Engenharia Civil

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17613

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil

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Telefone: (27) 4009 2146
URL do programa: http://www.civil.ufes.br/pos-graduacao/PPGEC

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 294

Uma contribuição ao estudo do processo de projeto de empreendimentos em construção metálica: uma visão segundo a nova filosofia de produção.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2000-06-19) Moraes, Flavia Rosindo de; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann; Oliveira, Marcel Olivier Ferreira de
Steel construction first appeared in Brazil 50 years ago, but only in the last fifteen years has it been rediscovered by contractors and professionals that have become more interested in this kind of building technology. There are many factors which regulate steel construction development, but incentives are growing in order to increase the steel consumption in civil construction, because this consumption is lower than others countries. Talking about the industrialization of construction, the integrated design is very important and the New Production Philosophy (lean production) is a good reference theory for the design process improvement. Thus, the design process improvement is fundamental to enhance production process efficiency. The characteristics of the product are defined by the design and these characteristics influence production costs. This study starts with an exploratory research, looking through the definition of the case study focus. Aspects like market, costs, technology, planning, productivity, standards, design, waste, quality, labour and problematic topics about steel construction were examined and deficiencies in the design stage were noted. After this, the study investigates two design processes of steel construction projects, analyzing then in accordance with the New Production Philosophy. Finally, this study suggests some actions and policies for improving the design process in steel projects.
Análise do comportamento dos pilares mistos considerando a utilização de conectores de cisalhamento
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2002-09-08) Bianchi, Flavia Regina; Sá, Pedro Augusto Cesar Oliveira de; Coelho, Luiz Herkenhoff; Menandro, Fernando César Meira; Rodrigues, Francisco Carlos
The steel-concrete composite structures are systems that involve the interaction of structural steel components with concrete elements to resist external forces. This interaction between steel and concrete should be guaranteed to ensure that loads are supported. As such, adhesion tensions between the concrete and the steel should not be exceeded. In cases where they are, the use of shearing connectors becomes necessary. The influence of the use of shearing connectors in composite columns is greatly undervalued in the majority of scientific papers, with its use recommended only in situations of high vibration. In this paper, the behavior of composite columns is analyzed with the use of shearing connectors taken into consideration through numerical analysis using Ansys programming and based on the finite element method. To achieve this, an ideal model that reflects the situation was adopted permitting as study of the element, the load, and the contour conditions adequate for usage. Composite columns with and without shearing connectors were modeled. A load was applied to each model with varying eccentricity to create an interaction curve defining the moment of flexion in function of normal force. From the interactive curves that were constructed, the importance of the use of shearing connectors was analyzed. This analysis compares results to data supplied by EUROCODE 4(1994) and the influence of different values for maximum adhesion tension of the last load of the composite column.
Impacto da colonização do fungo Cladosporium sphaerospermum sobre a argamassa do concreto
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2003-01-31) Pinheiro, Sayonara Maria de Moraes; Souza, Fernando Lordêllo dos Santos; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Silva, Moema Ribas; Shirakawa, Márcia Aiko; Silva, Maristela Gomes da
The understanding of the different deterioration mechanisms, which can attack the concrete, is highly relevant to predict, prevent or minimize the deterioration of the concrete constructions. Among the several deterioration mechanisms of concrete, the biodeterioration is one of the more recently observed. The full description of the biodeterioration of concretes is very complex and involves the necessity for synthesis of information from diverse disciplines and cross specialization. The main objective of this study was to observe the aesthetic and microestructural impacts of the Cladosporium sphaerospermum colonisation on the concrete. mortars. This work includes a literature review of the microstructure of materials, kinds of microorganisms and their metabolisms, types and mechanisms of biodeterioration, preventive measures and treatment against the biodeterioration, and techniques for analysing microstructure of concrete. The methodology used consists of inoculating the concrete mortars with spores of fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum, which produces a dark and large stain on the surface of the material (aesthetic impact). The impact of the fungus on the material microstructure was evaluated by using the following techniques: XRD, SEM/EDS, TG, DTA, chemical analysis and mineralogical calculation. These techniques allowed detecting the calcium carbonates solubilisation as well as the evidence of the beginning of a chemical biodeterioration of the concrete.
