Biologia Vegetal

URI Permanente desta comunidade

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17503

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal

Centro: CCHN
Telefone: (27) 4009 2588
URL do programa: http://www.biologiavegetal.ufes.br/

Navegar

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 181

Ecofisiologia de um trecho de mata seca de restinga ocorrente no Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha, Guarapari (ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2004-12-10) Assis, André Moreira de; Thomaz, Luciana Dias; Leite, Idalina Tereza de Almeida; Santana, Reynaldo Campos
(Floristic survey of a restinga forest in Guarapari, Espirito Santo State, Brazil). The Paulo César Vinha State Park in Setiba, Guarapari Municipality (ES) is the best studied of all restinga conservation units in the state of Espírito Santo. But there is still much to be learned concerning the flora of some of the plant communities found here. From 1997 to 2000, plants were collected on random walks through approximately 4 hectares of forest that covers the outer beach ridges of the PCVSP. A total of 172 species were surveyed belonging to 54 families. The most species-rich families are Myrtaceae (25 spp.), Bromeliaceae (14), Orchidaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Lauraceae (07) and Rubiaceae (07).The most common geographic distribution pattern, based on the literature, was that of Atlantic coast species, followed by widespread species, speciesfound on both the Atlantic coast and in central Brazil, disjunct species and those endemic to Espírito Santo. Floristic similarity with other coastal areas is directly related to the distance between these areas. The presence of endemic and threatened species in the neighborhood of the Park reinforces the need for effective conservation of this area and provides the incentive to create other conservation units in the restingas of Espírito Santo state
Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de Rhizophora mangle L. e Laguncularia racemosa Gaerth. à população ambiental no manguezal do município de Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-02-17) Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Figueiredo, Suely Gomes de; Silva, Diolina Moura; Lopes, Nei Fernandes; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves
This research was done in order to evaluate the effects of environmental alterations on photosynthesis in Rhizophora mangleL. and Laguncularia racemosaGaerth. young plants. The data were collected during the rain and drought periods in four points atmangrove ofVitoria, ES. The obtained results indicated that the increase in absorption of iron and zinc for L. racemosaduring the dry period favored the reduction of initial fluorescence (Fo). Decreases Foindicate protection of photosynthetic machinery against damage generate by excess of energy excitation, which reflex immediately in the increase to photosystem II photochemical efficiency (PSII), Fv/Fm, in L. racemosa in dry period. The elevated values of Fv/Fmratio observed in thepointnumber 2during the rain period, in both species, constitute good indicators in thenitrogen concentration, which reflex the degree of contamination by pollution threw awaydirectly in the mangrove ecosystem. In the points of higher environmental pollution, has been observed higher use efficiency of ATP and NADPH (Ft) produced during the photochemical phase of photosynthesis, increasedof the Calvin cycle reactions velocity (Fm/Ft) and the CO2fixation ratio (Tdf) in R. mangle and L. racemosa, indicating increase to tolerance thesespecies to environment variations through to increase of photosynthetic rate
Variações da comunidade fitoplanctônica na região estuarina dos rios Piraquê-Açú e Piraquê-Miriam (Aracruz, ES) e suas relações com os fatores ambientais
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-02-25) Schaeffer, Jane Karla; Dias Júnior, Camilo; Suzuki, Marina Satika; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira
This study was carried out in the estuary of the Piraquê- Açú and Piraquê-Mirim rivers, located in the municipal district of Aracruz-ES (Brazil). The aim of this study is to verify both spatial and temporal changes on phytoplanktonic community of the estuary in its qualitative and quantitative aspects, and also to evaluate the biomass through the technique of biovolume. Moreover, the obtained biotics variables were related with abiotic variables analized at the same spots along the estuary. The obtained results were based on samplings carried out bimonthly in the period of August 2003 to February 2004, emphasizing two pluviometric seasons: dry (August) and rainy (February). Pheopigments concentrations were higher than chlorophyll a concentration, showing a senescent degree of the community. The qualitative aspect of the phytoplankton community showed 156 taxons classified in species, genus and varieties, wich most of them considered as marine, eurialine and planktonic. The dominant classes were Bacillariophyceae (57%), Chlorophyceae (11,5%) and Dinophyceae (8,4%). Although, the community showed a higher diversity, just some were quantitatively significant, among them Cyanophyceae Synechocystis aquatilis, Chlorophyceae Chlorella minutissima and Bacillariophyceae Melosira varians. The highest densities of total phytoplankton occured in the rainy season. Such variations were related to a significant contribution of allochthonous nutrients and materials originated from superficial outflow during the rainy season. Regarding the biovolume, seven classes of algae showed significative contribution: Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Euglenophyceae and the phytoflagellates. The most significant contribution for total biovolume was given by Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. Pluviosity was the major external driving force leading to changes in phytoplankton community
Avaliação da resistência à antracnose em frutos de diferentes genótipos de bananeira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-02-28) Alves, Eliomara Sousa Sobral; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Ventura, José Aires; Costa, Hélcio; Chiaradia, Ana Cristina Nascimento
