Genética e Melhoramento

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17474

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento

Centro: CCAE
Telefone: (28) 3552 8933
URL do programa: https://geneticaemelhoramento.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGGM

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Análises biométricas de palmeiras juçara de fragmentos florestais no sul do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-19) Senra, João Felipe de Brites; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Ferreira, Adésio; Dalcolmo, José Maria; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça
The species Euterpe edulis Martius is native to the Atlantic Forest and popularly known as jussara palm. It is a key species of the Atlantic Forest, producing fruits that are consumed by about 30 bird species and 13 mammal species, and also presenting great economic potential for exploitation of its fruit in the form of pulp, sweets and ice creams. Currently the jussara palm is on the official list of endangered species in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to: estimate the coefficient of repeatability and determination of the characteristics of fruits and seeds, analyze the number of measurements for a 95% confidence level and test different methods for estimation of repeatability, study the genetic diversity among accessions and evaluate the pattern of seed germination via the Logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Will Bill nonlinear models, quantify the inter-population genetic diversity of the species based on the correlation between plant traits and related to fruit production. Collection of the jussara palm fruits was performed in 20 forest fragments in the following municipalities in the southern region of the state of Espírito Santo: Alegre (eight fragments), Guaçuí (four fragments), Ibitirama (three fragments), Jerônimo Monteiro (one fragment), Mimoso (three fragments) and Muqui (one fragment). For the study of repeatability 198 accessions were used, 25 fruits per plant, evaluating: longitudinal and equatorial diameter of the fruit and seed (DLF, DLS, DEF and DES) in millimeters (mm), and fruit and seed mass (MF and MS) in grams (g). Deviance was estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The coefficient of repeatability and determination and the required number of measurements was determined using the REML methods, principal components via the correlation matrix, and covariances and structural analysis based on correlation and covariance matrices. Estimates of the repeatability coefficients and determination of all variables analyzed were greater than 0.78 and 98% respectively, for all tested methodologies, performing 25 measurements. For 95% reliability, 5 measurements are required for the variables DLF, DEF, DLS, DES and MS and 4 measurements for the variable MF. The methods used do not differ with respect to estimate of the repeatability coefficient for the variables DLF, DES, MF and MS, while for the other variables the differences were minimal. To analyze the identity of the models, seeds from 40 accessions were used to evaluate: germination, germination speed index, mean germination time, first germination count and the germination percentage. Based on the quantitative data the generalized Mahalanobis distance matrix (d²) was calculate and later accessions were clustered by the Tocher optimization method divided into four groups. In each group germination was analyzed via non-linear regression using the Logistic, Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Will Bill models. Fit of the models was evaluated by the determination coefficient (R²), residual mean error (QMR), mean absolute deviation (MAD), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The identity test of the models was performed by the F-test. The Gompertz model showed intermediary values of ß1, ß2 and ß3 compared to other models which avoid under or over estimation of these regression parameters; in addition, this model presents the highest R 2 values and the lowest values of QMR, DMA, AIC and BIC, and is the most indicated to describe the pattern of germination. The identity test of the models was not significant and therefore a single regression is not efficient to describe the germination process. Groups three and four have the highest values of TG, indicating greater vigor, and for seedling production the ideal time for transplanting would be 30 days for groups one, two and 4, and 22 days for group three. For the study of genetic diversity, data from fruit of the 198 accessions utilized in the analysis of repeatability were used. In this case we evaluated the traits of: mass of one hundred fruits (MCF) and mass of one hundred seeds (MCS) in grams, pulp yield (RP) in percentage, stem diameter at 1.5 m above the ground (D1,5), stem diameter at 1.0 m above the ground (D1,0) and stem diameter at 0.5 m above the ground (D0,5) in millimeters, number of clusters (CN), cluster length (CC) in centimeters, number of rachilles (NR), and height of the cluster (AC) in meters. Based on these data the genetic correlation was estimated, and a principal components analysis and correspondence analysis were performed. Genetic correlation between the traits MCF x NR (0.44) is positive. The characteristic NR is the main determinant in variation of MCF and indirect selection can be effective, depending on estimates of heritability. The fragments GU3, AL4, JM1, MI1 and MQ1 from different municipalities are those that presented the greatest inter-population genetic divergence among the 20 fragments studied. The fragments GU2, GU3 and AL4 have exceptionally large individual producers regarding the mass of one hundred fruits (211.54 to 352.24 g) which make them important sources of selection for use in jussara palm breeding programs focused on the production of fruit pulp.