Estabelecimento e hierarquização de indicadores de desempenho ambiental de operações ferroviárias
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2004-03-26) Cid, Eduardo Fausto Kuster; Zandonade, Eliana; Faé, Maria Inês; Sinay, Maria Cristina Fogliatti de; Castiglioni, Aurélia Hermínia
This dissertation aims to establish indicators for the evaluation of the environmental performance of the railway operations, as well as to establish a hierarchy among them regarding their importance given by specialists in the transportation and environment areas. A survey was carried out through a questionary that was applied to these specialists who gave scores, in a 0 to 10 scale, to 25 indicators. Descriptive Statistics and the Factor Analysis Method were used in the analysis of the answers and the establishment of a hierarchy among the indicators. In average, the indicator Accidents involving dangerous products of classes 1 to 4 received the highest importance, while the indicator unitized cargo that falls over the railway line was considered of no importance. With the help of the SPSS 8.0 software, factors were extracted from groups of indicators according to their degree of interrelation. The first factor, which presented the highest interrelation, gathers indicators related to the emission of noise, gases, and particulates along the railway. The used methodology may help the elaboration of Reference and Railways Environmental Management Systems.
Uma contribuição ao estudo do comportamento termomecânico de estruturas maciças de concreto : modelagem viscoelástica linear e aplicações
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2004-04-05) Santos, Sérgio Botassi dos; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Coelho, Luiz Herkenhoff; Shirakawa, Márcia Aiko
The study accomplished in this dissertation is motivated mainly by the interest in evaluating the temperature and stress field in mass concrete structures at first ages considering material s linear viscoeleasticity. The development and implementation of numeric-computational models are also scope of this work by means the softwares PFEM_2DT and PFEM_2DAT, of thermal stress analysis in the two-dimensional domain. Initially at first step, the bibliographic revision of the thermomechanical problem was accomplished considering physical mechanisms and models for its representation, using mathematical tools and numeric artifices for the resolution of the problem. The influential parameters in the analysis of temperatures and stresses in the mass concrete were also researched, standing out to the creep and shrinkage rheological properties, where in a summarized and elucidated way, its main concepts, causes and effects were described, as well as some of the main representation models of those differed deformations. Considering theoretical studies and the consequent computer implementations, different concrete structures were analyzed through the developed softwares, and compared with experimental and numeric results obtained by other researchers with the objective of validating the applications. In the elaboration of this software was made use of the new programming paradigm Object-Oriented Programming, associated to the resolution of linear systems equations for the Method of the Conjugated Gradients. The temperature field s behavior of different structures subject to the internal heat into the concrete was analyzed, under the influence of the environmental conditions, that allows the heat to be dissipated, generating as consequence, non- linear temperature distributions inside the structure. The termomechanic problems studied in mass concrete structures were analyzed in this dissertation, where the thermal stresses behaviour could be evaluated considering the linear viscoelasticity properties of the material, comparing them with the tensile strength of the material. Finally, comparative studies of the stresses in a mass concrete block were executed using elastic models and linear viscoelasticity, evaluating the importance and magnitude levels of the associated differed effects in the termomechanic behavior analysis of solid concrete structures in a construction stage.