In Brazil, the banana culture has a great economical importance. It usually has a family character in Espírito Santo state, being produced in small farms. However, both pre-and post-harvest diseases have caused severe crop-lost. Yellow and black-sigatoka and panama disease can affect the plants still in the field. After the harvest, the fruits can be infected by the Colletotrichum musaeresponsible for the anthracnose in bananas. The choice of resistant genotypes for those diseases is a viable strategy; they can be achieved through improvement programs. In this work the resistance of different bananas genotypes that showed pre-harvested resistance (‘Prata’; ‘Pacovan’; ‘Ouro da Mata’; ‘Prata Zulu’; FHIA01; PV 42-68; PV 42-81; PV 42-142; ST 12-31; ST 42-08; YB 42-21), against the anthracnose were evaluated, using the ‘Prata’ cultivar as control. Additionally, chemical and physical features of the resistant fruits physiology were determined. For the resistance analysis and the genotypes characterization it was used ten and three repetitions, respectively. Statistical variance was measured by 5 % Tukey test. Four hybrids (ST 12-31; PV 42-68; PV 42-81; PV 42-142) were more resist to disease confirmed by small lesion diameter and pulp preserved. ST 12-31, PV42-81 and PV 42-142 had higher weight values than control, being 150,7g, 187,8g and 243,5g, respectively. The values for pulp weight vary from 72,4g (control) to 138,5g (PV 42-142) and the peel/pulp ratio from 1,6 (control) to 3,9 (‘Prata Zulu’). The fruit size varies from 2,6 cm (control) to 3,59 cm (‘Prata Zulu’) in diameter and 13,6 cm (control) to 19,95 cm (PV 42-142) in length. The peel thickness values varied from 1,7 mm (‘Prata Zulu’) to 4,6 mm (PV42-142), different of control (3,0 mm). The biochemical analysis showed perceptual values 0,36, 0,69 and 0,63 for total titulable acids (ATT) presented in PV 42-68, ‘Ouro da Mata’ and control, respectively. The genotypes YB 42-21, ST 42-08 and ‘Prata’ had 4,53, 4,52 and 4,28 pH values, respectively. The total soluble solids (SST) vary from 24,8 % (control) to 27,4 % (‘Prata Zulu’) and the ATT/SST ratio vary from 38,72 (control) to 67,56 (‘Prata Zulu’). For starch meaning, we did not found variation among ‘Pacovan’, PV 42-68 and ‘Ouro da Mata’, although all of them had highest values than control. Among the evaluated genotypes, PV 42-142, PV 42-68, PV 42-81 and ST 12-31 self showed more attractive to be used for agriculture practice and they can be recommended for the small farms. The results presented are the primer steps for future improvement programs
Avaliação das características físicas, bioquímicas e organolépticas e efeito da radiação gama na conservação pós-colheita dos frutos de mamão (Carica papaya L.)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-02-28) Ferraz, Karla Kristine Florenço; Silva, Diolina Moura; Figueiredo, Suely Gomes de; Medeiros, Edna Faria de; Rabelo, Flavia Lucia Abreu
Indução de sistema de defesa do mamoeiro como resposta à elicitores químicos (óxido nítrico) e biológico (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-02-28) Santos, Mirella Pupo; Ventura, José Aires; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Sabino, José Mauro de Souza; Santos, Reginaldo Bezerra dos
The yeast extract S. cerevisiae and nitric oxide has been studied in the induction of not specific answers in the defense in plants. Papaya plants were treated if SNP and yeast extract. The yeast extract in Golden culture induced increase of the free phenol concentration (39 %) and connected (35 %) after 72 hrs the treatment. In Sunrise Solo, the treatment induce the accumulation of connected phenols, the increase (30 %) occurred mainly 120 hrs after. The SNP was capable to increase in 63 % after 72 hrs the concentration of free phenols in Golden culture. In the Sunrise culture has increase of free phenols 30% after 72 hs. The treatment with the leavening induced the increase of the enzymatic activity in the Golden culture it was of 84% after 72 hrs, reaching at 336 % in 168 hrs. However in the Sunrise culture the increase in the activity of peroxide was of 87% and 225% after 72hrs and 168hrs respectively. The activity of peroxides in the Golden culture presented an increase of 129 % after 72 hrs and 219 % after 168 hrs after the treatment with SNP. In the Sunrise Solo culture it had an increase of 131% and 203 % after 72 hrs and 168 hrs respectively. In the Golden cultivar's has increase in the concentration of total sugar (46%) after 24 hs. In the cultivar Sunrise Solo after 24 hs has increase (24%) after yeast treatment. It had an increase in the concentration of sucrose in both culture when treated with leavening extract, been that this increase was bigger after 24 hrs and 48 hs of treatment (47% and 34%). The treatment with SNP induced an increase in the levels of sucrose in both cultures been that this increase was bigger (77%) after 24 hrs of treatment. The treatments with extract of leavening and SNP had caused an increase of the expression of the responsible gene for the production of peroxides on the production of lignin after 4 and 8hrs. The gene npr1 and gene sod-Mn did not have its expression modified with both treatments
Influência da pressão hidrostática em Saccharomyces cerevisiae: correlação com estresses químicos e físicos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-03-31) Soares, Fernando Lucas Palhano; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Foguel, Débora
Yeasts are unicellular organisms that are exposed to a highly variable environment,concerning the availability of nutrients, temperature, pH, radiation, access to oxygen and,specially, water activity. Evolution has selected yeasts to tolerate, to a certain extent, theseenvironmental stresses. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) exerts a broad effect upon yeastcells, interfering with the cell membranes, cellular architecture and in processes ofpolymerisation and denaturation of proteins. Gene expression patterns in response to HHPrevealed a stress response profile. The majority of the upregulated genes are involved in stressdefence and carbohydrate metabolism while most of the repressed ones are in cell cycleprogression and protein synthesis categories (Fernandes et al, 2004). Nitric oxide (NO) is asimple and unique molecule that has diverse functions in organisms, including intracellularand intercellular messenger. The influence of NO on cell growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand as a signal molecule in stress response of HHP was evaluated. Respiring cells were moresensitive to an increase in intracellular NO concentration than fermentatively growing cells.Low levels of NO demonstrated a cytoprotective effect during stress from HHP. Induction ofNO synthase was isoform-specific and dependent on the metabolic state of the cells and thestress response pathway. These results support the hypothesis that an increase in intracellularNO concentration leads to stress protection against HHP. In addition, the acquisition oftolerance to high hydrostatic pressure of 220 MPa (HHP) in response to a 0.4 mM hydrogenperoxide, 6 % ethanol or 10 ºC cold shock pretreatment for different lengths of times wasstudied in the yeast S. cerevisiae. The protection conferred by these different treatments wassimilar, around 3 log cycles and time-dependent. Analysis of the induction of the mostpressure up-regulated genes under these conditions was investigated by RT-PCR. Our resultsrevealed that the cell stress response to HHP shares common features with hydrogen peroxideand ethanol stresses, but differs in some way to cold shock. Also, it was seen that mildpressure induced cell cycle arrest and protection against severe stresses, such as hightemperature, high pressure and ultra cold shock. Nevertheless, this protection was only significant if the cells were incubated at atmospheric pressure after the HHP treatment.Expression of genes that were upregulated by HHP and are related to resistance to thisstresses were also analysed, and, for the majority of them, higher induction was attained after15 min post-pressurization. Taken together, the results imply an interconnection amongstresses.
