Engenharia Civil

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17613

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil

Centro: CT
Telefone: (27) 4009 2146
URL do programa: http://www.civil.ufes.br/pos-graduacao/PPGEC

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Agora exibindo 1 - 16 de 16

Análise da eficiência das ferrovias especializadas em transporte de minério de ferro e pelotas pertencentes às empresas mineradoras e usinas de pelotização por meio do método Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-12-10) Fontan, Renata Guimarães de Oliveira; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Lacruz, Adonai José; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro
The worldwide market for iron ore extracts and trades more than two billion tons per year. The few mining companies set a production system integrating mines and/or pelletizing plant, railway and port to reduce their costs. These railways are considered as a cost for the mining process and cover high investments and operating costs. The study proposes to analyze comparatively the performance of twelve railways specialized in the transport of iron ore and pellets, which are properties of the mining/pellets companies. These railways are in four continents, distributed in ten countries. For this purpose, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology was used with Constant Scale Returns (CCR) and output orientation. The objective is to measure the efficiency of the railways and identify their position in relation to the other railways. As input variables were adopted: the number of operational wagons, the number of wagons of the most predominant train type and the load per axle of the wagon. The TKU was used as the output variable, which represents the useful ton carried by the distance traveled. Frontier Analyst software was used to solve the proposed DEA model. In the result obtained, three railroads were considered as efficient: Carajás Railroad (EFC), Mount Newman (NEWM) and Fortescue (FMG). Railroads Vitoria-Minas Railroad (EFVM), Hamersley (RTHA) and Roy Hill (RHILL) could reach their efficiency frontier with increased TKU output, as suggested by the results generated by the software. The railroads Robe River (RTRR), QNS & L, Cartier (CART), Yekepa-Buchanan Line (AML), Iron Ore Line (IOL) and Mauritania (MAUR) need to increase the TKU achieved in 2016 by more than 140% to achieve efficiency. To increase the amount of MFe and PLMFe transported, it is necessary to analyze the productive capacity of MFe mines, evaluating the production scenario: exhaustion, stability or growth. In addition, it is necessary to study the market before increasing production, since an oversupply of MFe and PLMFe could unbalance the market, reducing the price of these commodities and the profit margin of the miners and pelletizing plants.
Análise da estabilidade de edifícios altos com lajes lisas, nervuradas e nervuradas com vigas-faixa levando em consideração a interação solo-estrutura
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-08-15) Passos, Vinicius de Melo; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Luchi, Lorenzo Augusto Ruschi e; Silva, Amilton Rodrigues da
Reinforced concrete buildings in the past were built with robust elements, providing great rigidity to structure regarding the stability of the same. With technological advances in construction over the years, arose construction systems that provided taller and slender buildings. Given that the global stability of tall and slender buildings is critical, we sought in this dissertation study some of the factors that influences the global stability of buildings of reinforced concrete, such as the type of construction system slab (flat slab, waffle slab and waffle slab with band beams), thickness of the slabs, the thickness of the hard core, coefficients that simulate the physical non-linearity of structural elements, floor height and the effect of soil-structure interaction. It was found that the above factors have influence on the global stability of buildings of reinforced concrete. Among these factors, we highlighted the coefficients that simulate the physical non-linearity of the structural elements and soil structure interaction, so that had a greater influence on global stability. For modeling and analysis of the results will be used the commercial software CAD / TQS version 17.13.
Avaliação de curvas de calibração do método do papel filtro tipo Whatman nº42 utilizadas para estimar sucção matricial em solos não saturados
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-07-29) Chrystello, Anita Curitiba; Bicalho, Kátia Vanessa; Dantas, Bruno Teixeira; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Rebelo, Karla Maria Wingler; Esquivel, Edmundo Rogerio
The filter paper method is a simple and economical method for estimating suction in unsaturated soils. The filter paper method estimates the suction, s, in soil indirectly by measuring the gravimetric water content of filter paper, wf, at hydraulic equilibrium with the soil using a predetermined calibration curve. A number of calibration functions for the Whatman No. 42 (W42) filter paper have been published in the literature. Varieties of techniques (pressure plate, pressure membrane and vacuum desiccator) are used to apply suction values to obtain the calibration curve (wetting paths) to W42 filter paper. Most of the calibrations involve a bilinear function (two different equations) with an inflection point occurring at 60 kPa < s < 100 kPa (i.e., 40% < wf < 50%). An approach for defining a continuous calibration function with a smooth transition between the high and low suctions based on a regression analysis of experimental data from various previously published calibrations obtained for filter paper Whatman No. 42 (W42) is presented and discussed. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the evaluated calibrations (bilinear and exponential equations) have been published in the literature for the W42 filter paper for soil suctions of unsaturated soils inferred from the filter paper method . New exponential calibrations are defined herein to fitting experimental data used to determine the bilinear equations proposed by ASTM D5298-10 and Leong et al. (2002).Finally, an experimental study was also conducted to compare the suctions estimated by the contact filter paper method test using different calibration with suctions measured by other laboratory techniques for two different soils. The results show that the exponential calibration suggested herein has considerable potential to be used for soil suctions of unsaturated soils inferred from the filter paper method. However, more measured data are required with different soil textures and differences suction range to evaluate of the suggested exponential calibration.