Estudo da área líquida efetiva de chapas e cantoneiras de aço tracionadas e ligadas por parafusos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-06-07) Veronez, Jane Suave; Sá, Pedro Augusto Cezar Oliveira de; Ferreira, Walnório Graça,; Coelho, Luiz Herkenhoff; Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando Loureiro
This work presents a study of the net section rupture of bolted flat plates and single angles of steel tension members capacities. The modes of failure of the tension members subjected to static loads and connected with bolts are exposed at first. After that, the mode of failure of rupture of net section is established as the center of interest. A brief report above researches about the subject is presented and the sources of design calculations used by some current specifications are indicated. Afterwards, design calculations for service ability criterion, used by current specifications for laminated, welded and cold formed steel members, are presented and the divergences between those criterions are pointed out. A comparative analysis with numeric examples with laminated and welded members is accomplished, in order to exemplify the specification prescriptions. A numeric simulation of plates with concentric connections and single angles with eccentric connections are realized by the finite element analysis (FEA), in the program Ansys 5.5. After the presentation of the results, procedures to calculate the resistance of the studied models are proposed, and a comparative analysis between the results obtained on the numeric simulation and on the design calculations for service ability criterion is realized, showing the differences between them and indicating the ones that have more approximation with numeric results.
Estudo experimental de compactação e expansão de uma escória de aciaria LD para uso em pavimentação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-11-11) Raposo, Carlos Olympo Lima; Castello, Reno Reine; Bicalho, Kátia Vanessa; Núñez, Washington Peres; Silva, Maristela Gomes da; Zandonade, Eliana
The steel slag or BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag is a by-product generated in integrated steel plants. The use of this material in bases and sub-bases of pavements may present technical, economical and environmental advantages compared to natural aggregates. However, problems, like the expansibility and the deficiency of technical criteria for its acceptance, limit the use of steel slags in pavements. The expansibility of steel slags is mainly generated by hydration of free calcium and magnesium oxides (CaO and MgO). The purpose of this study is to evaluate compaction and expansibility of a steel slag using laboratory tests. And then contributing for definition of technical criteria of expansibility evaluation of this material for use in bases and sub-bases of pavements. The steel slag of this study is originated in a integrated steel plant located in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In this work, the laboratory compaction tests were conducted using standard and modified effort, and for the expansibility tests three methods were used: PTM-130/78, JIS 5015/92 and ASTM D 4792/00. The compaction tests of the steel slag did not yield optimum water content, showing the same characteristic of granular materials. Statistical analysis of compaction tests did not show significant differences between two procedures (with and without reuse of material), between two efforts of compaction (standard and modified effort) and between two different samples (with and without treatment for expansion reduction). The statistical analysis of expansibility tests using method PTM-130/78 show that: The water content of compaction was not statistically significant in the expansion results; the influence of the temperature in the expansion results was statistically significant; and the influence of the effort of compaction in the expansion results was statistically significant. Also a technical criterion for acceptance of lots of steel slag is proposed here, using PTM- 130/78 test method. The criterion includes sampling procedure, a statistical significant methodology to calculate the minimum number of specimens and the maximum limit of 3% expansion using PTM-130/78 test method.
Estudo de tipologias do morar para terceira idade em edifício de apartamentos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-12-21) Bernardo, Maria Alva; Oliveira, Marcel Olivier Ferreira de; Canal Filho, Pedro; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Penteado, Karla do Carmo Caser
The research bring up the discussion about the need of rethinking the living, appropriate to all life phases and not only that produced for the adult-man-pattern, as it is verified nowadays in the practices of the estate market. It is fact that the called third age people is receiving more attention in the part of the researchers of different areas, mainly with the increase in the number of senior people due the increase of life expectation and decrease of the birth rate, but there are still few referring studies to the adaptation of architectural spaces, especially in buildings of apartments. The desire of most people, to live more and more, can result in an extended time of life, marked by incapacities and dependence. The challenge is to get a larger more life with quality. In that sense, the home place, symbol and representation of the social identity of each one, needs to be thought from way to adapt all the stages of the life. This research presents suggestions of a theoretical conceptual model, through the analysis of the physical space of buildings of apartments built/projected in Vitória/ES, tracing a parallel among the ones that are produced/offered for the market and the seniors' needs that request dimensionally and appropriate ambients, specifics for them to in such a way to make them safe and comfortable, allowing them larger independence through the projected spaces by using materials and appropriate accessories, and looking for to assist the functional and physical limitations of the third age. Two apartments were analyzed, being one with the typology of the decade of 1970 and another of the year of 2005, with program of 03 rooms with suite, social bathroom, living room, cooking and service areas. It was established a comparative situation among the current production and considered ideal in terms of adaptation of the physical space for the third age. Through it, it can be proven that with a minimum area increase is possible to produce apartments projected based in the universal drawing.