Avaliação fisiológica e anatômica dos efeitos da deposição de ferro e dióxido de enxofre em duas espécies vegetais ocorrentes na restinga : Schinus terebinthifolius e Mimusopsis coriacea
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-04-29) Lopes, Sandrelly Amigo; Cano, Marco Antonio Oliva; Thomaz, Luciana Dias; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini
The objective is to analyze the effects of the settling of iron particles and of sulphur dioxide on the growth, on the physiological parameters and morphological and histo-chemical parameters, aiming at active bio monitoring. Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) and Mimusopsis coriacea (Sapotaceae) seedlings were exposed during an eight-month period to the gas and particle emissions of a pelletizing plant located in the municipal region of Anchieta, State of Espirito Santo. The plant species were selected because of what they represent in the lowlands environment, and because they are used for the purpose of planting trees in urban areas. These species’ uncomplicated planting care, as well as their morphological, phonologic and physiological characteristics, were also taken into consideration. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the species were placed in standard stations and spread throughout a transect according to the predominant wind direction in the region and at different distances: 200 meters, 500 meters, 800 meters, 1,400 meters and 1,700 meters away from the source of the emissions. The second experiment focused on temporal evaluation conducted at a station located in a product stocking and handling yard and in a reference area. Analyses were made of the trees’ height, the number of leaves, and the number and percentage of dead leaves, the foliar phyto-toxic chlorosis index, the foliar temperature, the temperature-related difference and the air, and the sedimentary dust content. The following data was analyzed on the last data gathering date: the settling of iron on the leaves, the iron and the sulphur content of the leaves, stems and roots, the chlorophyll a and b content, the gas exchange and the total dry mass of the plant material. In the second experiment, these analyses were conducted monthly, and included the number of flowering or non-flowering events, and the number of fruit or branches with fruit. The highest deposits of iron particles were verified at 200 meters. A higher quantity of settled iron particles per leaf area unit was observed at this same distance in the two species, S. terebinthifolius and M. coriacea. The highest foliar contents of total iron were verified at 200 meters in both plant species; that is, at the station located closest to the pelletizing plant, showing a gradual reduction as the distance from the emission source increased. The highest iron contents were found in the roots of both species. The highest content of total sulphate was observed in the M. coriacea, at 200 meters and in the S. terebinthifolius at 500 meters away from the emission source. There is a positive correlation between the foliar area and the settling of iron. No height-related variations were verified in the two species. The percentage of dead leaves was verified only in the S. terebinthifolius species lying at 500 meters and 800 meters away from the source. The number and the percentage of dead leaves and the necrosis phyto-toxicity index in the two species increased as exposure time to the plant’s emissions was extended. The same event was verified in the M. coriacea species lying 800 meters and 1,400 meters away from the source. A higher necrosis-related phyto-toxicity index of the M. coriacea was verified in the exposed plants located 200 meters and 1,400 meters away, whereas the highest such index for the S. terebinthifolius species was verified in the plants located 1,400 meters away. The pigment content of both species did not change because of the distance from the emission source. However, a slight reduction in the content of a and b chlorophyll and in the carotene content was verified at 800 meters. In general, the gas exchanges, that is, the reduction of the stoma conductance of the 11 transpiration and the liquid assimilation of CO2 in the S. terebinthifolius and M. coriacea, were lower at the stations located next to the plant. In other words, the related levels were generally lower at the stations lying closer to the emission source. M. coriacea proved to be more sensitive, with symptoms of damage to fluorescence at 200, 500 and 1,400 meters, whereas in relation to S. terebinthifolius, reduced damage was evidenced at 500 meters. In relation to the histo-chemical test, S. terebinthifolius accumulated higher amounts of iron with higher settling at the reentering angles at the bases of the uni-serial glandular trychomas, while M. coriaceae had a lower iron content, probably because of the leaves’ arrangement and smooth texture, the stomas hollows, the existence of thick hypodermis and cuticles on both sides of the leaves, acting as protection mechanisms to prevent the entry of polluting agents. As for the second experiment, there was higher settling of particles on the surface exposed to industrial activities conducted at the product stocking and handling yard, in contrast to the surface that had not been exposed. The exposed plants contained higher settlement and accumulation of iron in the case of both species. The settling and accumulation of iron increased in the S. terebinthifolius species during the exposure period, as did the number of this species’ leaves. This increase was verified to a greater extent at the station located in the industrial yard. This was not evidenced in relation to M. coriacea. Settling was reduced because of the rainy season. As for iron absorption, there was an increase, in general terms, for a period of two months after exposure to the facility. The figures related to iron accumulation in the plants exposed to the industrial area were higher for both species. Most of the accumulated iron was verified mainly in the roots of both species. A general increase in the content of plant species material was verified in both species. The growth in this material in S. terebinthifolius was verified in the industrial yard, while this growth in M. coriacea was verified in an area that had not been exposed to atmospheric emissions. There was no temporal variation in the height of the M. coriacea at the two stations, whereas there was more pronounced exponential growth of this material in the S. terebinthifolius located at the industrial yard. The quantity of flowers and fruit was significantly reduced on plants exposed to industrial conditions. The incidence of damage, measured according to the percentage of necrosis and to the phyto-toxicity index, was higher in the areas exposed to industrial emissions. Damage increased gradually in both species in relation to exposure time. There was no variation in the chlorophyll or in the carotenoids. The figures related to transpiration and stoma conductance in general were higher in the exposed areas. S. terebinthifolius and M. coriacea had higher CO2 assimilation rates throughout the exposure period and on the non-exposed area. Fluorescence for the two species was more affected during the month of August, probably as a result of the iron that had been absorbed and of the accumulation of iron particles in July, which were absorbed in the roots as a result of the rainfall in that month. According to histo-chemical tests, the species accumulated more iron on the exposed area and the S. terebinthifolius species accumulated higher quantities of iron than the M. coriacea did because of the former species’ morphological and anatomical characteristics, as mentioned above. M. coriacea was the more sensitive of the species. Both species are reaction bio indicators, and can be used in active bio indication. S. terebinthifolius is a resistant species that can be used in the reclaiming of areas damaged by mining activities because of its rapid growth rate and gene-typical plasticity.
