Doutorado em Engenharia Ambiental

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    Sistema de suporte à decisão para subsídio à otimização de localização de pontos de lançamento de efluentes, à estimativa de eficiências de tratamento e à análise de solicitações de outorga de diluição em rios
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-12-03) Fortunato, Tatiana Candeia da Silva; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-0266; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841888526169409; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-1165; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8772001332861341; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-1469; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7828468159099998; Buarque, Diogo Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-520X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8616432679482558; Silva, Fernando das Graças Braga da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-2257; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4077250337099004; Caiado, Marco Aurélio Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2658-3916; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7949976625744034
    The main objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to support decision-making related to the location of effluent discharges points, the definition of treatment efficiencies, and the analysis of respective requests for dilution permits in rivers. To this end, the QUAL-UFMG water quality model was integrated with a metaheuristic optimization technique (Genetic Algorithm) in the form of a decision support system (DSS). The system was implemented in the Python programming language, reproducing the mathematical formulations and conceptual and computational structures of the model, incorporating a database and communication interface. The interface allows for input data entry and graphical visualization of results, facilitating the analysis of the most suitable locations for effluent disposal, considering the hydraulic characteristics, self purification capacity, and classification classes of the water bodies under consideration. Additionally, two optimization models with distinct objectives were integrated into the system: (i) minimizing the sum of treatment efficiencies and (ii) minimizing inequality between effluent discharges, aiming to meet water quality standards for dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) standards. The main reach of the Pardo River was selected for the application of the system, located in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Based on hydrological and water quality information from this basin, three fictitious scenarios were defined, considering different framing classes, and the responses for each simulated scenario were evaluated. Based on the set of solutions obtained in the Pareto front for each simulated scenario, the relevance and applicability of the developed system are highlighted as a support tool for decisions related to the appropriate siting of effluent discharge points, compliance with water quality standards, determination of dilution flows, identification of the minimum total treatment efficiency, and equity among discharges, associated with the objective functions employed.
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    Mudanças climáticas e seus impactos no fluxo de sedimentos da bacia amazônica
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-10-20) Föeger, Lizandra Broseghini; Buarque, Diogo Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-520X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8616432679482558; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-8994; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8970031007022234; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-0266; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841888526169409; Oliveira, Paulo Tarso Sanches de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2806-0083; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5149856612324019; Pontes, Paulo Rógenes Monteiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-7820; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8571693032057372; Brêda, João Paulo Lyra Fialho; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-1308; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6946628555597087
    This study investigates the impacts of climate change on sediment fluxes in the Amazon Basin, the world's largest hydrographic basin and one of the planet's most important biomes, in light of the scarcity of studies that integrate the most recent climate projections with hydro-sedimentological models for the basin. For this purpose, the MGB-SED model was applied on a daily scale, calibrated and validated with observed hydrological and sediment data, and forced with CMIP6 climate projections from five models of the NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 ensemble, under two emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), for the future period (2015 – 2100). The incorporation of seasonality as a central axis of analysis, distinguishing between dry and wet periods, allowed for the identification of interannual patterns of agreement and disagreement between streamflow and sediment discharge that might not be captured by conventional annual approaches. The results indicate a general trend of reduced streamflow, especially during the dry season and under the high-emission scenario SSP5-8.5, highlighting a greater vulnerability of water availability in the basin. In contrast, the analysis of solid discharge showed heterogeneous responses, with projected increases particularly during the wet season and in scenarios with higher radiative forcing. The coexistence of the trend of decreasing streamflow and increasing solid discharge in several sub-basins highlights the nonlinear and spatially variable nature of the hydro-sedimentological responses to climatic forcings. The study provided a calibrated and validated hydro-sedimentological model for the Amazon Basin, through which streamflow and sediment flux projections were quantified in future scenarios, offering unprecedented insights into the trends of erosion, transport, and sediment deposition throughout the end of the century. Such results can inform evidence-based decision-making, allowing for the identification of critical areas of potential increase or decrease in sediment load.
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    Energy source in the heavy freight railway sector: a life cycle assessment (LCA)
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-08-25) Carvalhaes, Bernardo Bicalho; Medeiros, Diego Lima; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6332-7217; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6574996299327565 ; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3054-4784; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7619015734946549; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9343-8105; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4965820160936034 ; Bravo, Alencar Soares; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4319910381165850 ; Ramalho, José Carlos Martins; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4579-6009; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7380247155655477 ; Pinho, Giusilene Costa de Souza; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-7092; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2215987864333281; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-514X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7706827408886021
    This study conducts a review of several articles inside the context of railroads, where the life cycle assessment methodology (LCA) is applied. Using the ProKnow-C methodology, seven review and 85 original papers applying the LCA methodology to railroads are analyzed, and several important gaps were identified, mainly concerning the lack of disclosure of information about parameters, software and other important decisions made during the works that would allow other researchers to replicate the results in order to compare them to other railroads or different circumstances. Currently, there are no ISO standards addressing the LCA of railroads, so this work seeks to provide an initial set of guidelines for such a norm, thus facilitating the elaboration of such a norm and providing support and direction for researchers in the field until a norm can be established.