Análise teórico-experimental de colunas curtas em perfis formados a frio de seção transversal tipo rack
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-06-19) Ribeiro, Fernanda Simões; Freitas, Arlene Maria Sarmanho; Ferreira, Walnório Graça; Batista, Eduardo de Miranda
The assembly facility, flexibility and diversity had made with that the storage racks systems to be widely used in Brazil. These systems normally consist of cold-formed steel members, and the connections of these are made by semi-rigid links, with bolts or not. Its columns are usually open thin walled perforated to accept the rabbet with other members. The design codes of cold-formed steel structures do not could be apply for racks systems for several reasons: verification of global stability, effect of the out-of-plumbness, horizontal and vertical imposed accidentally by transport equipments and the influence of perforations in the columns load capacity. Due these particularities, some manufactures have developed specific procedures for structural verification and design of these systems. The Storage Equipment Manufactures Association (SEMA, England, 1980), the Rack Manufactures Institute (RMI, USA, 1997) and Federation Européene de la Manutetion (FEM, 1996), applied in England, United States and Europe, respectively, are examples of specification developed for design of racks. In this work, experimental analysis in short columns with section had been carried through rack sections with different thicknesses, with and without holes, in order to evaluate the influence of the perforations in the load capacity and the deformations suffer during the test. The experimental results of perforated columns had been compared with RMI procedure and the proposed equation by Sarawit and Peköz (2003). Already for columns without holes, the association was made between the American and Brazilian codes for cold-formed steel structures. And, finally, is considered a new formulation to apply the NBR 14762 to perforated columns, using the effective area design by RMI.
Localização de indústrias de reciclagem na cadeia logística reversa do coco verde
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-12-05) Schwartz Filho, Arliss José; Ribeiro, Glaydston Mattos; Faé, Maria Inês; Ahonen, Hannu Tapio; Gualda, Nicolau Dionísio Fares
This work aims at developing a mathematical model and a methodological approach for the location of recycling industries of green coconut residuals. The coconut hard cover can cause environmental impacts when discharged along the beaches or in land farming. These residuals can be recycled and transformed into fibres, a qualified and profitable use, that can also generate jobs and revenues. It is of great importance the location study, theme approached in the present study using the following methodological steps: the characterization of the reverse chain logistics of the green coconut; selection of the places that are potential candidates to settle the recycling industries; estimation of the residual amount that is produced, travel distances and costs; development of a model of mixed linear and no linear programming; and choice of the tools for solution of the model. The modeling takes into account the amount of recycling industries, its capacities, the best locations and the corresponding residual distribution, which minimize the costs of installation, operation, stock and transport. Ten scenarios related to the problem were created for Espírito Santo State combining the numbers of industries, capacities and locations, and varying the involved costs, the amount of residues and the life time of the industries. The mathematical model showed to be a quite useful tool for analysis of location problems, due to its operational simplicity as well as the availability in the market of Solver and What´sBest!. As expected, the results agree with the reality of Espírito Santo State concerning the landfill location in the Cariacica district, actual place of destination of the green coconut residuals generated in the Grande Vitória region, being the same chosen in the ten used sceneries.