Estudo de óleos essenciais extraídos de plantas medicinais, no controle do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causador da doença antracnose no mamão
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-06-07) Ferreira, Wilson Soares; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Santos, Reginaldo Bezerra dos; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Sabino, José Mauro de Souza
Brazil is the world’s greatest papaya producer, being Espírito Santo the second producer of Brazil, first in productivity and the greatest exporting. The papaya’s cultivation does matter to social and economic areas, for create jobs, fixing the man in the country, for stimulate many properties economically besides to produce wealthy to country. The papaya’s disease brings economic lost, either with fall of productivity or either with the acceptation of the product for the consuming market. Among the principals diseases after-harvest stands out the anthracnose, caused for fungus. Considering the problem of wastes from chemical control in the fruits, becomes important the inquiry of alternative methods of control, with attention to those that do not cause ambient impact and do not harm the consumers’ healthy. Studies are being carrying out with the medicinal plants in the alternative agriculture. In this work fourspecies of medicinal plants had been considered: Lippia Alba(erva-cidreira), Cymbopogon citratus(capim-limão), Cymbopogon nardus(capim-citronela) e Aloysia triphylla(cidrão). These plants were cultivated in two different enviromment, one of them withfertilization and others care’s cultivation, while the other in which plants were cultivation naturally, without human intervention. It was extracted, through distillation of drags of vapor, the essential oils from leafs of these plants, in different months. Through of chromatography gas technique that identified the main chemical components of these oils essential. The plants L. alba, C. citratuse A. triphyllahad presented the monoterpene citral as the principal component of them essential oils, while the C. narduspresented as the principal component of its essential oil, the monoterpene citronelal. To assessment of fungicidal activity from essentials oils of these plants, were realized tests in vitro of inhibition of mycelia growth and the germination of conidia. All the extracted essential oils of these plants in study, demonstrated fungicidal potential, because they had inhibited efficiently the mycelia growth and the germination of conidia from fungi. Among the months where the extractions had been made stands out the month of June, for have been the month in which all the plants had supplied to greater amounts of essentials oils. The fertilization and others cares’ cultivation did not increase the production of oils, the comparative production when the plants were cultivated naturally. Among the four plants studied, a C. nardus, presented a percentile greater in the essential oil production in every month that it was collected, being therefore indicated to be cultivated objectifying these essential oils for the control of anthracnose
Estudo do metabolismo fotoquímico nas folhas e perfil da atividade da celulase e b-galactosidase nos frutos de Carica papaya L., cultivares Golden e Gran Golden
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-02-08) Gallon, Camilla Zanotti; Figueiredo, Suely Gomes de; Silva, Diolina Moura; Sabino, José Mauro de Souza; Aguilar, Marco Antônio Galeas
This study focused the photochemical metabolism of leaves and the pattern of activity of the cellulase and ß-galactosidase enzymes in the Carica papaya L. fruit, Golden and Gran Golden cultivars. The content of chlorophyll was taken with a portable chlorophyll measuring device (SPAD 502) and the kinetics of the emission of fluorescence from chlorophyll awith a portable fluorometer, Handy PEA (Hansatech Instruments Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk, UK). The leaves, after previously going through a thirty minute adjustment to the dark, underwent a flow of photons at 680 µmol m-2 s-1. The amount of rain and the temperature of the area cultivated were taken into account when analyzing the data. The polyphasic curve of the fluorescence of chlorophylla for both cultivars of papaya during the time frame of the study demonstrates that there was not a significant difference among phases O, J, I and P. Differences in the parameters of the energy flow by cross-section of the photosystem II were observed. The Golden cultivar showed a higher rate of absorption of excited energy (ABS/CS), capture of excited energy (TRo/CS) and transport of that energy (ETo/CS). These results suggest that the Golden cultivar showed more efficiency than the Gran Golden cultivar when utilizing luminous energy in the period with the highest level of precipitation. However, Golden cultivar also showed a higher rate of dissipation of energy (DIo/CS) reflected in an increase of initial fluorescence (Fo), considered an indication of stress in plants, and the lessening of the quantum efficiency of the photosystem II. The Gran Golden cultivar showed an increase in the capture of energy by cross-section (TRo/CS) and the transport of that energy (ETo/CS). This increase may have contributed to this cultivar presenting greater quantum efficiency of the photosystem II in the period of lowest precipitation levels. The analysis of the cultivated fruit was conducted in the Laboratory of Protein Chemistry of the Federal University of Espirito Santo (in the XIIPortuguese acronym, UFES). The action of the enzymes cellulase and ß-galactosidase during ripening was observed in the 8 days following harvest and