Avaliação dos efeitos construtivos e interação solo-estrutura na estabilidade global de edifícios
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-12-17) Marques, Olivia Catelan; Feitosa, Leonardo Almeida; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Bicalho, Kátia Vanessa; Luchi, Lorenzo Augusto Ruschi e; Mappa, Paulo César
Once the range of factors that may influence the overall stability of a building is great, the brazilian codes and commercial computer programs become more complex as well as the methods of analysis and design. The constructive effect seeks to bring the reality of a building in construction closer to the designer’s calculation, taking into account all the steps of the design’s constrution. In this way, the constructive effect will consider not only the loadings relative to the own weight, but also all those inherent to the process of construction of buildings. On the other hand, the soil-structure interaction seeks to optimize the prediction of differential settlements, since it does not consider the superstructure and foundation working together, but considers the edification completely and not in parts. In order to analyze effects that may influence the overall stability of the building, this work intends to understand the influence of the constructive effects and the soil-structure interaction, through CAD/TQS software. An analysis was performed not only with the parameter z, but also with the parameter α, maximum displacements of the building, and the values provided by CAD/TQS FAVt. To complement the analysis, the loads in the foundations and the settlements suffered by them were evaluated. A symmetric and non-symmetric plant was also analyzed. For this, the models were processed in light of the usual calculation of the z method, with variations of criteria provided by the software itself. The results showed that the constructive effect used alone did not show relevant results. For soil-structure interaction, the variations are more visible. The ideal case, joining the incremental effect and the soil-structure interaction, provides results in agreement with the literature and presents the highest values, thus showing the importance of the tools.
Dimensionamento otimizado de pilares de concreto armado de acordo com a NBR 6118:2014
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-12-15) Souza, Paula Mayer dos Santos; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Luchi, Lorenzo Augusto Ruschi e; Mappa, Paulo César
This work is about the reinforced concrete columns optimum design. It presents the formulations adopted for rectangular, circular, hexagonal and in “U” moderately slender sections design. It also covers slender rectangular sections in one direction. The design accords to Brazilian Code for procedures of concrete structures design, NBR 6118:2014. Thus, it comprises compressive strength concretes between 20 and 90 MPa. The developed computational program was implemented in the Matlab platform, and uses the Internal Point Method as an optimization algorithm. It gathers examples that attest the validity of the developed computational program, as well as verify the influences of certain characteristics in the design. The study indicates that the greater number of parameters released for optimization allows a considerable reduction in the total columns cost.
Dimensionamento otimizado de vigas alveolares de aço
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-22) Lubke, Gabriela Pereira; Azevedo, Macksuel Soares de; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Camargo, Rodrigo Silveira; Parente Junior, Evandro
Open web-expanded steel beams are structural elements achieved by cutting the web of the root beam in a certain pattern and then welding two parts each other. As a result of these processes the overall beam depth increases which in return causes increase in the capacity of the original section. The openings, together with the addition of useful profile height, make this type of beam susceptible to new ways of collapse, and increases existing failure modes. This paper proposes a formulation for the design of cellular beams steel optimally using the formulations developed by Cimadevilla (2000), Abreu (2011), Silveira (2011) and Veríssimo et al. (2012), takinginto account the geometry of restrictions set by Oliveira (2012). The validation of the computer program developed for the accomplishment of results with results obtained through manually solved examples as the basis of a descriptive formulation by Veríssimo et al. (2012), as the Brazilian standard does not define the design parameters for this type of profile. The program was developed in the Matlab platform, and for a solution of the optimization problems were used in internal Matlab algorithms, such as interior points, quadratic programming and genetic algorithms. Initial examples point out that the sizing can be improved and no case of profiling a new cut line can be defined.