Aplicação da metodologia QFD no transporte coletivo urbano de passageiros
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-12-18) Pêgo, Flávia Ferraz; Zandonade, Eliana; Morais Neto, Gregório Coelho de; Magalhães, Maysa Sacramento de; Cruz, Marta Monteiro da Costa
This paper has the objective of identifying the priority points of the Urban Passengers Transport System by bus within the city of Vitória ES by the passengers, hereafter referred to as `users´, the bus company and the office within the local Government, applying the Quality Function Deployment (QFD), that established the correlation between the company and both the Government body and users perception. From results obtained, it is the intention to give subsidies for the bus company and the Government body in order to prioritize some aspects relating to the quality of service, taking into consideration the users perception in relation to the importance of customer satisfaction. Amongst the stages of the methodology highlights the following: Questionnaire for the customers whereby the levels of customer satisfaction was gauged, and the degree of importance given to each issue found in previous research. Also including correspondence received in customer suggestion boxes was taken into consideration. Meetings taken place with both the employees of the bus company and the government body, whereby the employees identified the items necessary for monitoring and checking, and established its correlation of Quality Demand. From the outcome of both the results of the questionnaire and issues addressed at subsequent meetings, were built the matrix for quality of both Company and Government body, which resulted in the prioritization of monitoring and checking. In relation to the users satisfaction level, the research showed that more than half of those interviewed evaluated the items towards the fleet and crew as ´good´. The response relating to the actual operating of the company had the highest percentage of results identifying rated as ´regular´ ´bad´ and´ ´ very bad´. Also where the items that had the highest number of evaluations were rated ´very important´ and ` important´. In relation to prioritizing the items of the company monitoring, highlighted the items related to index of execution of trips and rate of occupation of the vehicle. In relation to prioritizing of checking by the Government body concluded that it had had three areas highlighted: to assure the accomplishment of the constant trips in the Orders of Service of Operation and to assure that the schedule of exit and arrival of the vehicles are accomplished. A further priority raised was the penalty which would be applied to the company in the event of a violation of the items being checked. Through this prioritization was observed a difference of point of view between the users and the Government body regarding the quality of service provided by the bus company. This indicated the necessity of a review of priorities of the Government body and the afore mentioned company.
Análise dinâmica de pisos mistos em aço-concreto submetidos a atividades humanas rítmicas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-05-23) Loose, Juliane Klug; Silva, José Guilherme Santos da; Ferreira, Walnório Graça; Sá, Pedro Augusto Cezar Oliveira de; Faísca, Renata Gonçalves
The application of dynamic analysis in structures is growing together with the new technologies of construction. Knowledge about the behavior of materials and its consequent optimized usage allow making structures more and more slender. This tendency of design are leading to structures systems with natural frequencies much and much lower and, therefore closer to the frequency of the dynamic excitation associated to the human beings activities, such as: walking, running and jumping. As a consequence, dynamic loads due to human rhythmic activities can be enough to cause frequencies near the resonance, making the system sufficiently vulnerable to the effects of vibrations, exceeding the recommended limits for human comfort, resulting in discomfort for people. This work intends to study the behavior of composite floor systems (steel-concrete), subjected to human rhythmic activities like aerobic activities and free jumps. For such, analysis in composite floor models will be done using the Finite Element Method (FEM). It was considered the usual techniques of discretization using the computer program Ansys. The beams are simulated by finite elements considering flexion and torsion effects. The concrete floors are simulated by elements with membrane capability. The dynamics loads were modeling using diferents metodologies. One of these, uses experimental parameters that considere effects produced by crowds, and other, use parameters from international recomendations. Later, the results obtained, in terms of the maximums accelerations (peaks accelerations), are confronted and compared to those supplied by the technical literature available about the subject, from the point of view of human comfort. The results obtained in this study show that composite floors analyzed are submitted to high accelerations that can be cause problems, because exceed the limits associated to the human comfort.
