Engenharia Ambiental

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17610

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental

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Caracterização gravimétrica e comercial dos resíduos sólidos urbanos recolhidos em Postos de Entrega Voluntaria do sistema de Coleta Seletiva da Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória-ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2001-12-13) Laignier, Irene Thomé Rabello; Braga, Florindo dos Santos; 1º membro da banca
This work aimed to characterize the dry and solid urban waste comercialized by Usina de Lixo de Vitória – ES composed of Voluntary Delivery Offices (Postos de Entrega Voluntária - PEV), implemented by the city of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo. Fieldwork was developed along with the practical techniques of collect, transportation and a process of selection for later recovery used by the existent system, under tecno-scientific criteria. From the analysis of the results it is concluded that the waste from the PEVs of selective collect had in its composition 38% paper, 19% glass, 13%, plastic and 8% ferrousand non-ferrous metals and 22% discards and the utilization index of the recycle materials taken in the PEVs was about 77%. The acts of vandalism against PEVs are not very significative. Laterly was stimated the number of users that utilize the system of selective collect to dispose the recycle materials that they own produce. Finally was established a relationship between the locations of these collectors and their own filling in level. Because it is the first avaliation of this kind of collect, in the state of ES, hopefully that the results taken, come to contribute for a management and planning in case of expansion of the selective collect in Vitória or even in the implementation of this kind of collect in the other cities.
Movimentos de massa no município de Vitória-ES : inventário, caracterização e indicativos de um modelo comportamental
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2003-09-01) Salaroli, Iramaya Sepulcri; Castro Junior, Rodolfo Moreira de; Loureiro, Reginaldo Vello; Addad, João Eduardo; Sobreiro, Frederico Garcia
The phisiographic aspects, the intrinsic characteristics of the lands and the population growth that have been intensified during the last decade, resulted in a disorganized occupation on the slope, have brought the occurrence of mass movements in Vitória – E.S., mainly during the rainy periods. This dissertation focus the identification of mass movement problems in the city, through the study and analysis of a local inventory, characterization of the movements and the determination of the indicators of behavior. The inventory was realized through the register of 1122 geological and geologic–geotecnic accidents in the city of Vitória, during a period of 18 years, from 1984 to 2001, using Geografic Information System (GIS’s) as a basic tool of data register. The characterization of the mass movement involves the gathering of data from the inventory, in the form of graphics, and an analysis of the determination of the mass movement conditional factors in the city. The analysis procedure used in the determination of the indicators of behavior models used comparative methods based on conditional factors of risk, in order to obtain points of homogeneous behavior of the mass movement of Vitória. The advance of knowledge of the problems involved in the mass movements in Vitória looks toward the definition of the correct counter measures in mitigating the consequences, through the suggestions of the implementation of a preventive plan.
Utilização de parâmetros reológicos para verificar a aptidão ao desaguamento de lodos de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos do tipo UASB+BF's condicionados com polieletrólitos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2003-12-19) Braga, Walace Marcelino; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Santos, Jane Meri; Além Sobrinho, Pedro
This research aims at the rheological description of the sludge produced by an UASB + BAF wastewater treatment works and evaluates the application of the rheological parameters on the selection of polyeletrolyts, and it’s optimal dose, used to increase the sludge’s dehydration ability. The tests with raw sludge included rotational rheo-viscosimetry, cup with a hole kinematic-viscometry, besides pH and solid contents measurements. The falling sphere rheo-viscometry was used on the raw sludge filtrate and sludge conditionated with cationic, anionic and non ionic polymers filtrate, both obtained through a Búchner funnel. This data was later compared with data obtained by classic methods, such as Specific Resistance to Filtration (SRF), Time of Capillary Suction (CST) and the solid content. The electrical conductivity and turbidity were also measured on the mentioned filtrates. The results obtained indicate that the rheology of the sludge produced on the WWTP - UFES agrees with the pseudoplastic model with shear stress limit (HERSCHEL-BULKLEI). The thixotropic model was put in evidence and the rheological parameters were found to agree with what was expected for this kind of material. It was also found that there is a good correlation between those parameters and the solid content in the sludge. The results obtained for the filtrate viscosity, as well as those from CST and the SRF tests, show that the cationic polymer is the best auxiliary in the dewatering of this kind of sludge. This research shows that it is possible to use the rheological parameters and apparent viscosity in the control of the processes involved in disposing the sludge in a way that does not damage the environment, once the tests and essays used in this research can be easily and quickly reproduced