Dimensionamento ótimo de bloco sobre estacas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-10-18) Tomaz, Acley Gabriel da Silva; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Azevedo, Macksuel Soares de; Mappa, Paulo César; Oliveira, Flávia Ruschi Mendes de
The foundation project is of paramount importance in a structural design. The land carrying capacity and the ideal type of foundation for a building can be determined from surveys. Indirect foundation design can be made in caisson or pile caps and the choice also depends on the columns loads from structural design. This dissertation presents the design for the optimization problem of pile caps with application examples. The restrictions, will be those imposed by the parameters set by the ABNT NBR 6118: 2014 and the CEB FIP (1970), the spacing between the piles and the compression concrete strength (fck). A platform was developed in Matlab for the formulation of the problem, and its optimization will be obtained by the Interior Point Method. Comparative numerical examples show that when there is no geometry constraint, an optimal solution can be obtained by reducing the amount of piles and changing the geometry of the pile cap.
Dimensionamento ótimo de pilares de concreto armado
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-10-23) Sias, Francesco Mayer; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Coelho, Herkenhoff Luiz; Có, Fábio Almeida
The engineering`s area responsible for the design of structures is always in search of solutions that best find the multiple simultaneous parameters like aesthetics, cost, quality, weight and others. In practice, it`s not possible to say that the best design was actually executed, because designs are made mainly based on the experience of the performer, without exhausting all possible hypotheses. It is in this way that the optimization processes are necessary in the area of design of structures. You can get from a given goal, as the cost, the design that will best find this parameter. There are some studies in this area, however, still need further researches. One area that still lacks an optimization process is the design of pillars according to ABNT NBR 6118:2014 that meets a wider range of possible geometries. One should also study the best optimization method for this type of problem within the various existing today. Thus the present work describes the conceptual background in the areas of design of columns and optimization methods in the literature review indicating the references and methods used in the optimal design of columns, programmed with the help of MathLab software packages, using deterministic optimization methods. This survey was conducted to obtain the title of Master in Civil Engineering at the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Dimensionamento ótimo de pilares mistos preenchidos de aço e concreto
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-08) Lourenção, Jéssica Salomão; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Calenzani, Adenilcia Fernanda Grobério; Melo, Antônio Macário Cartaxo de
The use of steel profiles of tubular sections for filled composite columns is an interesting solution for civil construction. This type of profile, due to its geometric shape, presents great resistance to the soliciting forces in general, having three types of crosssections, rectangular, square and circular, with or without longitudinal reinforcement. In Brazil, the design of concrete filled steel tube is covered by NBR 8800:2008, however, considering that the tubular profiles have certain peculiarities, the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards published the NBR 16239:2013 in order to present more accurate calculations for these types of profiles. In Europe, the design is covered only by EN 1994-1-1:2004. Thus, in order to reduce costs, in general, due to the existing load, it is desired to define an optimum geometry. In this way, this work aims to gather the criteria for the elaboration of a software with graphical interface that will realize the optimal dimensioning of concrete filled steel tube using Matlab software under the prescriptions of NBR 8800:2008, NBR 16239:2013 and EN-1994-1-1:2004. The optimization methods used were deterministic algorithms, using the Inner Method and Sequential Quadratic Programming Method, and probabilistic algorithm, using the Genetic Algorithm Method. The results found in the software developed demonstrated that the Inner Method and the Sequential Quadratic Programming Method obtained the lowest costs while the results found for the Genetic Algorithm Method were relatively higher due to the use of tubular profile catalogs.
Estudo da estabilidade global de edifícios de múltiplos andares com lajes lisas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-04-18) Feitosa, Leonardo Almeida; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Azevedo, Macksuel Soares; Oliveira, Flávia Ruschi Mendes de; Carvalho, Roberto Chust
The trend of building increasingly tall and slender associated with the use of flat slabs (no beams) leads to a difficulty in ensuring the overall stability of the building and respect for horizontal displacements limited by NBR 6118:2014. Thus, we sought in this dissertation, study and present the main concepts related to the overall stability of concrete structures, and analyze the influence of criteria and calculation of parameters such as the variation of the thickness of the slabs, pillars, rigid cores, rigidity of the contribution of the structural elements, consideration of bending stiffness transverse of slabs, the soil-structure iteration, and others in the global stability of this type of building. For this, we used the structural analysis program CAD/TQS in developing models of asymmetric buildings with idealized architecture for residential purposes. Varying the criteria and parameters mentioned, among others, we analyzed the influence of these on the overall stability of the structure from a direct comparison of the values ofparameters instability GamaZ (and others) and horizontal displacements of the structure. It was found that the consideration of the transverse bending stiffness of the slabs plays an important role in stabilizing buildings without beams. In addition, consideration of soil-structure iteration in the analysis of this type of building, makes fairly flexible structure imposing difficulties to meeting the limits of horizontal displacements indicated by NBR 6118: 2014 and consequently to global stability. It rises the chance to review the coefficient value that simulates the non linearity of flat slabs, in particular prestressed slabs, due to the lower level of cracking that these have given the presence of active and passive armor.