Diversidade genética em Coffea arábica no cerrado brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-20) Silva, Cyntia Meiry da; Ferreira, Adésio; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Vieira, Henrique Duarte
The coffee has importance in several segments, from social, economic to the cultural, and Brazil is the largest producer and exporter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth rate of 16 Arábica coffee genotypes (Coffea arabica) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was established in Morrinhos in Goiás State, with the spacing of 3x1m between plants. The design was a randomized block design with four replications; each experimental unit consists of five plants. Traits recorded length of reproductive branches, length of orthotropic branches, number of nodes of reproductive branches and number of nodes of orthotropic branches. The vegetative growth rates varied seasonally throughout the evaluation period. Set the exponential not linear model, and the quality of the model fit quantified by determining coefficients (R2), adjusted determination coefficient (), information Akaike (AIC) and the criterion Bayesian (BIC) information. It was concluded that it is possible to obtain the genotypes adapted climatic conditions of the Brazilian cerrado, with highest growth periods befitting rain and mild temperature. Presumably, the Catucaí 2 SL genotypes and Yellow Catuaí IAC 62, have characteristics that facilitate future studies of breeding for adaptation to water stress situations since they have shown minor variations in growth rates during the dry season.
Caracterização molecular, morfofisiológica e fitoquímica de Varronia curassavica do Sul do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-24) Grancieri, Natália; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Passos, Julianana de Lanna
The use of plants for medicinal purposes is one of the oldest forms of medical practice of mankind. In Brazil, the consumption of plants for medicinal purposes and in herbal medicines is increasing in all social classes and has received various incentives. To optimize the use of medicinal plants become important studies on genetic variability, as it has done the genetic and breeding programs trying to select superior genotypes. This requires performing their characterization using descriptors such as agronomic, morphological, biochemical and molecular. One of the concerns is the uniform production of secondary metabolites and understand the factors that can influence it. Among the various species of medicinal plants known in Brazil, is the curassavica Varronia, which despite its pharmacological and economic potential, yet little is known about their genetic diversity of natural populations. Thus, this study aimed to characterize genotypes of different native peoples of southern Espirito Santo, with variations of altitude, and thus compare them with pre-improved materials purchased from the State University of Campinas (Unicamp). Were collected from each plant, branches to be held vegetative propagation. The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and then conducted molecular analyzes, physiological, morphological and physiological and phytochemical. It was found that in this experiment was low experimental precision. According to an estimated variation index (VI), there are variables that can be used to genotype selection. The heritability of most variables were medium to high. In clusters the variables of greater relative contribution were: AFT, SLA, LAI, FLA, CLT, CAB, A, gs, A / gs. A new grouping based on nine variables of relative contribution and so were formed three groups, the AFT being, AFE and the FLA that had the greatest contribution to the genetic divergence was conducted. When compared this group to the grouping performed by molecular markers, there was no identical or similar groups. In clusters, the genotypes are not grouped based on local collections of close or similar altitudes.
Diversidade e estrutura genética em populações naturais de Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Martius no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-25) Assis, Arícia Leone Evangelista Monteiro de; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Soares, Taís Cristina Bastos; Kunz, Sustanis Horn
As a result of the fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest and the selective cutting process the genetic variability of tree species has become increasingly compromised. Among these tree species, the Cabralea canjerana species threatened by reduced genetic variability of their natural populations. It is necessary to the existence of more effective programs for the conservation of this species. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of species populations in forest remnants in two protected areas in the state of the Holy Spirit through molecular markers of type Inter Single Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and was held parallel analysis of leaf morphology, aiming to obtain the most representative variables for individuals collected in two different vegetation type. In the morphological analysis, after the removal of outliers in respect to the axis 1 (59%) in order to weight characteristics of the dry mass of the petiole (PMSF), petiole length (SL) and the weight of the dry mass of leaves (PMSF) were the most representative variables for individuals Reserve already worth for individuals Caparaó variables were weight of the dry mass of the rachis (PMSR) and leaf area (LA). These factors can be explained by genotype interactions environments. In the molecular analysis used primers 10 in 46 individuals of three different populations, yielding 73 polymorphic fragments that served as the basis for the analyzes and inter-intra-population diversity. The results indicate high levels of genetic diversity in accordance with the values of the Shannon Index, which were: Vale Reservation, 0.31, Footwear Valley, 0.44 and 0.42 Valley of Santa Marta. In the overall index analysis the value was 0.475. The AMOVA most diversity occurs within populations (73%). The correct number of groups, based on the rate of change in Ln (k), statistical ?K, indicating a convergence to three Bayesian groups (K = 3). In comparing the populations of the three populations, gene flow was 0.676, considered a low value fact that supports the formation of the three Bayesian groups and structure of the population.