Caracterização e aproveitamento de água cinza para uso não-potável em edificações
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-12-20) Bazzarella, Bianca Barcellos; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Mota, Francisco Suetônio Bastos; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves
Alternative sources of residential water supply may aid water conservation. One example is the reuse of greywater for non potable purposes (car washing, garden irrigation and toilet flushing). This work investigates alternatives for reducing potable water consumption and the production of wastewater in buildings, using greywater treatment applied to toilet flushing. Initially, a physical-chemical and microbiological qualitative characterization of greywater collected in several sources (lavatory, shower, kitchen sink, tank and wash machine) was carried out. The greywater presented significant concentrations of quickly biodegradable organic substances and sulphates, highlighting its high potential for H2S production when stored untreated. The nutrient concentrations (N and P) were minor compared with the ones in a conventional sewer, since they largely came from faeces and urine. The presence of E. coli showed the need for disinfection before reuse, depending on the quality standards for toilet flushing. Additionally a reuse system was monitored in a building at UFES University. The building contains two professors rooms with individual bathrooms and collective bathrooms, male and female, giving a total of six lavatories, two showers, six toilets and two urinals. This building s greywater (the effluent of showers and lavatories) is directed to a Greywater Treatment Plant (ETAC), whose processing is based on a combination of techniques - Compartment Anaerobic Reactor (RAC), Submerged Aerated Filter (FBAS), Tertiary Filter (FT) and disinfection based in chlorine. The adopted treatment showed high efficiency in the removal of turbidity, color, BOD5, QOD, E. coli, and was compatible with diverse standards established for non potable reuse. The characteristics of the generated sludge of this treatment presented concentrations of ST and the relation SV/ST of 0,59% and 77% (1st chamber of the RAC), 0.54% and 74% (2nd chamber of the RAC), 0.004% and 32% (aerobic sludge), 0.008% and 60% (1st collects tertiary sludge) and 0.004% and 25% (2nd collects tertiary sludge).
Aproveitamento da água da chuva para fins não potáveis na cidade de Vitória (ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-12-28) Annecchini, Karla Ponzo Vaccari; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Philippi, Luiz Sergio
The use of alternative water sources is cited as one of the solutions for the problem of water scarcity. Among the sources, the rainwater harvesting is distinguished, for being one of the simplest and cheapest solutions to preserve drinking water, bringing as another benefit the reduction of the superficial runoff, minimizing the problems with floods. With the necessity and the increasing interest for the rainwater harvesting, this research promoted the characterization of the rainwater in the city of Vitória (ES) and studied its potential of use in urban areas for non potable uses. This research counted on a system of rainwater collection, installed in the Experimental Park of Núcleo Água at UFES. The system composed of metallic roof of 80 m², PVC gutters, self-cleaning filter, first flush device and storage tank, made possible the collection of samples for the rainwater quality verification. An extensive characterization was carried through with the rainwater collected form the harvesting system and with the rainwater collected from the atmosphere, where 22 parameters physical-chemical and microbiological were analyzed. The historical data of rainfall in the city of Vitória was obtained with the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the water demand to be supplied with the rainwater was quantified and, finally, were used the Method of Rippl, the Interactive Method and the Behavioral Model for sizing the rainwater storage tanks. As result of the characterization, was observed that the water from the atmospheric rain has a good quality, presenting a low index of acidity (11%). It was verified that, after passing for the catchment surface, the rainwater quality became worst, however with the removal of the first rain, the water directed to the storage tank presented good quality, being compatible with non potable uses. The sizing model that resulted in the lower storage volume, without efficiency lost, was the Behavioral Model (YBS – Yield before spillage). The payback of the investment in rainwater harvesting systems occurs slowly, in a period of 8 to 10 years, especially in the case of small residences, mainly because of the low cost of the drinking water.