analysis of pulp firmness and loss of water were also conducted. The percentage of water lost in the fruit was calculated according to the loss of fresh mass and the percentage of the loss of firmness was obtained with the aid of a penetrometer. The activities of the enzymes cellulase and ß-galactosidase were previously standardized for the papaya tree and then measured for the obtainment of the relation with the loss of water and the changes in the firmness of the pulp. The results showed that the greatest loss in firmness in the fruit of the Golden and Gran Golden cultivars occurred between the 3rd and the 4th days after the harvest and that the fruit of the Gran Golden cultivar lose pulp firmness faster than those of the Golden cultivar. These results confirm a visual observation reported by papaya growers, and that is that the fruit of the Gran Golden cultivar have a shorter post harvest period. Observation showed that cellulase activity was greatest on the 5th day after harvest in the fruit of the Gran Golden cultivar and on the 6th day after harvest in the fruit of the Golden cultivar. The activity of ß-galactosidase increased in both cultivars until the 5th day after harvest, but in the Gran Golden cultivar the activity of this enzyme was higher in the post harvest period. These results illustrate the role these enzymes play in the decrease of firmness, evidencing the need for further study of the factors that interfere in the activation of these enzymes in order to allow the understanding of the physiology of the papaya
Comunidade fitoplanctônica e variáveis limnológicas no Reservatório Rio Bonito - Rio Santa Maria da Vitória (Santa Maria de Jetibá - ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-02-20) Rubim, Karine Toso; Azevedo, Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Dias Júnior, Camilo
This search was realized in the Rio Bonito reservoir - Santa Maria da Vitória river, situated 60 km far from Vitória, in the city of Santa Maria de a Jetibá – ES (Brazil). This reservoir has area of the 2,2km2 , maximum lenght of 14 km, maximum volume of 26.350.103 m3 and takes the generation of electric energy as a principal finality. The main study’s objective was to verify both spatial and temporal changes on phytoplanktonic community of the Rio Bonito reservoir and to relate with abiotic variables. The samplings were carried out in two stations (E1 and E2) of reservoir’s lacustrine area, in three different deeps (sub-surface, eufotic zone, and afotic zone), with trimonthly periodicity, on july/2004 to april/2005. Were analysed: climatological variables, air and water temperature, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ortophosfate, chlorophyll a, feofitin, total density and of phytoplankton Class, specific diversity and equitabilty, taxon’s wealths, abundant and dominant species, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the toxins produced by cyanobacteria (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin) in seston’s samples. How about the qualitative composition of phytoplankton community 106 taxon’s were registered, the Chlorophyceae Class was the most representative about taxon’s wealth, on both stations of sampling. There happened an elevated variation of the total numerical density of phytoplankton community, oscillating of 7.022 cells/mL (E1- afotic zone - january/05) to 905.674 cells/mL (E1 - sub-surface - july/04). How about the density there was a quantitative domain of Cyanophyceae Class, in a percentage that varied from 83,8% to 99,9%, the dominant specie on the three initial sampling periods was Cylindrospermopisis raciborskii and on the last period Synechocystis sp. Seven abundant species were found, wich are: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Synechocystis sp, Synechococcus sp, Monoraphidiopsis sp, Oscillatoria jasorvensis, Pseudoanabaena sp - of the Cyanophyceae Class e Ankistrodesmus sp of the Chlorophyceae Class. Low values of specific diversity and equitability were registered because of the domination of two species on the studied period. The biggest concentrations of chlorophyll a were registered in the sub-surface and eufotic zone, coinciding with the depths with larger total density of phytoplankton. The rainfall informations confered two distinct periods, one with lower tax of precipitation (july to october/04) and the other with a bigger tax of precipitation verified from november to may /05, with atypical rains on may. The highests mediums of total numerical density were registered on july/04, and the lowers values were found on april/05, month that suceeded the high tax of precipitation. The analysis of main components showed that positive correlation between total numerical density of phytoplankton, especially Cyanophyceae Class, pH, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a in contraposition to depth collection, the concentrations of nitrate and to diversity. None of the tested toxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin) was detected in the samples of seston. Although the Rio Bonito reservoir has not been constructed with the purpose of public water supply, the river Santa Maria da Vitória is used to this finality in Grande Vitória’s region. This reservoir is an imminent danger, so the cyanobacteria blooming present in this ecosystem can be considered of inoculation to these microorganisms for the waters downstream from the reservoir, wich will reflect problems to water treatment stations and the public health, if present cyanobacterial strains producing cianotoxins. Before of these facts become essential the constant monitorament of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins at this ecosystem.
