Potencial do biocarvão produzido com bagaço de malte como condicionador de substrato no crescimento inicial de mudas de espécies florestais nativas
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Data
2024-05-28
Autores
Souza, Camilla de Oliveira
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
Soil degradation, the increase in atmospheric air temperature, and the emergence of new pandemic diseases are some of the problems caused by the indiscriminate use of natural resources. In this scenario, various research studies are being developed to meet the demands of the population more sustainably and minimize the effects of global warming. In the forestry and agricultural sectors, the use of biochar emerges as an alternative capable of adding value to solid waste and improving soil quality, with the properties of this product linked to its chemical and structural composition, which are affected by pyrolysis conditions and the characteristics of the biomass used. Thus, the general objective of the present study was to evaluate the pyrolysis temperature and the quality of biochars produced with malt bagasse for use as a substrate component in the production of seedlings of native forest species, as well as to evaluate its influence on substrate properties and the initial growth of seedlings in the nursery. In the production of biochar, malt bagasse from a craft microbrewery located in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro, Espírito Santo, was used. This biomass was homogenized, dried in an oven, and acclimatized for subsequent physical and chemical analyses, including moisture, bulk density, pH in water, total extractives, lignin and ash content, elemental chemistry, alkalinity, and available chemical elements. Four different final pyrolysis temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) were tested in biochar production, evaluating moisture, bulk density, pH in water, elemental and proximate chemistry, functional groups, microscopy, mass loss, solid yields, alkalinity, porosity, specific surface area, and available chemical elements of the generated biochars. To evaluate the quality of the substrates, five doses of biochar produced with malt bagasse at 400 ºC were tested in substrate formulations (S0: 100 % soil; S10: 90 % soil + 10 % biochar; S20: 80 % soil + 20 % biochar; S30: 70 % soil + 30 % biochar; S40: 60 % soil + 40 % biochar; % v/v), evaluating physical and chemical properties such as moisture, porosity, bulk density, water retention capacity, electrical conductivity, and pH in water. To assess the influence of biochar on the quality of yellow ipê (Handroanthus serratifolius), timbaúva (Enterolobium contortisiliquum), and guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba) seedlings, different doses of biochar produced with malt bagasse at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C were tested in five substrate formulations (S0: 100 % soil + 6g L-1 fertilizer; S10: 90 % soil + 10 % biochar + 6g L-1 fertilizer; S20: 80 % soil + 20 % biochar + 6g L-1 fertilizer; S30: 70 % soil + 30 % biochar + 6g L-1 fertilizer; and S40: 60 % soil + 40 % biochar + 6g L-1 fertilizer) and two tubes volumes (180 and 280 cm3). Seedling production occurred via direct seeding in tubes placed on a suspended bed inside the nursery shade house. At 180 days after sowing, the experiment was concluded, evaluating in yellow ipê seedlings the physiological parameters, including photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, instantaneous water use efficiency, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and in yellow ipê, timbaúva, and guapuruvu seedlings the morphological parameters, including height, collar diameter, robustness index, number of leaves, leaf area, root volume, dry mass of shoot, root, and total and their ratios, and Dickson Quality Index. At the end of the experiment, it was concluded that the malt bagasse had high moisture content but possessed desirable characteristics for use in biochar production, requiring prior drying to meet pyrolysis process standards; that the final pyrolysis temperature significantly affected the properties of the generated biochar, with a final temperature of 400 °C recommended for substrate formulation; that the presence of biochar significantly affected the properties of substrates, with the best quality observed in the S40 formulation; and that tube volume affected the quality of yellow ipê and guapuruvu seedlings, while biochar addition affected the quality of timbaúva seedlings, with the 280 cm3 tubes and S40 substrate recommended, respectively, for producing quality seedlings
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Resíduos sólidos , Cervejaria , Silvicultura , Qualidade de substratos , Mudas com qualidade , Solid waste , Brewery , Forestry , Substrate quality , Quality seedlings