Diversidade e estrutura genética de Euterpe edulis Mart
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-25) Carvalho, Marina Santos; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Ferreira, Adésio; Santana, Fernanda Abreu
Euterpe edulis Mart., popularly known as juçara palm tree is an endemic palm tree of the Atlantic Forest that has been passing through an intense process of extractivism due to palm tree exploration, a product of high alimentary value. Due to the forest fragmentation and the extractivism, the juçara palm tree may be losing its genetic diversity and becoming more inclined to enter in extinction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure in six municipalities of the South region of the state of Espírito Santo, aiming to generate information that may be used in programs of conservation and breeding of the species. Materials from 20 populations were collected, six of these populations with 39 individuals belonging to the South sub-region and 14 populations with 121 individuals from the Caparaó subregion, totalizing 160 individuals. Thirteen microsatellite primers were used. The SSR amplified a total of 86 alleles which varied from five to 11 alleles per loci, with an average of 6.62 alleles. The polymorphism information content was higher than 0.56 in all the loci. The expected heterozygosity was higher than the observed in all the populations and the fixation index was positive indicating excess of homozygotes. The diversity indexes showed moderate differentiation among the 20 evaluated populations (FST=0.18; GST=0.17; RST=0.23) and endogamy presence (FIS = 0,35). The values of these parameters were similar among the populations of each subregion, nevertheless Caparaó presented higher endogamy (FIS=0,37) and the South region presented higher differentiation (FST=0.19). The analysis of molecular variance indicated elevated variation among the populations (80.64%) with moderated value of FST (0.18). On the cluster produced by the UPGMA method, three groups were formed, and on the evaluation done by the program STRUCTURE best K, equal to 3 was obtained. All the groups were formed by populations of more than one locality and mainly of the same geographic origin. Considering the existence of populations compounded by divergent individuals and others that present high level of homozygosity it is necessary to use materials of diverse sources aiming to preserve and maintain the diversity. The information of this work reinforce the necessity of X implementing and delineating public politics as support and development of breeding programs of the species aiming to determine management methods and species conservation
Estudos em Pitcairnia azouryi (Bromeliaceae), uma espécie endêmica de inselbergues da Floresta Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-26) Manhães, Vitor da Cunha; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Garbin, Mário Luís
This study reports the discovery of new areas of occurrence of Pitcairnia azouryi Martinelli & Forzza, and the study of their populations regarding its genetic diversity, the amount of nuclear DNA and the chromosome number. Seven new areas of occurrence for this species were located between the northern state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and the southern state of Espírito Santo (ES), and georeferenced to the other studies. Leaf samples of 13-15 individuals were collected in five of these populations (PLB - Pedra Lisa Burarama, PA - Pedra das Andorinhas, PTI - Pedra Três Irmãs, PPC - Pedra Parada Cristal and PLC - Pedra Lisa Campos), totaling 66 individuals. Nine SSR markers were used in PCRs. Genetic polymorphisms were identified from polymorphism between individuals sampled, detected by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel 8%. The parameters of diversity and genetic structure of populations were calculated using the software Fstat, PopGene and Structure. The flow cytometry analysis was performed using leaf samples obtained from adult individuals of five populations. Cytogenetic analyzes were performed with roots obtained from germinated seeds collected in two populations. The nine SSR primers produced satisfactory amplification products, and proved to be polymorphic. The number of alleles per loci ranged between two and eight. The values of gene diversity index (Gd) and the fixation index (Fis) in populations ranged from 0.459 to 0.578 and 0.047 to 0.208, respectively. The Fst values observed showed that 81.20% of the total genetic variation is found within populations and the occurrence of gene flow (Nm) 1,073 (average number of migrants per generation). Bayesian analysis indicated that a model of k = 3 populations is able to better capture the variation in the data on the genetic structure. The high variation of fixation index added to the large genetic variation within and moderate genetic differentiation among populations suggest the occurrence of the founder effect in the dispersion of new individuals in new locations, followed by genetic drift, especially for the population of Campos dos Goytacazes. The flow cytometry analysis showed that the nuclear DNA content is 2C = 1.16 picograms in all populations analyzed, except on PLC population, in which was measured twice of DNA content (2C= 2.32 picograms). This result was explained by cytogenetic analysis which revealed individuals with 2n = 50 chromosomes in ES and individuals 2n = 100 chromosomes in RJ. This result may be due for PLC's geographical isolation, environmental characteristics of different evolutionary processes.
