Agricultura Tropical

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http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17346

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura Tropical

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 149

Volumes de recipientes no crescimento de espécies florestais nativas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-12-05) Dias, Tânia Fontana; Almeida, Marcelo Suzart de; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Esposti, Marlon Dutra Degli
In order to provide information regarding the production of seedlings of forest species of Atlantic Forest, important segment of forest restoration, the study evaluated the growth of seedlings, Calophillum brasiliense (guanandi), Cariniana estrellensis (jequitibá white), Peltophorum dubium (angico canjiquinha) e Schinus terebinthifolius (red pepper tree) grown in containers of different dimensions. The study was conducted in the nursery trade Agroforestry Atlantic (AMA), city of Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, located at 17 ° 31'08 "south latitude and 39 º 44'30" west longitude. The statistical design was randomized blocks, with four replications and five treatments composed of tubes volumetric capacity of 53, 115, 180 and 280 cm³ and plastic bag of 560 cm³. Each species was an experiment independent of the others. The influence of the volume of the vessel growth and quality of the seedlings was determined by the following biometric parameters: shoot height, collar diameter, shoot dry biomass, root and total leaf area, high levels of relations and diameter, dry biomass and root and Quality of Dickson. To carry out the assessments were taken at random 15 central plants in each plot. The non-destructive evaluations began 30 days after transplantation for recipients, and repeated monthly until the seedlings showed morphological suitable for planting. During this time the experiment was completed, performing destructive evaluations. The results were subjected to analysis of variance SAEG statistical package (Statistical Analysis System), and the treatment means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The volume of container has significantly influenced the development of the plants for some species, indicating that plant growth was limited by restricting the root system. For Calophillum xi brasiliense (guanandi), there was statistical similarity between the seedlings of the tubes 180, 280 cm³ and 560 cm³ bag for all parameters evaluated. For species Cariniana estrellensis (jequitibá white), the average cartridge of 280 cm³ and 560 cm³ bag, were statistically similar for some parameters. Seedlings Peltophorum dubium (yopo canjiquinha), produced in the bag 560cm³ had higher averages for all parameters, and the tubes 180 and 280cm³ form similar in most parameters. To Schinus terebinthifolius (red pepper tree), the highest averages for all parameters, correspond to bag 560 cm³, except for the index that Dickson was similar between the tubes 180 and 280 cm³ and 560 cm³ bag. Even the highest average of indicators of quality of forest seedlings match the bag 560 cm³, its use may be impaired, since it produced all species showed folding of the root system and longer for aggregation of the root ball to the substrate. Considering substrate consumption, space requirements, length of stay in the nursery, labor, greater care with irrigation and monitoring of pests and diseases, depending on the species, may be more feasible using vessels of 180 or 280 cm³.
Propagação in vitro e ex vitro, aspectos anatômicos e fisiológicos de Neoregelia concentrica (Bromeliaceae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-16) Martins, João Paulo Rodrigues; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Santos, Breno Régis; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Schmildt, Omar
The spread in vitro may contribute to the multiplication of several species of commercial interest, as bromeliads. However, in vitro culture conditions can induce the formation of plants with poorly developed structures and tissues that can harm the subsequent ex vitro establishment. Thus, the objective was to develop a protocol for the propagation of bromeliad Neoregelia concentrica, taking into account anatomical and physiological aspects. The first experiment concerning the multiplication, was conducted from plants of N. concentrica previously established in vitro and with 180 days old. These were inoculated into test tubes containing MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) at 0.0; 5.0; 10.0 and 15.0 µM. At 60 days were analyzed for agronomic parameters and random collection of three plants of each treatment for morphoanatomical analysis. The second experiment, referring to the rooting, was carried out by two methods, in vitro and ex vitro. In vitro rooting, shoots multiplied with 15.0 µM of BAP were cultured for 60 days on MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) at 0.0; 1.0;, 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 µM. For ex vitro rooting, shoots multiplied with 15.0 µM of BAP had their bases immersed for 60 minutes in a solution of IBA or NAA at 0.0; 5.0; 10.0 and 15.0 µM. After immersion, the shoots were planted in plastic trays containing vermiculite and grown for 45 days. At the end of each method of rooting analysis was performed character phytotechnical. In the third experiment, referring to the acclimatization, plants N. concentrica multiplicated and rooted in vitro with 15.0 µM of BAP and NAA 3.0 µM, respectively, were planted in plastic trays containing vermiculite and grown under light levels 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% for 28 days. The analysis of fluorescence was performed every 7 days and the evaluation of characters phytotechnical at 28 days of acclimatization. In vitro multiplication, it was found that increased levels of cytokines induced higher emission x of shoots, and the formation of leaf tissues thicker, the use of BAP and more efficient with regard to the KIN. In the second experiment, we observed a higher rooting in vitro (30 days) and greater number of roots in shoots grown in medium containing 3.0 µM NAA, already in ex vitro rooting, we observed a higher number of roots and with greater length mean when applied 5.0 µM IBA. In the acclimatization, it was found less stress in plants grown under partial reduction of light level, highlighting the level of 50% due to recovery in less time and greater growth of N. concentrica. It was possible to establish an efficient protocol for the propagation of bromeliads N. concentrica.