Estudo de correlações entre sondagens SPT e resultados de ensaios de penetração contínua PD e CPT para diferentes subsolos arenosos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-06) Santos, Mirella Dalvi dos; Bicalho, Kátia Vanessa; Dantas, Bruno Teixeira; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Rebelo, Karla Maria Wingler; Giacheti, Heraldo Luiz; Castello, Reno Reine
Field tests used in geotechnical engineering are fundamental for knowledge of the underlying ground, estimate geomechnics parameters and, therefore, for foundations design. There are several types of tests: the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is simple, cheap and have a large empirical experience; the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is capable of tracing the resistance continuously; and the Dynamic Probing (DP) is simple and fast. Since there are limitations on their methodologies and equipments, equations that can describe the relationship between their results are recquired tools in geotechnical engineering, as they provide to the designer a tool capable to reduce costs and time, estimate soil parameters and afford a greater underground’s global knowledge. Therefore, this work aims to find correlations between SPT, CPT and DP tests for sands of Grande Vitoria, Espírito Santo. And more, evaluate the uncertainties involved in some previously published correlations in literature and to suggest adjustments, considering some soils’ properties. To do so, simple linear regression and residual’s analysis were carried out in four data sets from the region and other locations. It was found that the mean particle size, relative density and particle size distribution influence CPT-SPT and DP-SPT correlations. Geological origin and sleeve friction did not influence substantially in CPT-SPT correlations. Since the sandy soils’ heterogeneity implies in the need of correlations obtained at a regional level. Thus, this study does not aim to exhaust the subject about geotechnical tests correlations, but rather to recommend and stimulate the critical evaluation of previously published correlations and those that will be formulated in the future.
MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISE DE 2ª ORDEM SIMPLIFICADOS E OTIMIZAÇÃO DO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE ESTRUTURAS DE AÇO SEGUNDO O EUROCODE 3 VIA ALGORITMO GENÉTICO
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-03-19) Breda, Breno Dias; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; https://orcid.org/0000000169712645; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6509450210637509; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7498-7843; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5362046289764822; Junior, Evandro Parente; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-1376; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1774654203813780; Rodrigues, Marcos Antônio Campos; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2084-5820; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6963345955441105; Ferreira, Walnório Graça; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-6048; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9453786966994911
A complete process of optimization of a steel structure depends on the calculated design stress, the code and steel shapes tables used in the design and the optimization algorithm considered. With that in mind, this work integrates different simplified geometric nonlinear analysis methods, such as the B1-B2 Method, the Two Cycles Iterative Method (TCIM) and the Purely Incremental Analysis (PIA), with the EN-1993-1-1 (2005), brazilian and european steel shapes tables and the structural optimization is associated to the process using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). To achieve this objective, the present work presents: (1) the validation of the nonlinear analysis module using ANSI/AISC 360-16 (2016) benchmark examples, (2) the comparison of the design module that uses EN-1993-1-1 (2005) with the results of a commercial software and, finally, (3) results of the GA optimization of benchmark structures in the literature and using the developed modules, observing possible gains. Results show that TCIM presents accurate results and low computational cost when compared to B1-B2 Method and PIA. The GA is efficient in the optimization of steel structures because it uses discrete variables and this facilitates the use of the steel shapes table provided by the manufacturers. Observed gains are associated: to the use of more accurate analysis methods, to the use of EN-1993-1-1 (2005) and to the use of different profile catalogs, according to the cases analyzed.
Otimização de estruturas de cascas com carregamento dinâmico com modelagem via NURBS
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-12-18) Gomes Filho, Hélio; Gonçalves Junior, Etereldes; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Sousa Junior, João Batista Marques de; Camargo, Rodrigo Silveira
This work presents the optimization of the thickness of shells subjected to static and dynamic loading. The structural analysis is done by the Finite Element Method. A combination of the CST elements (Constant Strain Triangle) and DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Theory) was used as the shell element, thus forming an element with fifteen degrees of freedom (three nodes with five degrees of freedom each) . The finite element mesh is generated for a unitary square domain and transformed for the domain analyzed by means of NURBS functions. These functions model the domain (surface) in study. We developed routines to optimize the thickness of the shell elements using the SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) method available as a tool of the Matlab software, using as constrains the maximum displacement and the minimum vibration frequency. Several examples were used to validate static and dynamic analysis routines, comparing results with consecrated literature and with models developed in the ANSYS Workbench software. As a final example, they propose a modeling for the Pampulha Church.