Parâmetros bioquímicos indicadores da qualidade do ar das espécies Licania tomentosa (Benth.) e Bauhinia forficata (Link.) no biomonitoramento na Região da Grande Vitória, ES/Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-02-24) Maioli, Otávio Luiz Gusso; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Santos, Jane Meri; Reis Junior, Neyval Costa; Lima, Josanidia Santana
Parameters had been analyzed bioindicators as pH, acid ascorbic, index buffering capacity (BCI), activity of peroxidase, chlorophyll, A, B and β-carotene in order to relate the level of estress of 02 plants species with the tropospheric ozone concentration ambient in the region of Grande Vitória (RGV). The studied species had been Licania tomentosa (Benth.) and Bauhínia forficata (Link.). The concentrations of the parameters had been compared bioindicators in leves of the species between quarters with considerable indices of pollution (Enseada do Suá, Laranjeiras, Ibes) and the Ecological Reserve of Duas Bocas, considered as free region of the load of pollutants. For the RGV the maximum values of ozone (O3) for the period of exposition of 4 hours are 140 µg/m3 , and are above of the minimum values considered by Stern et al (1984) that they cause injuries to the vegetal species as vegetables, orquídeas and tobacco (59 µg/m3 ). 3 campaigns of analyses had been carried through biochemists (Outubro/Novembro/2003, Dezembro/2004 and Agosto/2005), where it was possible to verify the annual and seasonal influence of the stations of the year and ozone in the parameters biochemists. Ten different methodologies for the calculation of the ozone concentration had been implemented (average daily, average daily between 7:30h and 18:30h, daily average between 9:30h and 16:30h, horary mobile average for 4 hours of exposition, monthly average of the daily average, monthly average of the daily principle, SUM-0, AOT-40 and SUM-60, beyond the horary average). These methodologies can improve the answers on the impact of ozone in the alterations biochemists of vegetables. Moreover, the influence of the ground of the places in study was verified, carrying through an analysis of nutrients of soil in Dezembro/2003. Parameters bioindicators as pH, BCI, acid ascorbic, activity of peroxidase and total chlorophyll in the species Licania tomentosa and; pH, BCI, acid ascorbic, total chlorophyll and β-carotene in the species Bauhínia forficata, constitute indicating potentials of estress caused for the pollution of air, especially for ozone. The horary mobile averages for 4 hours of exposition and the AOT-40 if relate as well as some alterations biochemists in the species. Both the species have presented sensitivity to the atmospheric pollution through alterations observed in different parameters biochemists for different ozone concentrations.
Avaliação da resistência a antibióticos em isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes de esgoto hospitalar e sanitário
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-06-26) Depizzol, Fernanda; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Keller, Regina; Monteggia, Luiz Olinto
The presence of pharmaceuticals compounds in wastewater, among them the antibiotics, has been white of questionings and research in the areas of public and ambient health, which had, mainly, to the potential development of resistant bacteria and its persistence in the environment. This work had the objective of isolate bacteria, from sanitary and hospital sewages, verifying the level of the resistance of isolated specified antibiotics. The sanitary raw wastewater presented average characteristics of 97mg/L (TSS), 368mg/L (CODt) and 220mg/L (BOD5). Whereas the hospital raw sewage (EBH-1 e EBH-2) presented average characteristics of 367mg/L (TSS), 798mg/L (CODt), 270mg/L (BOD5) and 113mg/L (TSS), 320mg/L (CODt) and 172mg/L (BOD5) respectively. The pH of the hospital and sanitary wastewater during the period of study remained next to the neutral pH. In relation to total coliforms and E. coli, the raw and treated hospital sewage had an average of 107NMP/100mL and 106NMP/100mL, respectively. The maximal polyresistance found in the ETE-UFES for a strain was to 6 antibiotics (EBS and UASB) and to 7 antibiotics (Efinal). For the hospital wastewater this value was of 9, 8, 11 and 7 antibiotics, respectively for the EBH -1, SF-1, EBH - 2 and SF-2. Whereas in the TD it was observed multiple-resistance the 12 antibiotics. For the antibiotic, PEN, was observed resistance in 100% of the isolated bacteria. It was verified that the number of resistant strains of the samples of the hospital wastewater was significantly bigger when compared with the samples of the sanitary wastewater. In system ETE-UFES was observed a significant increase, in the final effluent, of strains E. coli resistant to antibiotics ERI and SUT, when compared with strain of the raw sewage, whereas in the STSFA-1, had a significant reduction of resistant E. coli to antibiotics NEO and AMI in the final effluent. However in the STSFA-2, was verified a significant reduction of strains E. coli resistant to antibiotics: TET, CIP and NALI. The resistant bacteria to those antibiotics when submitted to disinfection with ultraviolet light were more resistant when they had been compared with the sensible bacteria, however, must be taken in consideration the small check number analyzed in this study. Therefore, these bacteria that present characteristic profiles of resistance to the antibiotics could represent a serious ambient risk for the reason that these strains of coliforms bacteria can spread the resistance for other bacteria, also those already pathogenic.