Modelo de otimização para o planejamento da rede de serviços no transporte ferroviário de cargas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-09-04) Campos, Luciano Bandeira; Pompermayer, Fabiano Mezadre; Cruz, Marta Monteiro da Costa; Ratton Neto, Hostílio Xavier; Morais Neto, Gregório Coelho de
Rail transportation typically demands large investment in rolling-stock and infrastructure and is also known for its good fuel efficiency when compared to other modes of transportation. In spite of good fuel efficiency, fuel consumption is still responsible for a significant part of variable costs. This has motivated railroads to improve technology and operational practices which may reduce fuel consumption. An optimization model with focus in rolling stock and fuel consumption was developed in order to help tactical planning of railroad freight transportation with an integrated view of the network (line and yard operations). The model development was guided for application in the iron ore transportation performed by a well-known Brazilian railroad. Different predefined train consist options are operated simultaneously from eleven mines toward an export terminal. Three intermediate terminals may be used to combine train consists. The model helps decision making process related to which trains (services) should run, how frequently and what should be the sequence of activities to be performed from origin to destination of freight. This kind of problem is known as service network design. It is possible to choose between long or short trains (by changing service frequency), as well as direct train connections or more than one train between terminals. Line and yard congestions were modeled and led to an integer nonlinear formulation, solved by software which uses a branch-and-bound based method. The solutions found considered the tradeoff between yard and line costs. Finally, results are discussed and vary according to different approaches for the objective function.
Contribuição à avaliação do nível de serviço de vias considerando emissão de poluentes e tempo de produção
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-11-24) Anselmo Neto, Leandro; Bertolde, Adelmo Inácio; Guedes, Nadja Lisbôa da Silveira; Romanelli, Marco Antônio Cypreste; Ribeiro, Paulo Cezar Martins
This paper aims to propose a methodology for assessing the level of service of urban roads, in a complementary manner to the method of Classification of the Manual of the routes Capacity - HCM, multitracks with the addition of two variables: the emission of pollutants and cost of lost production time. Initially, it is made a literature review on time loss, pollution generated by traffic and demand management. Then, we talk about the importance of track analysis and performance measures important to keep a track with an acceptable standard of fluidity, and also about the procedure for capacity analysis and the calculation of the level of service, using the HCM. Considering the importance of preserving the environment and the time value to society in the modern world, we propose a complementary part valuing the added variables, subjected to statistical methods, which may involve a background variable service level, ie, a reclassification that is an innovation of the proposed methodology. From the data collected in the field of public and private institutions, it was rehearsed this methodology for one of the most important accesses to the city of Victoria which is the Darcy Castelo de Mendonça Bridge (3ª Bridge) that links up Vitoria and Vila Velha and with compromised planned capacity and high cost of lost production time. After the analysis of the results generated in the test, corroborating with HCM, we inferred that there is loss of production time in two stages - D, E. Thus, it was decided to calculate the cost and not consider it statistically to reclassify the service level. The emission of pollutants - CO - was observed to be relevant at all levels - A, B, C, D, E, and it was applied multivaried statistical techniques to proceed the reclassification of 19% of the level calculated and judged as impaired. It is worth pointing out that the proposed methodology can be applied to any urban road.
Concretos submetidos a ciclos de temperaturas elevadas: estudos experimentais em corpos de prova localizados em unidades de produção de uma usina siderúrgica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-03-18) Fonseca, Renato Oliveira; Tristão, Fernando Avancini; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Araújo, Georgia Serafim; Calixto, José Marcio Fonseca
This work aims at evaluating the degradation state in concretes located in a production unit at a steel plant, which were submitted to long periods of exposure to high temperature cycles from production process, by researching the effects on their physical and mechanical properties, and also the changes on their microstructure. In order to develop this experimental program, 2 lots of concrete samples were molded: the first one with compressive strength characteristic (fck) ≥ 30 MPa and water and cement relation w/c ≤ 0,55; the second one with compressive strength characteristic (fck) ≥ 40 MPa and water and cement relation w/c ≤ 0,45. These samples were exposed to similar termic cycles periods, placed at specific locations in the steel plant where high temperatures were identified on concrete structures from steel production process. During the evaluation period, the concrete samples were submitted to the same termic cycles that concrete structures are exposed. In addition, some control concrete samples were molded with the same technical features, but these ones were stored in water saturated with lime, in a room with temperature control in order to compare the result of both tests. After this step, all the concrete samples were submitted to laboratory tests for verification of compressive strength, elastic modulus, quantity of voids, water absorption, carbonation depth, adhesion of steel bar and microstructure verification. As a result, it was possible to observe that the termic cycles caused changes at concrete properties in the evaluated concrete samples. These changes provided the understanding of concrete state of degradation in several locations at a steel plant where there are high temperature cycles acting on the concrete.
