Descarbonização do transporte público de passageiros: uma análise well-to-wheel de diferentes combustíveis
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Data
2024-09-03
Autores
Hoffmann, Bianca de Souza
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
The state of Espírito Santo (ES) has developed its Plano de Descarbonização e Neutralização das Emissões de GEE, aiming for decarbonization and emission neutralization by 2050. In this context, this dissertation aims to propose a method to environmentally evaluate the fuels used in public passenger transportation to reduce atmospheric pollutant and GHG emissions. The proposed method was applied to the Transcol system, which serves the Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória. Emissions of atmospheric pollutants (𝐶𝑂, 𝑁𝑂𝑥, 𝑆𝑂2, 𝑀𝑃 e 𝑁𝑀𝐻𝐶) and GHGs (𝐶𝑂2, 𝐶𝐻4 and 𝑁2𝑂), were evaluated across six different scenarios, considering the type of fuel and the Proconve phase of the bus fleet. The Well-to-Wheel (WTW) analysis, which is specific to the transport sector, was used to assess the environmental impacts throughout the entire lifecycle of the fuels, covering the two phases: Well-to-Pump (WTP) and Pump-to-Wheel (PTW). Real operational data from 2022 of the fleet, provided by the Vitória Urban Transport Company, were used. The emission factors for the WTP phase were obtained from the Ecoinvent database. The impact categories were analyzed using the IMPACT 2002+ method. The fuels analyzed were: BS-500, BS-10, electricity, and CNG. The analysis of the results revealed that replacing the fleet with 100% electric buses can provide significant reductions in emissions of all atmospheric pollutants and GHGs compared to all other scenarios. Partial fleet replacement with electric buses also showed reductions compared to all other scenarios, indicating that partial adoption of electric buses may be the best route for the decarbonization of the Transcol system. The use of CNG showed increases in 𝐶𝑂, 𝑁𝑂𝑥, and 𝐶𝐻4 emissions, as well as requiring investments for fleet adaptation with the installation of dual-fuel kits, proving to be an unsuitable transition route. Regarding the impact categories, replacing the fleet with 100% electric buses was the alternative causing the lowest impacts in all analyzed categories. The use of CNG presented an increase in impacts in the acidification/terrestrial nutrition category, also proving unsuitable as a transition route.
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Well-to-wheel , Qualidade do ar , Ônibus