Avaliação do uso da água em sistemas de irrigação localizada nas culturas do café e do mamão
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-08-17) Lopes, Marcos Eugênio Pires de Azevedo; Silva, José Geraldo Ferreira da; Teixeira, Edmilson Costa; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Mantovani, Everardo Chartumi
abstract
Análise de estratégias de resposta a derramamento de óleo pesado no litoral do Espírito Santo utilizando modelagem computacional
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-10-31) Ferreira, José Paulo; Martins, Renato Parkinson; Rigo, Daniel; Aquije Chacaltana, Júlio Tomás; Lima, José Antônio Moreira
The response to heavy oil spill in Brazil needs to be deeply discussed; in order to consider certain particularities not considered by the legislation. The sizing of the structure to be used does not take into account the oil characteristics, like density or viscosity, as well as, it treats the same way any volume of discharge bigger than 200m3, considering it simply as ‘great discharge’. The main objective of this study is to discuss the use of containment recovery and artificial dispersion, as response strategies to offshore heavy oil spills, besides the expected contribution of each response scenario as a function of the required mobilization effort. An oil spill computational model (OILMAP) is used to simulate a critical accidental heavy oil spill scenario in the south coast of Espirito Santo, the no-response scenario, which results in a big volume of oil reaching the, under a severe environmental conditions and in the case of a free slick. After that, the structure and the response times foreseen in the legislation for the containment and recovery of oil are tested, as the reference scenario. Besides a set of ten alternative response scenarios, with different response times and response structure, a series of containment and recovery strategies together with combined dispersion (mechanical and chemical) and also a response scenario exclusively composed by combined dispersion of the oil hypothetically spilled are simulated. The results obtained point toward a limitation of the response strategies in the case of a large spill under critical environmental conditions, once this work reveals that in optimum response scenario, a significant amount (~25%) of the volume initially spilled (15.000m3 ) continues reaching a large shoreline extent (~50km), in a relatively short period of time (~05days)
Impactos da urbanização sobre a qualidade da água freática em áreas de Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-02-14) Zavoudakis, Elene; Addad, João Eduardo; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira; Montenegro, Suzana Maria Gico Lima
abstract
Aplicação de um modelo lagrangiano de trajetória de partículas para modelagem da dispersão em águas rasas e simulação da dispersão no canal de acesso ao Porto de Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-02-26) Santiago, Daniel Izoton; Pereira, Maxsuel Marcos Rocha; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Teixeira, Edmilson Costa; Innocentini, Valdir
abstract
Estudo do mecanismo de alagamento e secamento em modelo computacional 2DH baseado em elementos finitos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-02-28) Siqueira, Jorlaine Machado de; Rosman, Paulo Cesar Colonna; Rigo, Daniel; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Rosso, Thereza Christina de Almeida
In this thesis, two mechanisms of wetting and drying are analysed, real and virtual, for regions of narrow tidal creeks rounded for extensive tidal flats, where the behavior of the tidal wave is modified by its interaction which the complex geometry described. A two-dimensional horizontal computational model (2DH), vertically integrated, was used in this investigation. This model is based on the finite elements method. Some simulations show the potentialities of the model on tidal flats subject to wetting and drying, showing good results. The virtual technique of the model was also compared to a numeric experiment, showing a good agreement between the results.