Conteúdo e variação sazonal de carboidratos ocorrentes na flora da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-02-22) Clippel, Joscineia Kelli; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; Zaidan, Lílian Beatriz Penteado; Thomaz, Luciana Dias
In Plants, the main storage carbohydrates include starch, soluble sugar, fructans and cell wall polysaccarides. Moreover, carbohydrates act like energetic substrate and structural compounds, many of these sugars can act as a protection against environmental stress in growth periods. Carbohydrates are used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries. Although they have wide economic and ecologic importance, relatively little is known about their yield in plants native to the Atlantic present, especially in Espírito Santo (ES). This study was performed on order to contribute to more information. Non-structural carbohydrates were analysed from underground organs of the herbaceous Dioscorea sp. 1 (Dioscoriaceae), Dioscorea sp. 2 (Dioscoriaceae), Hedychium coronarium J. Koening (Zingiberaceae), Hippeastrum reticulatum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae), Prescottia nivalis Barb. Rodr. (Orquidaceae), Scadoxus multiflorus Martyn (Amaryllidaceae) and Sinningia aghensis Chautems (Gesneriaceae). To evaluate the cell wall polysaccarides, seeds of the herb Canavalia rosea L. and of the tree species Cassia fistula L., Cassia grandis L., Erythrina variegata L., Hymenaea coubaril L. and Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms (Leguminosae) were used. The soluble carbohydrates seasonal variation was performed in S. aghensis tuberculum. On the whole, Dioscoriaceae tuberous plants are rich in starch, reaching 50% in Discorea sp. 1 dry mass (DM). The species that exhibited the greatest amounts of fructose were the bulbous H. reticulatum (25% DM) and S. multiflorus (8,5% DM) and the rhizomatous P. nivalis (6,7% MS). The biggest soluble sugar purports, especially sucrose (63% DM), also were seen in P. nivalis. The tuberous Dioscorea sp. 2 and S. aghensis and the rhizomatous Hedychium coronarium presented the lowest total sugar and starch values, which could present another carbohydrates order on the analysed season. The high fructose content in H. reticulatum suggests the presence of fructans. From the cell wall storage polysaccaride purport analysed, the greatest purports were found in Hymenea coubaril seeds (70% DM), followed by Cassia grandis (50% DM) and Canavalia rosea (40% DM). E. variegata and O. arborea exhibited the lowest values of these compounds, representing 10 and 3% of DM respectively. Thus, H. coubaril, C. grandis and C. rosea appear take potential species in polysaccaride production for technological purposes. In carbohydrates seasonal variation analyses of S. aghensis tuberculum, the starch were 5,5% in autumn and 77,7% in winter, as of period which was reported lowest precipitation (3,6 mm). The total sugar soluble purport, sucrose and fructose were higher in summer, decreasing 50% in winter. As to glucose, greatest concentrations were found in autumn, followed by a conspicuous decrease in summer. The high concentration of starch in winter suggests that it may be linked to drought tolerance mechanisms.
Respostas ecofisiológicas da comunidade perifítica in situ a diferentes condições ambientais no Rio Santa Maria da Vitória, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-02-22) Martins, Fabíola Chrystian Oliveira; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Barroso, Gilberto Fonseca; Moschini-Carlos, Viviane
The physiological ecology responses of periphyton in the high course of the Santa Maria da Vitória (ES) river had been evaluated during one year, in two stations. The determined environmental variables had been: temperature, transparency, euphotic zone, depth, pH, OD, electric conductivity, STD, NO2 -, NO3 -, total-N, PO4 - and total-P. The Periphyton in natural substratum was evaluated through the biomass, chemical composition and structure of the algae community and classified through the autotrophic and Lakatos indexs. The river presented acid to slight acid waters, low electric conductivity and STD. OD, transparency and euphotic zone was raised. The total-N was high, had been compared with the ones of P, resulting in raised ratio NT/PT, evidencing an environment limited for P. The ACP showed distinction between the stations. It had difference of the periphytic biomass between the two stations explained, mainly, for the availability of nutrients. They had been registered 147 taxa of algae. Zygnemaphyceae was the Class most representative, qualitatively, in the station 1 and Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae in station 2. Bigger density was attributed to the Bacillariophyceae in the station 1 and Cyanophyceae in station 2. Zygnemaphyceae presented greater biovolume in the station 1 and Bacillariophyceae in station 2. During all the sampling period, in both the stations, the community was classified as heterotrophic and of low biomass. Station 1 presented trend to the trophic degree minor if compared station 2. This difference was the main factor that influenced the biomass and structure of the algae community, that if it showed limited, mainly, for P.
Propriedade antifúngica de extrato protéico de folhas do abacaxizeiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-06-12) Pereira, Umberto Zottich; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Ventura, José Aires; Tardin, Flávio Dessaune; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel
Although Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. is a fruit tree that has a great economic importance in Brazil it faces some limitations mainly in agriculture illness especially those that are caused by fungi. Thus, a fusariosis resistant genotype (EC-099) was selected by INCAPER. Nevertheless resistant factor of this plant is not clear yet. So, extract proteins from chlorophylls tissues of the plant leafs and test their activities against fungi of economic interest. Protein extraction was made followed by the separation by molecular weight trough precipitation with ammonium sulfate resulting in fractions 0-20% (F1), 20- 50% (F2) and 50-75% (F3) p/v. The antifungal activity was evaluated during 4 days through in spectrophotometer analysis by determination of fungi growth Aspergilus niger, Beauveria bassiana, Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Colletotrichum musae, Chalara paradoxa, Cladosporium sp., Fusarium subglutinanas f. sp. ananas (E-261) resistant and proneness to the fungicidal Benomyl, Penicilium sp. e Trichophyton rubrum grown in a potato dextrose (BD) liquid medium, inoculated with 1,5x106 spores/ml. Concentrations of 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 and 0,5 mg/ml of each fraction were tested. F1 inhibited growth of all tested fungi that were, obtaining the minor media and differing statistically from the other fractions when tested against A. niger, C. gloesporioides, C. musae, Cladosporium sp., F. subglutinanas f. sp. ananas, Penicilium sp. and T. rubrum. The development of C. paradoxa was ~ 30% inhibited by the three fractions, and had no significant difference among them. The F2 and F3 fractions presented a higher specificity to A. niger and Cladosporium sp. However, F2 and F3 were not efficient to inhibit the growth of F. subglutinanas f. sp. ananas ( less them 20%). F3 inhibited the A. niger growth up to 42,9%. By the regression analysis a better inhibition’s linearity by F1 was observed, obtaining higher values of the coefficient of correlation linear, when compared with F2 and F3, excepted to fungi B. bassiana e C. paradoxa. The results obtained in the tests demonstrated the existence of proteins with antifungal action in the resistant genotype of the pineapple tree (EC-099) and F1 presented higher efficiency in fungal inhibition. Thus, we may deduce that these proteins might be associated with the resistance of this genotype to fusariosis. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the existence of proteins with a high specter of action against different lends of fungi, indicating that this is an important object of research in genetic and in pharmacological industry.