Frações orgânicas e mineral na produção de mudas de mamoeiro CV. THB
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-16) Paixão, Marcus Vinicius Sandoval; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Matiello, Hediberto Nei; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Schmildt, Omar; Cattaneo, Laércio Francisco
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chicken manure associated with superphosphate fertilizer in the production of papaya cv THB. The experiment was conducted in a nursery farm in Linhares-ES, in a randomized block design, factorial scheme with additional control, with four replications, with trays distributed in tubes with a capacity of 50 cm3 containing substrado Bioplant ®. The factors were chicken manure and superphosphate levels: five levels of chicken manure (0, 10, 20, 30, 40% v / vt) x five levels of superphosphate (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 Kg m-3) with an additional control, the standard mixture used in the region with the fertilizer Basacote ® at a dose of 10 kg m-3. Was evaluated the percentage of emergence (PE), the emergence speed index (ESI), the mean emergence time (MET), the rate of chlorophyll content, height of seedlings, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, dry mass of roots and shoots. It was found that alternative treatments have improved only the ESI did not affect EP, and for the other variables are presented below the standard. Thus, it is not recommended the use of chicken manure in the production of seedlings of papaya cv. THB. Also not recommended the addition of superphosphate to the standard substrate.
Efeitos de diferentes preparos nos atributos físicos do solo e no desempenho produtivo do mamoeiro Tainung 01
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-20) Zuffo, Valmir José; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Vitória, Edney Leandro da; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Bonomo, Robson; Lima, Julião Soares de Souza
The effects of five tillage systems on soil physical attributes, growth, development and nutrition of Formosa papaya Tainung 01 were evaluated on cohesive Alfisol of Coastal Tableland. The experiment was planted on january 21, 2011 and remained in field for 260 days, in an area previously used with Brachiaria never corrected nor fertilized before and irrigated by low pressure sprinkler system. Treatments were applied in five replicates and statistical design of random blocks were: 1) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + ridge on row planting made 135 days after transplanting (GA c/ CAM); 2) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow (GA s/ CAM); 3) forester subsoiler (SF); 4) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on row planting (GA+ELP); 5) heavy disc harrow (twice) + offset disc harrow + chisel plow on total area (GA+EAT). All tillage systems received mechanized furrower and a bench made with loose soil and fertilizers and over which the seedlings were planted. As a characterization of experimental area before application of treatments, were determined penetration resistance (RP) followed by soil moisture, mean weight diameter (DMP), geometric mean diameter (DMG), bulk density (Ds), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), Ma/Mi ratio, soil texture and fertility. After application of treatments were determined RP, accompanied by soil moisture, DMP, DMG, Ds, Ma, Mi and Ma/Mi ratio and biometric variables of nutrition and production as plant height, stem diameter at 0,20 m height, height of insertion of the first fruit, plant sex, foliar contents of macro and micronutrients as well as number of fruits per plant with separation of commercial and non-commercial ones. Statistical treatment of data included calculation of mean standard error for RP and analysis of variance for all other data accompanied by the Tukey test for comparison of means at 5% level of probability. There were differences in penetration resistance between treatments. Subsoiler showed to be more effective in the decrease of RP up to 0,35 m away from the plant in the direction transverse to the rows. Chisel plow produced smaller RP than GA or SF, even at 0,40 m depth and was more effective at greater distances from the plant. All tillage systems produced RP smaller than 2.5 MPa at a depth with the greater concentration of papaya roots (0 0.25 m) and provided good physical conditions up to this depth. There was no statistical difference between treatments for Ds, Ma, Mi, Ma/Mi ratio, DMP e DMG at 0.20 m depth and foliar contents of macro and micronutrients at 197 days after transplanting. Height of plants in two stages were lower for the SF and statistically equal to the other treatments. Heavy disc harrow altered soil physical attributes at a higher intensity up to 0.20 m depht. Total fruit yield and commercial fruit yield was higher in GA c/ CAM, GA s/ CAM, GA+ELP and GA+EAT, which did not differ. There were no differences for non-commercial fruit yield. There was no justification for the building of the ridge on the planting row after instalation of the orchard. From the standpoint of conservation of soil, when considering the stability of aggregates data, all tillage systems were similar. The relationship between growth and development performance of plants and tillage systems should be evaluated considering whole physical and chemical properties of soil.