Análise da influência do Rio Santa Maria da Vitória na Baía de Vitória, através da modelagem computacional: uma contribuição ao processo de enquadramento
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-04-01) Saldanha, Jeanne Cristine Schmidt; Rigo, Daniel; Azevedo, José Paulo; Mendonça, Antônio Sérgio Ferreira
Coasts and firths are environments in which human impacts have caused a variety of changes. Among the main impact is the increasing use of water resources, which has caused several quality and quantity of water conflicts. In order for the control and monitoring actions to be effectively adopted, aiming at lessening the damage caused by these practices, one should understand the movement pattern of the relevant bodies of water as well as their correlation with the water quality. This is the purpose of this paper. To do so, a computer model of the region comprising the final section of the Santa Maria da Vitória River and Vitória bay was implemented. It was named SisBAHIA. After the model was calibration and verification, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the region were associated with aspects related to water quality, by performing component transport simulations. These simulations allowed the analyses of the influence of river output on the saline intrusion behavior; correlation of river and tide conditions with concentrations in the Vitória bay firth area, considering a conservative component; and evaluation of the amount of water in the region considering a non-conservative component, by using several river and tide output scenarios. It is intended that the obtained results contribute to the process of classification of the Vitória Bay. Results should also provide data to allow access to information, in order to help make decisions and manage the studied region coast. This aims at improving the quality of life of the people using the bay water
Avaliação da higienização do resíduo de caixa de areia de estações de tratamento de esgoto
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-06-06) Yamane, Luciana Harue; Keller, Regina de Pinho; Braga, Florindo dos Santos; Bringhenti, Jacqueline Rogéria; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Bringhenti, Jacqueline Rogéria
The process of treatment for wastewater produces solid waste that need to be constantly removed for to keep the treatment’s efficiency, amongst it, the waste deposited in the deep of the grit removal. The grit removal has the objective of to remove from wastewater the grit and others particulas, including the organics, presents in the wastewater in nature, that to be dragged to the deep by sedimentation process. Although not to be to receive had importance, a time that is to embed this waste in ditches or to make use in the ground without treatment, currently, this waste it is starting to be a problem in management of stations in what it is mentioned to handle, treatment and final destination, had requirements by sanitation’s companies. Had necessity of to search new sources of attainment of grit, the grit removal waste it could be an option to be use in the civil construction since either carried through the disinfection of the material. The objective this work it was to evaluate the efficiency of the lime stabilization and the natural insolation in the disinfection of the grit removal waste through evaluation in the reduction of the bacteria to coliform group and helmintos eggs. The methodology used in this work has 2 stages. In the first stage, Preliminary Study, search to know the physics and microbiological characteristic’s of the grit, to develop procedures to collect and mount of the experiments and to test process of disinfection through to lime stabilization, chlorination and natural insolation. In the second stage, Pilot Study, evaluated the efficiency to lime stabilization in the disinfection through of the repetition to experiments. As results, the lime stabilization to leave of the dosage to 10% it can be considered efficient in removal to bacterial and helmintos eggs after one week of the treatment and the dosage to leave to 15% efficient after 48 hours of the treatment and the preliminary analysis searching to use the disinfection grit demonstrate to be viable your application in the civil construction and guarantee the security in the handle, transport and final destination.
Avaliação da redução de sulfato e produção de sulfeto dissolvido em reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB) tratando esgoto sanitário em escala real
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-06-28) Subtil, Eduardo Lucas; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Souza, Marco Antônio Almeida de
In anaerobic reactors projected for the wastewater treatment the sulfate can be reduced to sulfide by the Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SBR) through a process denominated dissimilatory reduction of the ion SO4 2-. In general, the sulfate reduction in anaerobic wastewater treatment has been considered unwanted, since the production of sulfide causes a multitude of problems, such as toxicity, corrosion, odour, increase of the liquid effluent COD as well as reduced quality and amount of biogas. In the present work was evaluated the sulfate reduction and it relationship with the dissolved sulfide generation (S2-, HS- , H2S) in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) treating wastewater in real scale. The reactor operated with an average value of flow rate and Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 86,4 m3 .d-1 and 0,73 Kg COD/m3 .d The influent average values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) total and filter, sulfate, sulfide and MPN of SBR were 235,52 mg O2/L, 168 mg O2/L, 151 