Sistemática de Apenesia: abrindo a caixa de Pandora dos Pristocerinae
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2017-01-13
Autores
Alencar, Isabel de Conte Carvalho de
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
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The flat wasp Apenesia Westwood is a worldwide genus with high sexual dimorphism. Females are rare, without eyes or ocelli, wingless and small, whereas males are fully winged, robust, with developed eyes and ocelli, and are larger than the conspecific female. There are 191 species described, which are mostly known only by the male sex. Several nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are observed in Apenesia. Besides sexual dimorphism and females’ underrepresentation, the characters delimiting Apenesia are shared by several Pristocerinae genera, making classification uncertain and hampering understanding of character evolution and variation between taxa. Here we aimed 1) to test if Apenesia is monofiletic; 2) to delimit the genus cladisticaly based on morphological and molecular data (COI and 28S genes); 3) to associate males and females; and 4) to review the species of Apenesia, providing descriptions and illustrations when necessary. We analyzed 163 morphological characters in TNT. Bayesian Inference was performed on the concatenated molecular data from 1,553 base pairs of nucleotides through MrBayes. In both analyzes we used a species of Bethylinae for rooting the tree. Apenesia was recovered as polyphyletic with 10 distinct lines associated to morphological patterns. We mapped structural morphological characters from females onto the molecular trees to enlighten female morphological patterns in the groups and to recover morphological evolution. We conclude that females add a set of features that can help genera delimitation. Although historically considered as an easy genus to classify, the structural analyses and phylogenetic inferences report multiple independent lineages within Apenesia species, indicating high convergence within Pristocerinae. Based on our results, some nomenclatural acts need to be proposed: 1) two Pristocerinae genera will be synonymies with Apenesia lines; 2) two taxa need to revalidate their generic status; 3) eight new combinations; and 4) six new genera will be nominated. Apenesia is now defined as flat wasps having males with the mesoscutum gibbous, the genitalia with paramere narrow and densely pilose and aedeagus with ventral apical lobe elliptical and covered in warts. Females of Apenesia can be distinguished from other Pristocerinae by having the head wider than the mesosoma, the antennae is short, the mandible is long, and the clypeus surpasses the toruli in the frons. We also provide a worldwide revision of Apenesia with a redescription of all known species and the description of 21 new species. Finally, our data reinforce the problems to define Apenesia and other genera in Pristocerinae.
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ALENCAR, Isabel de Conte Carvalho de. Sistemática de Apenesia: abrindo a caixa de Pandora dos Pristocerinae. 2017. 335 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biologia Animal) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Vitória, 2017.