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    Assessment of the economic and social impacts of new technologies regarding collection and transportation of recyclable waste in smart cities
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-09-29) Menezes, Hendrigo Noetzold Venes; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-514X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7706827408886021; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-6525; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7619979378499321; Buarque, Diogo Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-520X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8616432679482558; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3054-4784; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7619015734946549; Bovea-Edo, María-Dolores; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-8693; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8964676546513844; Forés, Valeria Ibáñez; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-0097; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1111665377225535
    The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic and social impacts of implementing new technologies for the collection and transportation of recyclable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the context of Smart Cities (SCs), especially in low/middle-income countries. The research is composed of three interconnected articles. The first one presents a systematic and bibliometric literature review, which revealed that most international scientific output in the field prioritizes environmental efficiency and cost reduction. Social aspects, such as the inclusion of vulnerable communities or labor rights of informal waste pickers, are largely underrepresented. This suggests a significant imbalance in how MSW management is approached in smart city discussions. The second chapter addresses this gap by proposing and applying a route optimization model in the municipality of Aracruz, Brazil. Using Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristic, the model simulates multiple vehicle trips and scenarios that include Indigenous communities historically excluded from public waste collection services. The results show that it is possible to reach all districts, urban and rural, without increasing operational costs. This reinforces the potential of data-driven tools in supporting more equitable and efficient MSW systems, provided they are informed by local context and planning sensitivity. The third chapter expands the discussion by proposing a set of social performance indicators for evaluating MSW systems based on the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology. These indicators were adapted to realities commonly found in low/middle-income countries and tested in the same case study. The analysis revealed structural social vulnerabilities in MSW management, such as lack of social protection for waste workers, poor stakeholder participation, and gender related disparities. In summary, the integration of route optimization models and social performance indicators provides a more comprehensive decision-support framework for municipalities aiming to implement inclusive smart waste strategies. Rather than focusing solely on cost or efficiency, MSW systems must also address social equity and institutional resilience as central pillars for sustainable urban development.
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    M-quantile estimation and discriminant analysis for heteroscedastic processes
    (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-07-09) Patrocinio, Patrick Ferreira; Bondon, Pascal Thierry; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-7337; Reisen, Valdério Anselmo ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8313-7648; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9401938646002189; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-2447; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2444124730316324; Goulart, Elisa Valentim ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-0778; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0014236670973457; Silva, Maria Eduarda ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-2050; Leskow, Jacek; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-393X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9225337383254363; Morettin, Pedro Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-867X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1532548827466292; Wu, Wei Biao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4310-9965; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2092444731656924
    Based on techniques in the time and frequency domains, this work introduces the M-quantile estimator, which combines the well-known quantile and M-regression functions to address model estimation and discriminant problems, such as classification and dimensionality reduction, in the context of time series with short- and long-memory properties and conditional variance (heteroscedasticity). These phenomena are quite common in real-world problems across many scientific fields, particularly in air quality studies, which motivate this work's main contributions from theoretical and applied perspectives. This thesis is divided into three chapters, and the main contributions are as follows: Chapter 2 explores the M-quantile estimator from a time-domain perspective by introducing the M-quantile Huber loss function to minimise process estimation errors. This approach is an alternative estimation method for time series data, offering advantages over standard estimation methods, such as the conditional least squares estimator, which can be seen as a special case of the proposed approach. Some theoretical issues are discussed, and simulations and applications are provided to support its use in real-world problems. The second and third main contributions are presented in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. These chapters propose the M-quantile periodogram as an estimator of the spectral function to be used in a discriminant technique constructed based on the cepstral function for short- and long-memory processes with heteroscedastic errors. The asymptotic properties of the M-quantile cepstral discriminant functions are derived. Since the proposed approaches, including the M-quantile periodogram, are relatively novel in the literature, the asymptotic properties of certain sample quantities have been left for future research. Simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the M-quantile discriminant function in finite sample sizes. The results reveal interesting findings, particularly regarding the superiority of the M-quantile discriminant function over the cepstral periodogram-based discriminant function for both short- and long-memory processes, with and without additive outliers and non-Gaussian distributions. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology in real-world applications, large datasets of PM_10 and PM_2.5 pollutant measurements from more than 200 air quality monitoring stations in France were analysed. The empirical evidence showed promising source classification results in both cases, strongly supporting the use of the M-quantile cepstral sample function in real-world applications such as classification, dimensionality reduction, and cointegration, among others