mg SO4 2-/L, 1,43 mg S2-/L e 1,2 x 105 MPN SRB/mL. The removal efficiencies of Total COD and Filter COD were 53 % and 49 % respectively. During whole experiment sulfate reduction was verified in the reactor, with an average reduction of 24 %. However, the dissolved sulfide concentration in the reactor was not higher than 4,96 mg S2-/L, do not representing risk to the methanogenesis. The average value of SBR in the reactor UASB was 7,6x105 MPN/mL and the COD consumed by those bacteria represented 13% of the removed Total COD. The kinetic model of first order was shown good fit to describe the global velocities of sulfate consumption and sulfite production, with K1 values of the -0,064 h-1 and 0,276 h-1 respectively. Correlation coefficients for data of the sulfate and sulfide were over 92% and data reproduction is good. The maximum rate to sulfate reduction and sulfide production were 9,67 mg SO4 2-/L.h-1 e 1,03 mg S2-/L.h-1
Recuperação e tratamento da urina humana para uso agrícola
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-06-29) Zancheta, Priscilla Garozi; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Philipp, Luiz Sergio
The recycle of nutrients between the urban and cultivating areas, is a critical stage in direction to the sustainable ecological development. Most of the nutrients that are essential in agriculture (N, P, K) is founded in human urine and, mostly, its total amount is more appropriate than the found ones in artificial fertilizers. The purpose of the present work is the quali-quantitative characterization, the evaluation of the types of storage (open, closed and aerated) and the evaporation utilized as technique of volume reduction and concentration of nutrients. For this, a stage of characterization was carried out, with urine of men, women, aged and children. The results of the characterization, analyzing volume and concentration of nutrients, show that the per capita urine production is around 1,23L/d for men, women and aged and in 0,7L/d for children, and, in all, the urine presents 7,5g/L of nitrogen, 0,5g/L of phosphorus and 1,6g/L of potassium. Talking now about the storage types, the use in closed reservoirs was the type most efficient in the biological and physical chemistry stabilization process, because there wasn’t ammonia volatilization loss, and also there wasn’t possible contaminations for influence of the external environment, and the concentration of the nutrients in this type was more satisfactory. The levels of thermo tolerant coliforms tended practically null in a period of 15 days and at ambient temperature. The evaporation process consisted in the use of the solar energy as only source of heat, and thus, occurring a volume reduction and an concentration increase of the nutrients. The evaporation of urine human occurred using fresh and storaged urine. The fresh urine was collected with the support of the group of research of the UFES and the storaged urine of a reservoir of 200L located in ETE - UFES. Two containers for each type of urine had been used, and in one of them was added concentrated sulfuric acid in order to minimize the loss of ammonia. The evaporation rate was 2,3 to 2,8L/m².d. As to the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), the final residue obtained, presents significant amounts concentrations around 91% of the concentrations of these nutrients in artificial fertilizers. After evaporation, the average was of 21 kg of residual material for 500 kg of liquid urine. So, conclude that is sufficiently interesting of the economic and technical point of view to aim for the use of the evaporation process.
Ensaios de biodegradabilidade aeróbia de hidrocarbonetos derivados do petróleo em solos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-06-29) Pedroti, Giselle Intra; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Castro, Eustáquio Vinícius Ribeiro de; Souza, Marco Antônio Almeida de
The environmental pollution caused by oil and derivatives´ leaking is a great worry about environment. With the target of recovering the environment from the pollution caused by those accidents, this work intends to isolate and characterize microorganisms with capacity of petroleum biodegradation in ground environment. The research achieve 19 isolated, which were analyzed through manual system, based in Bartha respirometric method (modified), described by NBR 14.283 (1999), by literature through condutivimetrics, which determines microbiologic activity by carbonic gas generation and, indirectly, biodegradation of ground contaminant. The research was done in three experiences: in first, biodegradation capacity of 19 isolated strains was verified, with sandy and vermicuta as substracts. The second experience tested four strains (1, 2, 13 and 14) with four hydrocarbons (A, B, C and D), forming 16 matricial treatments, with sand and vermicuta as substracts, with the purpose of verify isolated strains specificity. The third experience involved two strains (1 and 14) with four hydrocarbons (A, B, C and D), in matricial form, using sandy and clay ground, with the purpose of verify possible differences of ground biodegradation. The evaluted strains showed biodegradation potential of petroleum derivatives hydrocarbons. The biodegradation analysis was done by carbonic gas generated by bacterias in respirometric system. Data were adjusted according with biodegradation rate calculations proposed by chemical kinetics. Values until 32% hydrocarbons biodegradation in a 15 day period were observed, considering the only biodegradation model proposed by Firme (2005). The biodegradation rate presented variation according with each type of organic composites and isolated strain utilized in each experience treatment.