Análise do potencial genotóxico e mutagênico de lodo de esgoto em Allium cepa
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-26) Martins, Maria Nilza Corrêa; Souza, Tatiana da Silva; Lopes, José Carlos; David, José Augusto de Oliveira
The sewage sludge can contain high levels of inorganic and organic compounds with toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Its use in agricultural soils can be studied by the behaviour (or by the development and growth) of the different plant species relating to the toxic effects of this residue in different plant species. In a review it was possible to obtain data from the effects of the transfer of contaminants in soils supplemented with sewage sludge for plants and plants via the food chain. An organism test Allium cepa shows a positive response to this analysis of toxicity, that aimed to study the genetic toxicity of sewage sludge in Allium cepa. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Morphology of the Center for Agricultural Sciences at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), in the municipality of Alegre, using seeds of Allium cepa treated with sludge from the ETE Jerônimo Monteiro and ETE Mulembá. The sludge were analysed with regard to physico-chemical and biological properties, according to the resolution CONAMA 375/2006. For the analysis of toxicity on the seeds of Allium cepa, 5.000 cells per treatment were evaluated by direct contact and trapped the samples and controls. The gross sludge presented physico-chemical results within the limits established by CONAMA resolution 375/2006. Only in the microbiological analysis the sludge of ETE of Jerônimo Monteiro presented fecal coliforms above the limit established by the resolution. For potential toxicity testing the sludge of ETE Jerônimo Monteiro was phytotoxic to raw sewage sludge, cytotoxic and genotoxic for sewage sludge solubilization. The gross sludge of ETE Mulembá presented genotoxic and mutagenic potential, while the sludge solubilized was cytotoxic. The sewage sludge with addition of lime presented potential phytotoxic to raw sludge, and for the sludge solubilized showed genotoxic and cytotoxic effect. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05). It is concluded that both sludge have toxic potential, serving warning to their use in agricultural soils, which should be monitored with cytogenetic analyses and control of toxic elements present in its composition.
Caracterização genética e do solo em populações nativas de Vochysia bifalcata warm. no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-26) Vianna, Larissa Souza; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Caldeira, Marcos Vinicius Winckler; Kunz, Sustanis Horn
Vochysia bifalcata is popularly known as Guaricica, is a tree neotropical species whose survival is threatened due to degradation processes of the natural environment and man operation, considered the threat of state they are in, it is necessary to obtain more detailed information the genetic diversity of natural populations of this species, which is possible from studies with microsatellite markers. In this context, the present study was to evaluate objetvo the genetic diversity of Vochysia bifalcata species and characterize soil fertility in two native populations established in Caparaó National Park, ES. Therefore, leaf samples from 28 adult individuals were collected from two native populations of V. bifalta. For transferability test were tested 8 microsatellite primers developed for Qualea grandiflora and 10 designed to Vochysia ferruginea in the genome of individuals to V. bifalcata. Total genomic DNA was isolated using the Doyle & Doyle protocol (1990) modified. The amplified fragments were separated by electrophoresis on gel polyacrylamide 10% with 1X TBE buffer. Electrophoresis was performed at constant voltage of 100 W for 5 hours. The markers that generate satisfactory amplifications were then used for the studies and genetic diversity of structure in all 28 individuals sampled. We randomly selected six soil sampling points in each population at depths 0-5; 5-10 e 10-20 cm and chemical analyzes were performed using the methodology proposed by EMBRAPA (1997). The heterologous amplification results for V. ferruginea to V. bifalcata were satisfactory, and then used for statistical analysis and Q. grandiflora for V. bifalcata were satisfactory, however proved to be monomorphic. For starters, V. ferruginea the results showed the average occurrence of 4.85 lleles/locus. In both two populations of seven loci analyzed suggested the presence of null alleles, with significant frequency. The allelic richness were similar between the two populations. The average observed heterozygosity for the population I was 0.434 and population II was 0.355, both distinct from the expected to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The average fixation index for the population I was 0.390 and the population II was 0.328, indicating the presence of inbreeding within populations. The average value of Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was 0.608 for the population I and 0.566 for the population II and are considered highly informative. The pair of genotypes (9 and 11) and (5 and 9) were identified as the least dissimilar opulations the population I and II, respectively. The amount of GST (0.079) indicated a moderate genetic differentiation among populations. To AMOVA, 92.86% of the variation was within 12 populations and among populations 7.13%. After analyzing the program, STRUCTURE was possible to define the division into two groups of genotypes. The obtained average gene flow was 2.88 being considered high enough to counteract the effects of genetic drift. These data generate important information about the genetic variability, proving the importance of Caparaó National Park for the species conservation. Soil samples analyzed demonstrated that the fertility of both populations are present and a low acidity, the homogeneity of the soil fertility can be explained by the soil and climatic characteristics similar between the two study populations.
Cultivares de feijoeiro : efeito do solo, adubação foliar e competição com trapoeraba
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Gomes, Lidiane dos Santos; Ferreira, Adésio; Dalvi, Leandro Pin; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Oliveira, Fábio Luiz de
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the food consumed in Brazil, rich in vitamins, carbohydrates and minerals. A growing body of research that integrate from plant breeding and the management of fertilizer to increase nutrients in the edible parts, developing plants with higher levels of vitamins and micronutrients. The introduction of biofortified foods such as beans, complements human nutrition that suffers from malnutrition. Therefore, it is important to know how growing conditions influence the grain quality and the importance to obtain a food with higher nutritional value. Besides knowing how far the influence of weed affects the production and absorption of nutrients from the bean. The objective of this study was to analyze the agronomic and nutritional characteristics influenced by the interference of weed, effect of fertilization and soil in bean cultivars. Chlorophyll content, leaf number was assessed, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, harvest index per plant, dry matter of spiderwort, relationship grain and locus, average seed weight and iron and zinc in the leaves and analysis grains. The results of the study showed that competition with spiderwort affected some agronomic characteristics, due to competition for nutrients. The soil for cultivation also interfere with the production, eutrophic ground provided better results of cultivars. Fertilization did not affect the levels of iron and zinc in bean grains. The BRS Agreste, BRS Amethyst and BRS Style showed better results in most of the analyzed characteristics. Finally, it is concluded that the production of beans, needs a soil with good nutrition, a good organic matter content, management of fertilization and weed to increase production.