Comportamento morfofisiológico de mudas de café conilon propagadas por estaquia e enxertia
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-26) Andrade Júnior, Saul de; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Ferrão, Maria Amélia Gava; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Mauri, Aldo Luiz
Its objective is to evaluate the seedlings growth disseminated by grafting and cutting and to characterize gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence a in conilon coffee. The experiment was conducted at the seedling production vivarium of Incaper‟s Experimental Farm in Marilândia city in Espírito Santo. In the grafting, seedlings from seminiferous propagation of Coffea canephora species, „Robusta Tropical 8151‟ were used as rootstocks, and as graft, six clones Conilon „Vitória Incaper 8142‟. The cutting was done with six clones used in the grafting. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with twelve treatments and five repetitions composed by twelve seedlings. After 130 days the grafting read the variables of gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence a after 150 days means of variables were evaluated and they were compared by Scheffé test with a probability of 5%. The grafted seedlings were superior in all growth characteristics. Significant differences weren‟t detected to gas exchanges in none of the cutting and grafting contrasts and the same hasn‟t occurred to chlorophyll fluorescence a parameters and when the study considered the maturation stage the materials showed no differences among them.
Propagação vegetativa da pimenteira-do-reino : avaliação de cultivares, níveis de AIB e substratos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-26) Secundino, Welington; Schmildt, Omar; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Cattaneo, Laercio Francisco
Vegetative propagation by cuttings has largely contributed to the multiplication of several commercial species, among them the black pepper. Success in rooting is determined by a complex interaction between environmental and endogenous factors. The objective of this work is to investigate the course of cultivars of black pepper to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and different substrates. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse equipped with irrigation system, type intermittent mist, located in the Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES) of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) in São Mateus, ES. In the first experiment, we investigated the rhizogenic course of black pepper cultivars by different concentrations of IBA. We used a randomized block design, with plots arranged in a factorial 3x5: three cultivars (Bragantina Iaçará and Guajarina) x five IBA concentrations (0, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000 mg kg-1 ), with four 16 replicates of each pile. It is recommended for cv. Bragantina immersion of only the basal and cvs. Iaçará Guajarina and total immersion of the cuttings in IBA, and the concentration recommended for cultivars is 4000 mg kg-1 . In the second experiment, xi we analyzed the rooting of cultivars of black pepper on different substrates. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x4 factorial design: three cultivars (Bragantina Iaçará and Guajarina) x four substrates (soil + organic compound - 18%, Vermiculite, semi-carbonized rice husk and Bioplant® ), with four 16 replicates of each pile. There are differences among cultivars of black pepper and the characteristics related to the root system. The vermiculite was the best and semicarbonized rice husk is not recommended for rooting cuttings of cvs. Bragantina Iaçará and Guajarina.
