three infinite beds containing different amounts of non-erodible particles, represented by cylindrical elements, were analyzed. The analysis focused on descriptive statistics, application of probability distributions, quadrant analysis, and observation of flow images and vorticity vectors. To ensure the reliability of the results, validation of the numerical simulations for the smooth bed was performed based on experimental references available in the literature. The results showed that the friction velocity (𝑢∗) behaved differently at each analyzed point and for each bed. In locations where the flow was obstructed by rough elements, 𝑢∗ values were reduced, which was confirmed by the analysis of vorticity vectors, indicating zones of low shear and recirculation. On the other hand, higher values of 𝑢∗ were found in the frontal regions of the roughness elements and in the flow channeling areas. The comparison among different coverage rates showed that beds with a greater amount of non-erodible particles presented lower friction velocities, reducing wind erosion. Regarding the Probability Density Function analyses, the distribution that best fitted the friction velocity fluctuations was the Gamma distribution, with an average shape parameter of 2.14 and an average scale parameter of 0.068. These results can serve as a reference for the parameterization of emission models, contributing to the development of more effective strategies for controlling and mitigating atmospheric pollution
- ItemAvaliação das condições de eutrofização em reservatórios: análise de índices de estado trófico e simulação de incertezas(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-04-04) Rocha, Alciany da Silva Christ da; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-0266; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841888526169409; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4507-1602; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4400961756351195; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-1469; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7828468159099998; Mendes, Mônica de Souza; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1814032512380945Eutrophication represents one of the main environmental challenges in reservoirs, negatively affecting water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems. Accurate assessment of the trophic state is essential for monitoring and managing these environments, yet it is often subject to uncertainties arising from data variability. This study investigated the influence of such uncertainties on the estimation of the Trophic State Index (TSI) in the Águas Claras Reservoir, an important water source for water management in the state of São Paulo. Using the Monte Carlo method, the effects of adopting different numbers of simulations and coefficients of variation (CV) on TSI values were analyzed, based on the methods proposed by Carlson (1977), Toledo et al. (1983), Lamparelli (2004), and Cunha et al. (2013). The analysis showed that increasing the number of simulations contributes to the stabilization of estimates by reducing sampling noise. The results revealed variations among the TSI calculation methods, highlighting the importance of selecting methodologies appropriate to local environmental conditions. The sensitivity analysis, based on the application of the normal frequency distribution, showed that increasing the number of simulations did not significantly impact the central values of the index distributions. The study confirmed the effectiveness and accessibility of the Monte Carlo method as a tool for analyzing uncertainties in water quality data, offering practical support for decision making and for improving water resources management
- ItemModelagem de qualidade de água como suporte ao processo de enquadramento de corpos d’água superficiais : considerações sobre a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Guandu(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-10-16) Pani, Deysilara Figueira; Rodrigues, Murilo Brazzali ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-2785; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6527913613936281; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dos ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-1469; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7828468159099998; https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2625-9403; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0189703481718834; Mendonça, Antonio Sergio Ferreira ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-0266; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841888526169409; Silva, Fernando das Graças Braga da ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-2257; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4077250337099004Mathematical water quality modeling is a fundamental tool in supporting the classification process of water bodies, enabling the analysis of various scenarios that directly contribute to decision-making regarding the definition of use classes. In this context, it is crucial that the simulations accurately reflect the water quality of the analyzed water bodies. Extrapolated results may lead to classifications whose implementation becomes costly and/or unfeasible. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate the use of water quality modeling as support for the classification process of surface water bodies, focusing on the Guandu River basin, located in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The mathematical water quality modeling, conducted using the Water Resources Management GIS Integrated Tools (WARM-GIS Tools) model, was applied to two different scenarios, based on variations in the initial water quality data sets, reference flow values, and the adopted kinetic constants. Subsequently, with the support of the CPQ-WATER Decision Support System and for the different simulation scenarios, the frequency of compliance with the quality standards of the various use classes, the maximum allowable loads, the loads to be treated, the unused dilution capacity, and the pressure on the watercourse in a section of the Guandu River located downstream from the urban center of Laranja da Terra were evaluated. The results indicated that the reference flows used in the present study did not produce significant differences in compatibility with the quality standards of the different use classes. However, the initial water quality conditions and the values adopted for the kinetic constants significantly and diversely altered the water quality simulation results, affecting compatibility with the quality standards established for the use classes, and ultimately influencing the decision-making process associated with the classification of the watercourses
- ItemAvaliação da remoção de 2,4-d e atrazina por carvão ativado : um estudo da competição em adsorção(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-09-24) Rafalscky, Lays; Britto, Gilberto Maia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-0511; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8685434664789468; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-5737; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2276795519317927; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2430-4892; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8247221440893433; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2048-9451; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604327349698525; Capelo Neto, José; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7669-7153; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6037303709386038The presence of pesticides in drinking water is concerning due to the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of these compounds. In this context, adsorption by activated carbon has gained attention as an alternative for removing microcontaminants in water treatment. Several variables can influence adsorption, one of the most notable being the competition among multiple contaminants for the adsorption sites on the activated carbon. This work conducted a systematic review guided by the PRISMA guideline to establish the state of the art on competitive adsorption. The review data were obtained using the keywords “Competitive adsorption,” “Powder Carbon” “Activated Carbon,” and “Water Treatment,” covering the years 2000 to 2023. The selected articles were categorized into: competition between metals, competition between metals and organic compounds, and competition between organic compounds. The review results contributed to understanding the existing research gaps in the field. In the laboratory tests, the activated carbon was characterized by several techniques to identify functional groups, porosity, moisture content, and ash content, among other parameters. Then, the isolated and competitive removal of two highly commercialized herbicides in Brazil, atrazine and 2,4-D, was tested in the state of Espírito Santo, with adsorption evaluated in terms of kinetics and isotherms. The Freundlich model showed the best fit for both pesticides in isolated systems. The adsorption of 2,4-D was significantly affected by the presence of atrazine due to its hydrophilic nature in the study's pH range (6-7). A computational study was conducted to suggest potential mechanisms, and the results indicated a predominance of π-π interactions, which is consistent with findings in the literature. The results suggest that the commercial carbon from Bahia Carbon is a strong candidate for removing 2,4-D and atrazine in isolated systems, but the presence of atrazine may significantly affect the removal of 2,4-D