Desempenho ecofisiológico de uma espécie dioica (Myrsine coriácea) em diferentes fitofisionomias da Floresta Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Moreira, Vinicius Ferreira; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Garbin, Mário Luís
Myrsine coriacea is a dioecious woody plant found in different phytophysiognomies in the biome of the Atlantic Forest, mainly in south and southeast regions of Brazil. It takes part in the feeding of many regional and / or migratory birds, and It shows potential for use in restoration projects of degraded areas. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the ecophysiological performance of female and male individuals m. cori in different vegetation types of the Atlantic Forest. It was evaluated characteristics morphological, physiological and biochemical responses, of male and female M. coriacea individuals situaded in three phytophysiognomies (Sandbank, Ombrophilous Forest and Altitude Fields). Female subjects showed an increase in ALT 34.8% higher than the male subjects. This result corresponds to the profile of dioecious plants, female plants which generally have higher growth rates, focusing on the production and maintenance of fruit. Environmental factors in altitude fields limit the photosynthetic responses without damaging the ecophysiological performance of M. coriacea, this behavior refers to the responses obtained in LA: SA which guaranteed the hydraulic efficiency and so the disposal and allocation of water and nutrients contributing to the production and development of the individuals. On the other hand, male plants obtained better performance in foliar resources, wich demonstrates that male individuals tend to allocate resources, mainly nitrogen, in the roots contributing to efficiency in the conduction and production of leaves and flowers in order to promote an effective pollination. Responses of FLA and CAR were pertinent in the performance of individuals as a result of environmental factors of each phytophysiognomy. Plants in altitude camps had a higher concentration of 41% compared to individuals of rain forest, and 11% from the Restinga. The altitude in Rain, made male and female subjects accumulate less metabolites in their leaves. In addition, FLA concentrations and CAR promoted defense conditions in M. coriacea, the effect of temperature variation. In conclusion M. coriacea indicated differences in the ecophysiological performance between the sexes, due to the trade - off found in dioecious plants, developing fundamental strategies to favor the survival of the specie resulting from the environmental characteristics of each field studied.
Estudo da interação genótipo x ambiente e validação de marcadores microssatélites associados a QTLs para conteúdo de óleo e proteína em soja
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Souza Neto, José Dias de; Piovesan, Newton Deniz; Soares, Taís Cristina Bastos; Bueno, Rafael Delmond; Silva, Luciano da Costa
Soy is one of the most important crops worldwide due to the oil and extracted protein from its seeds. Due to this importance, our objective was the evaluation of strains of soybean, from Quality Breeding program at UFV in the state of Minas Gerais, from oil and protein content as well as adaptability and stability of the lines in three environments, the latter being evaluated by the methods of Eberhart and Russell and Centróides. Also, we aimed to select SSR markers associated with QTLs for oil content and protein in these strains. A total of 56 locus of SSR markers, were used. Regarding the analysis of adaptability and stability, the strains 13, 18, 90, 148, 152,172, 204, 206, 174 and 120. We selected for oil content, and the lines 124, 158 and 143, for protein. The grouping analysisformed 21 groups of 208 limhagens, with 92,184, 6101 and 192 Msoy showing greater dissimilarity genotype. The association analyzes did not reveal any association at 1 and 5% significance level using the Bonferroni correction. However, allele 3 was selected alleles in marker 239, and alleles 1 and 2 at Satt 539, for oil, while allele 1 at Satt 263, and allele 3 at Satt 463 for protein content.