Interação entre o papaya meleira virus (PMeV) e o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-08-25) Rodrigues, Silas Pessini; Ventura, José Aires; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Cunha, Maura da
Papaya sticky disease' is caused by Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) which has a dsRNA molecule as genome. It induces an exudation of fluid latex from the fruits and leaves. Initially, this work aimed to establish an easy molecular diagnostic method to early virus detection. The stablished method was based on virus de dsRNA extraction from papaya latex and tissues. Afterwards, the PMeV transmission by Trialeurodes variabilis whitefly was evaluated. Our observation was that as far as the insect caried the virus, it did not transmit it to the papaya plant. We also established that PMev infection occurs only when latex from diseased plants was injected in healthy ones. The evaluation of PMeV allocation within papaya at different infecton stages demonstrated that the virus was present mainly in laticifers richly tissues. In this cell type, the virus strongly reduced the amount of latex polymers, also altering their superficial morphology. Using transmission elecron microscopy, PMeV was observed strongly linked to the polymers. The virus induced an ncrease in water and potassium and phosphorus elements levels in the latex. Also, it was observed an increase in alkaloids and calcium oxalate crystal accumation. This accumulation was positively correlated with H2O2 synthesis, which was also observed at phloem companion cells. Taken together, these results suggest the existence of papaya defense mechanism against PMeV involving the H2O2 synthesis by laticifers and phloem cells.
Processamento por alta pressão hidrostática em frutas tropicais: inativação microbiológica e equivalência substancial
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-12-20) Binoti, Mirella Lima; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Fernandes, Antonio Alberto Ribeiro; Pereira, Simone Cardoso Lisboa
The consumers has lived a very healthy life, which includes good meals, mainly with products as much as possible with natural, that gives the visual, nutritional and organoleptic characteristics, and above all that is safe in the microbiologic point of view. From these, we can stand HHP, because it is efficient to eliminate the microorganisms e enzymes that deteriorate the meals, causing minimum changes in the components of the flavors and nutrients. It is due to the treatment of high pressures to room temperature that only affects chemical bonds with non-covalent, while it leads intact the covalent bonds of small molecules, as in the majority of vitamins and volátics components which establishes a flavor to the fruit. This work deals with the efficiency of HHP in the conservation of the tropical fruit, (papaya and mangoes), analyzing a large part of factors that interfere in the quality of those juices macrobiotic and the substantial equivalent during 28 days in 4 and 28°C. The pulps were initially treated with 150 to 400 MPa pressure, for 10 minutes, and they were submitted to microbiological analyses. The result was a down growth of microorganisms proportionally to the value of the pressure applied. In order to obtain values of pressure and a minimum time of treatment, we selected the value of 400 MPa and submitted the pulp to a treatment for five minutes The value of the pressure of 400 MPa for 5 minutes was sufficient to eliminate the microorganisms that contaminate the pulps of the fruit we studied, for a period of 28 days, stored in 4 and 28°C, at the same time that the proprieties of substantial equivalence (C vitamin, Bcarotene, sugars, (solutes acids, pH and citric acidic) were kept in equal proportions or in advantage to the non-treated pulp. The majority of the analyzed factors under a 4°C temperature demonstrated a better conservation of the natural characteristics in relation to the stores pulps to 28°C. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of HHP in processing the pulps of papaya and mango and its advantages regarding the pasteurization.
Influência da saliidade e da disponibilidade de nutrientes no crescimento inicial de Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC e de Passiflora mucronata Lam em um trecho de restinga
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-02-27) Lourenço Júnior, Jehová; Cuzzuol, Geraldo Rogério Faustini; Scarano, Fábio Rúbio; Silva, Diolina Moura
In the coastal plain vegetation (restinga) of Paulo Cezar Vinha State Park in Guarapari-ES, there are 12 restinga vegetation types or zones with very distinct physiognomies, following a species distribution and diversity gradient toward the continent interior. Thus, Canavalia rosea (Fabaceae) is restricted on creeping psammophytic zone, whereas Passiflora mucronata (Passifloraceae) is located on Palm scrub zone. There are several hypotheses about the vegetation zones stand, and the most outspread one is the saline gradient. Recently, the soil fertility factor has been also postulated. Trying to elucidate these questions, it was carried out the present study in order to investigate the salinity and mineral nutrition influence on the C. rosea and P. mucronata initial growth. Both species were grown with restinga soil in witch it was applied NaCl saline solution of 0, 200, 400 e 600mM. In nutritional experiment, the plants were grown in washed sand where it was applied weekly the Hoagland & Arnon (1936) nutritive solution at 20, 100 and 200% of ionic strength. The experiments were performed in a green house with natural light, temperature, and photoperiod. With the dry matter and leaf area data it was calculated the relative growth ratio (RGR), the net assimilation ratio (NAR), the leaf area ratio (LAR), the root/shoot ratio (RS), and the biomass allocation (root, stem and leaf fraction mass) according to Hunt (1982). It was also performed chemical and physical soil analyses of Creeping psammophytic and Palm scrub zone. The results showed that, on the whole, the increase of salinity affected both species growth. Both plants did not survive the highest levels of salinity (400 and 600mM), and C. rosea was later affected. The best performance was by the C. rosea plants growing in 0mM NaCl solution, whict reveled better biomass production. The C. rosea R:S ratio decreased in higher salinity levels, on the other hand, opposite effect was verified for P. mucronata plants. The soil analyses reveled that the sodium concentration was equivalent in both vegetations zones analyzed, and significant differences occurred as to the soil fertility. The Palm scrub vegetation develops on soils with higher organic matter and bases saturation values. This information confirms those results from the growth analysis, because P. mucronata plants have better growth (higher RGR and NAR) with the increase of nutrient availability, whereas C. rosea plants have a superior development in low ionic strength solution. The results allow-us to conclude that the fertility gradient must be a preponderant factor in the plant position of the vegetal zones studied at the restinga of Paulo Cezar Vinha State Park.