Agressividade ambiental em zona de atmosfera marinha: estudo da deposição de cloretos e sua concentração em concretos na Região Sudeste
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-03-25) Borba Júnior, José Carlos; Meira, Gibson Rocha; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Louzada, Desilvia Machado; Vieira, Geilma Lima
The concrete structures that are built close to the sea suffer the environmental aggression caused by the marine aerosol. The marine aerosol is a sea salt airbone formed by the ocean waves movement and by the friction of the wind against the surface of the ocean water. The quantity of salt found in the aerosol is bigger the more the winds of the region are and the less the distance from the coast is. That aerosol is transported by the wind towards the continent, and then it is deposited on the concrete surface structures. The chloride that is deposited enters into the concrete by an absorption and ionic diffusion, and may cause the corrosion of the framework. This work aims to measure the concentration of chlorides in the marine aerosol and associate it with the concentration of chloride in the concrete. To do that, five natural exposition point were selected to measure the sea salt airbone, being three of them used to expose the concrete to the environmental aggression. The points are located in the metropolitan region of Vitoria city at 60, 65, 120, 240 and 520 meters away from the sea, being the three farthest ones used to expose the concretes. The chloride measurements found in the marine aerosol was carried out by using the wet candle test. Climate measures were also taken to characterize the region under analyses. The analyzed concretes were modeled on concrete prism test specimens with different traces, varying the relation water/cement: 0,65, 055 e 0,45. After 6 and 20 months, samples of the concretes were taken to determine the chloride tenor. The results indicate a fragile relation between the deposition of chlorides in the atmosphere and the concentration of chlorides in the concrete for the analyzed region. The deposition of chlorides, in its turn, presented low correlation with the rate flow of the winds. Anyway, it is possible to establish a behavior of the environmental aggressiveness according to the obtained determinations.
Arquitetura residencial multifamiliar baseada em conceitos sustentáveis : ensaio projetual à luz dos quesitos da metodologia LEED
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-03-30) Almeida, Adriane Alvarenga de Paiva; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Oliveira, Marcel Olivier Ferreira de; Lyra, Ana Paula Rabello; Zorzal, Fábio Márcio Bisi
Most residential buildings do not take into consideration environmental issues. It have been decided to study the issue and make a project test, that means, a original project in preliminary stage, of a residential condominium in Serra, Espirito Santo, with sustainable features considering the nature, the local climate, social, cultural, and economic aspects. To prepare the test were considered environmental strategies based on LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) for new buildings. This essay serves as a starting point for further research to achieve an architecture that considers the climate and the Brazilian cultural, social and economic necessities, taking advantage of the existing natural wealth in order to meet the huge housing demand quantitatively and qualitatively.