Citogenética e citometria de fluxo de espécies de Dorstenia (Moraceae) endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Fernandes, Alda Francisca Rodrigues de Sousa; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça; David, José Augusto de Oliveira
Moraceae comprises latescentes plant tree size as the fig trees (Ficus), shrub species as Sorocea, or herbaceous species as Dorstenia species. The Dorstenia is the only herbaceous within the family, with about 105 species, and it has active ingredients linked to several therapeutic functions. Besides the medical use, the "carapiás", as popularly known, the Dorstenia species also have a high potential as ornamental plants. Some studies involving systematic, phylogeny, molecular and phytochemical are reported to some species of Dorstenia. However, there are few reports about the cythogenetic data and DNA content in the gender, probably due to the difficulty to find natural populations in the field and the vulnerable situation that affects most species.Cytomorphological data associated with the DNA 2C value can generate information on the chromosomal evolution and cooperate with systematic and taxonomic aspects of a group. That being said, the objective of this study was to characterize, by using cytogenetics and flow cytometry, three species of Dorstenia:. D. arifolia Lam., D. bonijesu Carauta & C. Valente and D. elata Hook. For this, the chromosomal number was determined, morphometric and intrachromosomal asymmetry (A2) parameters were established and nuclear DNA content was measured. The plant material was collected in Mata das Flores, ES. To cytogenetics, roots were obtained by using the hydroponic system, treated with APM in the concentrations of 3, 4 and 5 uM, for 16 to 18 h and fixed in methanol: acetic acid (3:1), for later digestion, coloring and observation of the slides. For flow cytometry young individuals were colected. The leaves were used as material of analysis to quantify the nuclear DNA content. The Cytogenetic methodology allowed to obtain suitable material for analysis. It was found 32 chromosomes and it was possible to mount the first karyogram to the three species. With the morphometric data, the classification of chromosomes was determined and the differences were confirmed between the three karyotypes. The A2 asymmetry index varied between the species: D. bonijesu showed A2 = 0.16, followed by D. arifolia A2 = 0.14 and D. elata A2 = 0.13. The flow cytometric analysis allowed to measure the nuclear DNA content of 2C = 3.49 picograms (pg) for D. elata, 2C = 4.05 pg for D. bonijesu , and 2C = 5.47 pg for D. arifolia. Despite of the fact that the three species have the same chromosome number (2n = 32), the DNA content values obtained by flow cytometry and the results of the asymmetric index were different. According to the A2 values and data described in the literature D. elata can be the species more derivative in relation to D. bonijesu and D. arifolia, for having the lowest asymmetry index, and the lowest content of nuclear DNA. Therefore, the present research data allowed to characterize, for the first time, three species of Dorstenia, contributing to different areas such as ecology, phylogeny, systematics and evolution.
dentificação de marcadores de genes de resistência a patógenos em eucalipto e soja por RGA
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-07-27) Vieira, Paula Mikaely Henrique; Ferreira, Adésio; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Mengarda, Liana Hilda Golin; Moraes, Willian Bucker; Mendonça, Aria Andréia Corrêa
Along the evolution the plants developed a sophisticated mechanism of defense against the attack of phytopathogens, known as pre-formed defense. This system comprehends a complex net of biochemical signalization, commanded by resistance genes, the R genes. The identification of these genes in cultures of agronomic interest as soybean and eucalyptus amplifies the genetic basis of resistance, what makes the plants less vulnerable to the attack of pathogens. The R genes codify proteins with conserved domains. The presence of these domains allows the use of PCR technics aiming the DNA isolation and the cloning of analogous sequences of resistance genes (RGA) by means of the use of specific degenerated oligonucleotides for the conserved regions. It was aimed with this work: 1) to evaluate the presence of fragments associated to the resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in genotypes of eucalyptus; 2) to measure the diversity among eucalyptus genotypes; 3) to identify fragments related to the resistance to the nematodes Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne spp in soybean genotypes and; 4) to carry out a comparative analysis of the data obtained by RGAs with SSR markers that contemplate QTLs of resistance. The cluster analyses carried out with the data of RGA and SSR allow distinguishing groups of genotypes that are resistant and susceptible to C. fimbriata and revealed the diversity existent among the studied individuals, the heatmap graphic allowed identifying fragments associated to the resistance to C. fimbriata in eucalyptus cultivars. The RGA markers applied in soybean were efficient in discriminating soybean genotypes that were resistant and susceptible to the nematodes in study, and it is important to associate to these the use of SSR markers because they are powerful in amplifying and discriminating genotypes according to the race and specificity of the pathogen.