Avaliação dos riscos de impacto ambiental com agrotóxicos usados na produção convencional e integrada do mamão
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-28) Pinheiro, Emannuel Berson; Ventura, José Aires; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Costa, Helcio
Fruit crop is an important socioeconomic activity for Brazil and Espírito Santo State, where papaya is prominent. However, the impacts caused by the use of pesticides are currently a constant concern all over the world. Brazil, to continue to export, should adopt methods and techniques aimed at quality, without harming the environment. In Espírito Santo, Integrated Production of Papaya was implemented to optimize the productive process, reduce the amount of pesticides used and obtain quality of the production acceptable internationally. The objective of this work is to adapt a method for calculation of the risk of environmental impact of the active ingredients registered in the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) for the culture of papaya in Brazil, and to compare the risks of environmental impact in the systems of conventional and integrated production of papaya in Espírito Santo. The active ingredients used are those registered in the MAPA. The Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) was calculated as to form the database for "AgroImpacto Mamão". The application of the database was tested in commercial orchards of papaya located in Linhares ES, and conducted in systems of conventional and integrated production. The method of calculation was shown to be applicable to the pesticides registered in Brazil and "AgroImpacto Mamão", and of easy use. Comparison of the monitored orchards showed that there was a reduction of 71,14% in EIQ in the integrated production, and this would be of 78,69% if "AgroImpacto Mamão" was used.
Distribuição espacial e temporal da comunidade fitoplanctônica em uma área de malacocultura no município de Anchieta - ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-12-10) Schaeffer, Lislane Rocha; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Dias Júnior, Camilo; Suzuki, Marina Satika
The actual paper was made in the coastol region near Anchieta estuarian area in Espírito Santo State in na malacoculture area. The samples were taken monthly from January to December 2004 in 10 (ten) points: Rio, 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C. The analysis made were both a phytoplankton comunity quali-quantitative and environmental variables as water temperature, transparency, pH, salinity, and oxigen dissolved analysis . The water temperature and pH results had little variation throughout the year. The amount of rain changed the water transparency, therefore, pluviosity was the most influencing factor in the local phytoplankton comunity. Diatom were the most significant kind ( concearning a qualitative and quantitative analysis). Density data was low compared to other beach regions, though it showed a high diversity and equitability levels, which assures the well preserved with low environment impact area. The low density and biovolume levels indicate that mussels almost do not depend on phitoplancton comunity to eat. The Bacillariophyceae kind had the most representation concearning toxic species, due to it highest numbers through the year. Phytoplankton species that are potentialy toxic still do not appear, however they should be considered dangerous, since the Anchieta city population sewing system go straight either to Beneventes River or to the sea. This research is an under project of sustain musssel culture from RECOS Milenium Project, sponsored by CNPq since 2004
Processamento mínimo de mamão e abacaxi: respostas fisiológicas, bioquímicas e microbiológicas.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-12-14) Xavier, Viviane Lucas Silva Mansur; Silva, Diolina Moura; Oliveira Júnior, Luis Fernando Ganassali de; Bacarin, Marco Antônio; Reginaldo Bezerra dos Santos
The minimum processing is a way of making to offer the production of a fresh and immediate comsuption product. This way, studies involving physiological, biochemical and microbiological answers of papaya and pineapple minimally processed were realized, in order to keep the product quality and increase the shelf-life. Four experiments were conducted. The papaya and pineapple physical and chemical qualities, submitted to different types of agents sanitizantes, were analyzed: the control, with Ca(OCl)2, radiated with ultraviolet light and with NaOCl. At the end, they were conditioned in packings of PP (52µm) stored in BOD greenhouse. Each two days, the following analyses were accomplished for the experiments: the soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, pH, loss of fresh matter (PMF), microbiological analyses, vitamin C and activity of the pectinmethylesterase (PME). In the last day, for an experiment with papaya, the preference test. The minimally processed papaya, in general, retained physical and chemical ideal characteristics for consumption, the sanitation agents were efficient for microbiological control and the treatment with Ca(OCl)2 delayed the fruit aging. In the minimum processing of pineapple ‘Pérola ' the treatment with ultraviolet radiation was not recommended, modifying abruptly the metabolism of the fruits. All of the sanitation agents were recommended for microbiological control for 6 days, independent of the temperature and maturation stadium worked the fruits didn't present activity of the pectinametilesterase. The analyzed fruits did not presented pectinmethylesterase activity.

Navegar

Navegando Biologia Vegetal por Data de Publicação

Resultados por página

Opções de Ordenação