Avaliação da adequação de sistemas construtivos em madeira na produção de edificações em ilhas oceânicas: estudos de caso no Atol das Rocas e nos Arquipélagos de Fernando de Noronha e de São Pedro e São Paulo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-05-25) Woelffel, Anderson Buss; Alvarez, Cristina Engel de; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Yuba, Andrea Naguissa
Since ancient times, wood has been widely used by civilizations as a building and decorative material. Currently, when the concern about the preservation of resources of the planet is being more and more debated in several forums, the use of wood - mainly as a building material from renewable and reusable source of low power consumption and high efficiency – has become an issue and has been justified before the challenges imposed by the ideals of sustainable development. Due to the necessity of occupying the oceanic islands motivated by scientific, economic or strategic interests and the consequent need for building support to enable human life in these places, this work is aimed at studying the suitability of wood construction systems employed in those buildings in terms of logistics, environment, safety, comfort and durability, considering especially the fragility of the islands. Methodologically, this research is divided into three steps: recognition (literature and documents), development (data collection using the Post-Occupancy Evaluation Methodology and in situ measurements), and a conclusion (data assessment and publication of results). The studies were performed in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, and Rocas Atoll Marine Biological Reservation. According to the results of this study, it was concluded that wood has satisfactory characteristics for the sites mentioned above, particularly for enabling pre-fabrication, which allows pre-assembling for testing still on shore and subsequent assembling in situ, as well as relocating it with minimal damage to pieces, if necessary. It was also considered the resistance to local conditions and the need for low maintenance, which reinforced the conclusions of this research. It is noteworthy the high resistance/density ratio compared to other materials, favoring the transportation and sizing of pieces, and that the wood is an environmentally friendly material, a good thermal insulator and pleasant feeling to the touch allowing further a building with optimal harmonic relationship with the local landscape, safety and minimal environmental impact.
Um modelo de otimização da política de reabastecimento para transportadores rodoviários de carga
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-06-10) Rodrigues Junior, Amilton Dias; Orientador1; Rosa, Rodrigo de Alvarenga; Caldas, Marco Antonio Farah
The transportation management is fundamental to maintaining the company’s competitiveness seeing that transport represents around 60% of total logistics cost. It is also known that the transportation mode in Brazil is highly concentrated on the road transportation and one of the most significant costs for the trucking companies is the fuel cost. In this context, this dissertation presents the development of a mathematic model, based on concepts of operations research, which optimizes the fuel cost in the road freight transportations and assists the company’s decision making on refueling policy choices. Basically, in order to reduce the total cost, this model analyzes the fuel prices variations in a road network and, thereby, defines routes, gas stations and the ideal quantities of fuel to be refueled. Therefore, to assist the development of this model, the research raises the impact of the fuel cost on trucking companies and the majors academics articles related the refueling optimization. It was observed that this model can help the truckload companies in reducing their costs, and, consequently, to contribute to their competitiveness.
Análise multimétodo de percepções de agentes intervenientes na pesquisa e no gerenciamento de agregados reciclados de resíduos da construção civil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-06-29) Rembiski, Fabrícia Delfino; Pinto, Míriam de Magdala; Gama, João Luiz Calmon Nogueira da; Vieira, Geilma Lima; Tristão, Fernando Avancini; Rocha, Janaide Cavalcante
Waste management in civil construction has limitations both in the private initiative as in the public sector. This happens in construction sites and recycling plants, and when reusing these residues to replace natural aggregates to produce construction materials. This study aims at identifying the elements preventing the waste recycling sector in civil construction from developing, as well as using the obtained results to offer recommendations to support the use of recycled aggregates in the Civil Construction Industry. In order to identify these elements, the perception of the intervening agents in management and research processes was surveyed: (a) professionals of nine construction sites in the municipality of Vitoria (Espírito Santo, Brazil); (b) researchers at state, national and international level; and (c) nine managers of recycling plants located in the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, multi-method study was employed, which enables combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, comprising bibliographical research, data collection research, and case studies. The following instruments were analyzed for data collection: questionnaire, semi-structured interview, direct observation, and audiovisual records. Analysis of intervening agents’ perception showed that merchandizing, technological, organizational, cultural and environmental elements influence the waste recycling sector in civil construction. Based on this, a set of recommendations regarding these elements were prepared in order to be used by the intervening agents.

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