Vulnerabilidade à ação antrópica e uso e ocupação do solo para a estação ecológica municipal Ilha do Lameirão, Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-07-11) Tulli, Lívia Maria Albertasse; Santos, Alexandre Rosa dos; Aquije Chacaltana, Julio Tomás; Ribeiro, Aristides
abstract
Influência do desmatamento na disponibilidade hídrica da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Galo, Domingos Martins, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-07-12) Almeida, André Quintão de; Rosa, Alexandre dos Santos; Chacaltana, Julio Tomás Aquije; Ribeiro, Aristides
The present study aims at evaluating the deforestation impact on the hydrologic dynamic of a river basin. The work was held at the Galo stream basin (973Km²), Domingos Martins district of Espírito Santo, taking into consideration an analysis period of thirty years (1975/2005). Aiming at characterizing the basin hydrologic behavior, a morphological modeling was made. To do so, it was used systems of geographical information and cartographic elements (level curves and hydrograph) found in the IBGE planialtimetric letters. For the years 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2005, forest remaining maps were created through remote sensorial panacea and LANDSAT satellite images. It was used, in the hydrology historical files, the resource on statistical analysis of temporal series (BOX & JENKINGS), with the desire of observing the existence of tendencies. The registration analyzed were precipitation (m/m) and emptying (m³/s), both available in the Hydrologic Information System (HIDROWEB) of ANA and hydrologic answer, calculated through the reason between emptying and precipitation. In relation to morphometric modeling, the main results were: the basin has an elongated form, its capacity coefficient is 1, 83, the factor form is 0, 1 and the density of drainage is 2, 68 Km/Km². In relation to temporal characterization of forest remaining, the results indicate a tendency in the period of 1975 to 1995, with a reduction of forest area in the basin of 581,31to 393, 63 Km². In the period of 1995 to 2005, such tendency is no longer observed, there was an increase of forest area of 457, 73 Km². The results gotten with an analysis of hydrologic data did not show any tendency, indicating the non existence of a relation between deforestation and hydrologic dynamic of the Galo stream basin.
Tratamento de água de chuva através de filtração lenta e desinfecção UV
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-07-30) Bastos, Fernanda Pereira; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Matsumoto, Tsunao
In the face of water scarcity problems in the present time, the use of alternative supply sources is cited as solution for the water conservation. Among these sources, the main is the rainwater catchment system, characterized by a simple and cheap solution to preserve drinking waters. In this context, this research promoted a characterization of the rainwater, making it possible a system of treatment of this water making viable the smallest operational demand possible, and thus, contributes to improve the quality of life of populations that do not have access to drinking waters with low impact possible to the environment. The present work establish the guidelines for the conception and elaboration of a project of water supply, where the treatment will be through Slow Filters and ultraviolet disinfection – keeping in mind that the chlorination, conventional method, demand a operational high cost, and also is rejected by some communities, because of the taste of the chlorinated water. The roofs of the building located in the “Parque Experimental do Núcleo Água” were utilized for the rainwater capitation, were constructed with metallic tile and, approximately, 180m ² of total projection area. Annex to the building was constructed a system of storage and treatment of the rainwater, is formed by two vertical slow filters and ultraviolet light bulbs. The characterization occurred through by 12 weekly physical-chemical analyses: temperature, pH, turbidity, true color, suspended solids, dissolved solids and total solids, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride -the first three were carried out every day; and microbiological analyses, like: thermo tolerant and total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The rainwater was analyzed without treatment after passage through the slow filters with different filtration rates (4, 6 e 8 m3/m2 day), and after passage through ultraviolet disinfection with average of the 0,57 mW/cm2 . The rainwater analyzed can be classified according to CONAMA 357/05 is class 1 and according to NBR 12.216/92 is type B, being necessary in both classifications a treatment for the consumption. The quality of rainwater, after slow filtration, regarding Brazilian Ministry of Health Directive # 518/04, was, in general satisfactory, but is necessary the disinfection to be considered drinking water. The rate of ultraviolet radiation applied showed good efficacy for removal of microbiological studied in this research, being suitable for drinking.

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