Diversidade genética em populações de Myrsine umbellata (Primulaceae) em remanescentes da Floresta Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-07-29) Costa, Thais Lazarino Maciel da; Ferreira, Marcia Flores da Silva; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça; Rosado, Carla Cristina Gonçalves; Demolinar, Fábio Miranda
Population parameters inferred from genetic data are useful in the characterization of natural populations and important in determining priority areas for conservation, such as the Atlantic Forest, which has an extensive biodiversity, what makes the complete evaluation of the species not viable. Thus, genetic studies of some populations allow to interpret the community and to extrapolate the results to other similar species. Myrsine umbellata is a shrubby species, widely distributed in the Atlantic Forest, a pioneer, a facilitator in natural regeneration areas, with zoochorous dispersion and their fruits are important in the birds diet. In order to identify the genetic diversity between and within the populations, six populations of M. umbellata were sampled, which are: Macieira, Ibitirama, Iúna, State Park of Forno Grande, Santa Teresa and State Park of Blue Stone, totaling 63 individuals. 10 ISSR molecular markers were used to amplify 129 loci, obtaining 100% of polymorphism for nine primers. The data were submitted to similarities analysis between individuals by Jaccard coefficient, showing greater similarity between the Ibitirama and Iúna populations. The expected Nei diversity index (He) and the Shannon index (H ') in the populations ranged from 0.28 to 0.18 and 0.18 to 0.12, respectively, where the Macieira population showed the highest values and the Ibitirama population the lowest ones. The AMOVA showed that the most part of the genetic diversity occurs within populations (67.41%) than between populations (32.58%), with the statistical ØST presenting a high level of genetic differentiation of 0.32. The allelic flow estimated for the populations set was high (Nm = 1.24), but it is believed that this value is assigned to a historical gene flow when populations were part of metapopulations, before the forest fragmentation processes. An AMOVA was also accomplished to examine pairwise the FST values of the populations, and the values found indicate that the populations are moderate to highly structured. The UPGMA clustering method was used for both, individuals and populations, and two big groups were formed, confirmed by evaluation done by the program STRUCTURE best K, equal to 2 was obtained. The maintenance of genetic variability in populations is the basis of species conservation, therefore, these data indicate that conservation strategies for M. umbellata populations should prioritize population samples that are internal, as these are an important source of germplasm for in situ conservation
Is the dioecy in Myrsine (Primulaceae) defined by sex chromosomes?
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-08-14) Silva, Paulo Marcos Amaral; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Fontes, Milene Miranda Praça; Clarindo, Wellington Ronildo; Gonçalves, Rosado, Carla Cristina
Divergência funcional em características reprodutivas, morfológicas e fisiológicas de Mabea fistulifera ao longo de um gradiente de altitude na Floresta Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-10-09) Pereira, Jéssica Priscilla; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Miranda, Fábio Demolinari de; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Dalvi, Leandro Pin; Zanotti, Rafael Fonsêca
This work aimed to study the ecophysiological performance matrices of Mabea fistulifera in response to changes in environmental conditions and availability of resources that occur along an elevation gradient of 535 m (399-934 m). The study was conducted in forest regeneration areas of the Atlantic Forest, characterized by vegetation type Forest Semideciduous in Caparaó-ES region. The identification and marking of 29 matrices occurred in October 2013, along with the collection of plant material. The morphological and physiological analyzes were carried out in March 2014, after the period of maximum vegetative growth. At the end of the reproductive period, fruits were collected for the determination of biometric features and germination performance. Matrices showed an average of 5 fruits per bunch and fruit with dry mass of 1.7 g. The seeds an average volume of 227.8 mm3 and dry weight of 83.3 mg. With the dry biomass of fruits partition, approximately 85% was partitioned in the pericarp and 15% partitioned to the seeds. Germination ranged 2-92%, while the germination speed index from 0.34 to 2.19. The fruits of biometrics and seeds were not associated directly with the altitude of establishment of headquarters. The germination performance (germination and vigor) was closely related to the proportion of dry biomass partitioned fruit for seed and showed a positive correlation with the change in altitude. The morphological and physiological characteristics were evaluated and related to altitude, nutrient availability in the soil (available phosphorus and sum of bases) and intrinsic factors of each plant matrix (Cup exposure index and stem diameter). Among the characteristics evaluated, the relationship between leaf area and xylem area active branches (morphology) and stomatal conductance (physiological), showed the highest variability between the arrays. Regions located at higher altitudes were associated with decreased availability of nutrients in the soil, and arrays that were established in these regions had higher specific leaf area values and leaf area ratio. M. fistulifera arrays presents phenotypic plasticity in morphological and physiological characteristics in response to changes in altitude, associated with changes in the availability of water and nutrients.
Avaliação da água do Rio Itapemirim/ES : aspectos abióticos e toxicogenéticos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-06-29) Galter, Iasmini Nicoli; David, José Augusto de Oliveira; Matsumoto, Silvia Tamie; Sousa, Tatiana da Silva; Paes, Marcela Ferreira
Itapemirim river is considered one of the most important water resources of the Espírito Santo. Considering the ecological and socio-economic importance of this water resource, the concern about water quality is crucial, which makes necessary water assessment with approaches that integrate abiotic aspects to toxicogenetics assays. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Itapemirim river, through analysis of abiotic and toxicogenetics aspects, using as a test organism A. cepa, O. niloticus, and mammalian cell culture. Therefore, we defined four sampling stations along the Itapemirim river, to collect water samples during two periods: high precipitation and dry spell. From the samples were evaluated conductivity (S / cm) water temperature (° C), dissolved oxygen (mg / L) and pH, as well as quantified metals concentration. For Allium cepa assay were performed root growth test and cytogenetic analysis. Micronucleus test and comet assay were made with O. niloticus specimens. MTT test and comet assay were performed with CHO-K1 cells. Most abiotic variables evaluated showed waters from two campaigns are according to CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005, as well as most metals. However, Al and Cu levels were above in the water regarding the legislation. Based on the results, it was verified that the compounds present in the waters of these river have the phytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential for the two in vivo and in vitro test organisms. The most significant results were obtained from the RI 03 sample, probably because it is related to the fact that the station is near to urban area of Cachoeiro Itapemirim / ES. It was also noted that the two campaigns conducted showed negative effect on bioassays performed. The data in this study indicate that water quality of Itapemirim river is committed and alert to the risk that domestic and industrial wastewater discharges have on water bodies, especially because of the complex chemical constitution presented.