Otimização de estruturas treliçadas considerando análise não linear e carregamento dinâmico
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-05-03) Domingues, Bárbara Scardini; Rodrigues, Marcos Antonio Campos ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2084-5820; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6963345955441105; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-2645; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6509450210637509; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-736X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1812214517235259; Dias, João Victor Fragoso ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-1519; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0090215976146284; Medeiros, Guilherme Fleith de ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-824X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0811357090167648
Structural optimization techniques help designers to develop economical projects more efficiently, in addition to automating the design process. Some large-scale truss structures may present dynamic loading, large displacements, and material plastification, requiring a nonlinear analysis. Therefore, this work aims to optimize truss structures considering geometric and material nonlinear behavior when subjected to dynamic loading. Thus, it was necessary to determine the cross-sectional area of the bars that minimizes the total mass of the structure, imposing constraints on nodal displacements, axial stresses, and axial compression force. For the optimization problem, a computational program was developed on the Matlab platform using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Genetic Algorithm (GA), a native Matlab tool to verify the results. The geometric and material nonlinear dynamic analysis procedure was performed using the Ansys software, with the Newmark method coupled with the Newton-Raphson method. Examples of plane and spatial trusses subjected to different types of dynamic loading were solved using the developed computational program and validated by comparison with solutions present in the literature. The results indicated that the effect of nonlinearities on the optimized structures is particular to each case, PSO was the algorithm that shown best performance and robustness and the damping effect led to a reduction in the final mass
Otimização de estruturas treliçadas geometricamente não lineares submetidas a carregamento dinâmico
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-03-29) Martinelli, Larissa Bastos; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; Ferreira, Walnório Graça; Parente Junior, Evandro; Silveira, Ricardo Azoubel da Mota
This study addresses the optimization of lattice structures with geometrically nonlinear behavior under dynamic loading. The formulated optimization problem aims to determine the cross-sectional area of the bars which minimizes the total mass of the structure, imposing constraints on nodal displacements and stresses. In order to solve this optimization problem, it was developed a computational program on MATLAB®, using the Interior Point method and the Sequential Quadratic Programming method, the algorithms of which are available on Optimization Toolbox™. It was included routines for grouping the bars and to convert the optimal solution obtained using continuous design variables in commercial values of structural hollow-sections. The space truss nonlinear finite element is described by an updated Lagrangian formulation. The implemented geometric nonlinear dynamic analysis procedure combines Newmark’s method with Newton-Raphson type iterations, being validated by comparison with solutions available in the literature and with solutions obtained using ANSYS® software. Examples of plane and space trusses under different dynamic loading are solved using the developed computational program. The results show that: the Sequential Quadratic Programming method is the most efficient to solve the studied optimization problem, consideration of structural damping can lead to a significant reduction in the total mass, the use of the conversion procedure for commercial sections provides solutions in favor of security and the grouping of bars generates a satisfactory duration for the optimization process.
PLANEJAMENTO DAS ROTAS DOS LOTES DE VAGÕES EM PÁTIOS FERROVIÁRIOS VISANDO A REDUÇÃO DO TEMPO TOTAL DE ESTADIA
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-03-21) Moreira, Diesther Campos; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-514X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7706827408886021; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2186769253674767; Alves, Élcio Cassimiro; https://orcid.org/0000000169712645; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6509450210637509; Lorenzoni, Luciano Lessa; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-7750; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-7750
Within the supply chain, transportation represents an important link for business competitiveness. The railway mode has stood out for its competitiveness in terms of transport cost and volume transported. Railway maneuvering yards play an important role within the railway mode, and maneuvering activities can take about 10% to 50% of the total transit time of trains on a railroad. In this way, the railway yards stand out for their complexity and are the biggest bottlenecks in the operation. The planning of activities in a railway yard with resource allocation aims to reduce the length of stay of the wagon lot and make the best use of resources. To plan the yard activities, a mathematical model inspired by the Multi-Mode Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (MRCPSP) was developed. The MRCPSP acts in the sequencing of activities taking into account the restriction of resource allocation, in order to minimize the time between the beginning and the end of these activities. The model proved to be efficient in planning the activities of the yard, reducing the length of stay of the lots. It was also possible to identify bottlenecks and equipment and critical routes for maintenance.

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