Desenvolvimento de um método para medir e avaliar a eco-eficiência da operação de locomotivas
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Data
2016-06-02
Autores
Carvalhaes, Bernardo Bicalho
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Brazilian railroads transported over 460 million tons in 2014 and are reaching to achieve international environmental standards. Thus, it is important to analyze the environmental impact of the use of diesel and alternative fuels. This paper proposes a method based upon the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) metrics to evaluate the railroad’s locomotive operation eco-efficiency. Seven Eco-Efficiency Measurement (EM) indicators were created so that the scenarios could be properly compared. They are respectively: Total energy consumption (E), Total renewable energy consumption (RE), Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), Carbon monoxide emissions (CO), Nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx), Particulate matter emissions (PM) and Cost Efficiency (investment, maintenance and fuel) (CE). The method was applied to Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas (EFVM), one of the most important railroads in Brazil. Five different scenarios representing the exchange of fuel sources were developed, tested and analyzed, Scenario 1 being the actual operational model of the railroad. The many scenarios take into consideration the use of biodiesel blended with standard petroleum diesel at 5% (B5) and also at 25% (B25). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) was also evaluated blended with B5 and B25. After the data analysis, the results showed that if Scenario 4 was implemented, compared to Scenario 1 the railroad could gain 2.3% in energy efficiency, 139.0% in renewable energy efficiency, 32.0% in CO2 emissions, 100.0% in PM, 60.0% in NOx and 12.6% in cost efficiency. The only indicator that shows worse result when comparing Scenario 4 to Scenario 1 is CO with -3.2%, due to the use of LNG. The results indicate that the proposed method can be used as a support tool to help the railroad decide what is the best mix of fuel and the best technology in order to minimize the environmental impacts and also the operational cost. The results were compared to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, and in some cases, achieved the highest standard
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Palavras-chave
Eco-efficiency , Liquefied natural gas , Biodiesel , Locomotives , Eco-eficiência , Transporte Ferroviário , Gás natural liquefeito , Biodiesel , Locomotivas
Citação
CARVALHAES, Bernardo Bicalho. Desenvolvimento de um método para medir e avaliar a eco-eficiência da operação de locomotivas. 2016. 86 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro Tecnológico, Vitória, 2016.