Aspectos Computacionais da Estimação e Predição em Modelos Lineares Mistos para Seleção de Híbridos de Milho em Ensaios Premilinares
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-06-30) Marçal, Tiago de Souza; Pastina, Maria Marta; Guimarães, Lauro José Moreira; Ferreira, Adésio; Santos, Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz; Souza, Tércio da Silva de
Maize (Zea mays L.), is a specie from the Poaceae family, diploid and allogamous. In this culture, there is an increase with the accumulation of heterozygous loci, thus justifying hybrids productions. Due to drastic predictions of climate change and population growth in the coming years, it is necessary to adopt, develop and enhance methods that allow a greater efficiency in the selection and achieve greater genetic progress in crop improvement programs of agriculture importance that can help mitigation of challenges to sustain the food security of this century. Therefore, the objective of this study was to implement the algorithms of first and second derivatives for the REML (restricted maximum likelihood) method in R, generalizable for different mixed linear models and enable incorporate arrays of relationship. Moreover, to evaluate the impact of mathematical simplifications, sparse matrices and different convergence error rates in computational efficiency of these algorithms aiming to minimize the computational cost to enable REML in studies with a great number of maize hybrids and complex models, in computers with simple setup. The experimental data used in this study was obtained from harvest 2013/14 conducted in a randomized block design with five controls and 3352 simple maize hybrids in Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária) Maize and Sorghum in the city of Sete Lagoas- MG. The analyzed variable was grain yield, which is subjected to analysis using mixed models with and without pedigree of incorporation using different REML algorithms, in R. Computation response evaluated the convergence criteria, error rates convergence, sparse matrices, computers with different processing capabilities, different initial estimates of variance components and increasing number of EM (Expectation Maximization) steps in combined algorithms. The proposed algorithms were equivalent for the tested software (ASReml, Selegen and Ime4) and the estimates of variance components indicating their coherence. Furthermore, the use of sparse matrices in association with the proposed optimizations, reduced the computational cost of the algorithms using coefficients of determination as a convergence criteria and convergence error rate equal to 10-5. The hybrid combination of EM algorithm, in ten steps, with NR (Newton Raphson) reduced the computational cost and increased the average convergence percentage. Although, it was observed that uniform weights for the initial estimates of the variance components should be avoided.
Crescimento e variações diurnas da fotossíntese de genótipos de Coffea canephora cultivados à campo sob condições contrastantes de disponibilidade de luz
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-06-30) Souza, Dinorah Moraes de; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Dalvi, Leandro Pin; Carias, Cíntia Machado de Oliveira Moulin
Coffee is a tropical perennial crop of extreme importance for global agribusiness. It is usually grown in regions potentially subject to stress especially thermal, water and nutritional. During the crop cycle, limiting conditions are accentuated during the reproductive growth period, leading to significant decline of crop yields, and leading to significant decline of crop yield. Shading Systems (Trees), while providing sensitive changes in microclimate, it can minimize the adverse climate effects on crops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and diurnal variations of genotypes photosynthesis of coffea canephora cultivated in field under contrasting conditions of light availability. The study was conducted in field conditions in the municipality of Alegre-ES. The experiment was set up by combining four clones of coffea canephora (02, 48, 83 and 153) of the array clonal “Conilon Vitória- Incaper 8142” with two levels of light availability [0% (full sunlight) and 30% of shade], totaling eight treatments, with five replicates. Growth evaluation were held in plagiotropic branches from the middle third of plants, selected in the flowering stage and evaluated until the ripening of the fruits. Diurnal variation of the parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence were carried out in three periods throughout the day: 09, 12 and 15h during the filling phase. Clone 02 presented superior performance under full sun conditions, with photosynthetic rate higher than average, normally described for the species (approximately 16 ?mol m-2 s-1). Clone 48 had a better performance under shade because it maintained higher photosynthetic rates throughout the day. This allowed the balance between the photoassimilates investment, necessary to meet the demand of vegetative growth and management of fruit growth, consequently, presenting lower abortion rates and higher numbers of fruits per rosettes.
Comparação de Modelos Genético-estatisticos para Seleção de Híbridos de Milho em Ensaios Preliminares
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-06-30) Guilhen, José Henrique Soler; Guimarães, Lauro José Moreira; Pastina, Maria Marta; Ferreira, Adésio; Santos, Pedro Henrique Araújo Diniz; Souza, Tércio da Silva de

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