Propagação vegetativa de espécies do gênero Piper e suas potencialidades
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-27) Magevski, Gizele Cristina; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Czepak, Marcio Paulo; Stangarlin, José Renato; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Fernandes, Adriano Alves
The species Piper nigrum (black pepper) is widely used as a condiment, and valued worldwide. The state of Espirito Santo is the second in the national production of this species, which has great social and economic, to generate alternative income for the family farmer. However, since 1957 this culture began to be affected by a disease that attacks the root system, known as Fusarium. The disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, causing the deaths of thousands of pepper plants, resulting in large losses of production and improved crop production cycle. There is still no proven technology that disease, but it is recommended that you use the graft to obtain disease resistance of the soil, allowing the cultivation of certain species in contaminated areas. It is known that native Piperaceae, such as P. aduncum L., P. arboreum, P. carniconnectivum, P. hispidum, P. hispidnervum, Piper sp and P. tuberculatum showed high resistance to infection with two isolates of Nectria haematococca f. sp. piperis, so they can be used with rootstocks. Thus this work aimed to investigate the propagation by cuttings of three species of Piperaceaes (P. arboreum Aubl. and P. mollicomum, P. amplum Kunth) with potential resistance to fusarium wilt of P. nigrum L., subsidizing therefore information for the production of rootstocks resistant to the Fusarium solani. The first experiment was related to the induction of adventitious rooting of cuttings in three Piper species (P. arboreum, P. amplum and P. mollicomum) using IBA at different concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg kg-1 ). The evaluation was performed at 45 days of transplanting and the variables were analyzed: survival (%), leaf number, number of shoots and the average length of the largest bud (cm). In the second experiment, we xi tested the induction of root and shoot growth of cuttings of P. arboreum and P. amplum with the same concentrations used in the first experiment. The evaluation was performed at 90 days of cultivation and the variables were analyzed: survival (%), rooting (%), emission of shoots (%), number of root and shoot, length of roots and the largest bud (cm) and diameter of the bud (mm). The third experiment aimed to detect sources of resistance to Fusarium solani, among the different species of wild Piper propagated in this work and verify that two isolates (isolate I and II) from the pepper with symptoms of fusarium wilt, differ in their ability to infect different hosts. The species P. arboreum and P. amplum, and 98% showed 100% survival, respectively, regardless of the concentration of IBA employed. It was observed that for the rooting of the cuttings of the species P. amplum indicated 3.000 mg kg-1 IBA and for P. arboreum was linear, requiring therefore, studies with concentrations greater than 8,000 mg kg-1 of IBA. It has been demonstrated potential for resistance to both isolates tested on P. arboreum, P. amplum and P. mollicomum, but this condition has yet to be proven under field conditions.
Fitorremediação de solo contaminado com sulfentrazone em função da densidade populacional de Canavalia ensiformis e Crotalaria juncea
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-04-27) Ferraço, Mariana; Belo, Alessandra Ferreira; Oliveira, Marcelo Antonio de; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Procópio, Sérgio de Oliveira
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of population density of Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) and Crotalaria juncea (madras hemp) on phytoremediation of soil contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone. The experiment was conducted in green-house, in a randomized block design in 4 x 3 factorial design with four replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of four densities of the species phytoremediator C. ensiformis (0, 10, 20 and 40 plants m-2) and C. juncea (0, 60, 120 and 240 plants m-2) and three doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200 and 400 g ha-1). The pots were filled with fertilized soil and subsequently were applied herbicide. Eight days after the application proceeded to the sowing of the species used as phytoremediation. At 21 and 75 days after emergence (DAE) of plants, evaluations were made of height (cm). At 75 DAE, the plants were cut and immediately weighed to obtain fresh mass (g) of the shoot. Soon after, all this material was frozen for bioassay and determination of residues of sulfentrazone in shoots analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After cutting the plants Soil samples were removed and root of all vessels from two layers, 0-10 and 10 to 20 cm to determine the persistence of herbicide using chromatography. In this same period, made in the same pot, sowing of species bioindicator the presence of sulfentrazone in soil, Pennisetum glaucum. At 25 and 42 DAE P. glaucum evaluated the toxicity by the herbicide and height at 42 DAE was determined fresh and dry weight of shoot and root. In parallel, another bioassay was conducted, for which an extract produced with a fraction of the aerial part of C. ensiformis and C. juncea previously stored. It was placed in pots containing washed sand. The P. glaucum was sown and then at 15 and 30 DAE evaluated the toxicity by the herbicide and height at 30 DAE determined the fresh weight and dry shoot and root. Another part of the frozen materials were used for residues of sulfentrazone. Soil were determined by extraction using 80 ml of methanol for every 40 g of soil, after stirring for 16 h. For determination of the herbicide in the shoots and roots of plants Phytoremediator the plant material was subjected to extraction by maceration with methanol. The prior cultivation Phytoremediator C. ensiformis and C. juncea promoted the remediation of sulfentrazone. The density minimum C. ensiformis and C. juncea enabling the development of P. glaucum is 20 to 120 plants m-2 respectively. The extract of C. ensiformis and C. juncea was not phytotoxic to P. glaucum indicating that these species can be used as green manures sulfentrazone after the soil remedying. No residual herbicide was found in shoots and roots of C. juncea. Only it was detected residues of sulfentrazone the shoots of C. ensiformis when it was applied to the soil 400 g ha-1 of this herbicide.
Variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos e físicos de um latossolo cultivado com pimenta-do-reino no norte do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-17) Amorim, Diego Dantas; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Zanetti, Sidney Sara; Gontijo, Ivoney; Santos, Gérson Rodrigues dos
Knowledge of the spatial variability of chemical and physical properties of soil, can be a great tool to aid in the management of crops of agronomic importance. From Contour maps showed we can strategize management, fertilizatilizing and liming, the plant may provide a better growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in a field of black pepper variety Bragantina, planted at 3.0 x 1.8 m spacing (1852 plants ha-1), in Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distroférrico, located in City of São Mateus - ES. The soil analysis will be performed at the Laboratory of Soil and Foliar Analysis and the Soil Physics Laboratory at the Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES-UFES). Installed a rectangular grid of 100 x 120 m (12.000 m2) with 126 georeferenced points, apart from each other at distances of 5 x 5 m, 10 x 10 m and 20 x 20 m with geo minimum distance of 5 x 5 m, the sampling grid has slope ranging from 3 to 10%. At each sampling point were collected soil samples for chemical analysis of soil chemical analysis shall consist of pH values, H + Al, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SB, V, T , and T m. For each sampling point was collected sample has a depth in the 0.10-0.20 deformed for the determination of bulk density, total pore volume, macropores and micropores. Study was conducted on the resistance to penetration was performed on each sample point, with their respective water content in the soil layers from 0.00-0.20 and 0.020-0.40 m. A liming was made in the study area, according to the statement of need for liming, the fees for the evaluation of the influence of lime requirement on soil chemical properties. The objective was to describe the spatial variability of chemical and physical attributes of a field of black pepper kingdom under Latossolo vermelho-amarelo distrófico. There was moderate spatial dependence for variables macropores, Microproros, bulk density, soil moisture in two layers; strong for total porosity and soil resistance in the layer of 0.00 to 0.20, appearing weak to the same layer from 0.20 to 0.40. These variables had ranges of 29.1, 33.81, 39.22, 99.59, 22.33, 25.44, 10.38 and 23.31 m for the physical attributes, respectively. It was proven negative spatial correlation between productivity and Ds. With the different liming, we were able to better distribute the limestone in the area under the need liming for each management area.
Crescimento vegetativo e acúmulo de nutrientes em diferentes genótipos do cafeeiro conilon
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-21) Marré, Welington Braida; Gontijo, Ivoney; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Vieira, Henrique Duarte
The nutrients phenological aspects knowledge is primordial for a better quality and productivity of the coffee. So, the goal of this project was to determinate the seasonable growth and nutrients accumulation by Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre), along with different periods of maturation and with the orthotropic and plagiotropic branch growth in distinct ages, as well as relate them to climate factors. The experiment was lead between 08/14/2010 and 10/08/2011 in a agriculture rural field, situated on Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo. The principal set lead used in the experiment was completely random, repeated five times. Plants of three years old were utilized, cultivated under full sunshine conditions, with therr meters between lines and one meter between each plant. The growth rate of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches of C canephora are different between distinct kinds of genotypes and they suffer of a seasonable climate variation during the whole year, influenced especially by air temperature variation. Plagiontropic branches along some months and especially with the fruit (coffee) presented lower vegetative growth, compared to newer branches. Distinct genotypes maturation cycle also presented singularities in each absorbed nutrient, varying according to a certain period of time, suggesting, maybe, that each genotype demand a variable quantity of nutrient at the same period. Longer fruit maturation cycles genotypes demand more nutrients and better redistribute them along the cycle. It is suggested that most of Conilon coffee genotypes demand more growth nutrients between mid-September to the second week of May. It is also suggested that fertilizations must be performed in different periods during the year for each kind of maturation cycle, according to nutrient demand for generating the fruit.
Atributos químicos e físicos como indicadores de qualidade do solo, em tabuleiros costeiros, no norte do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-25) Marinato, Fábio Altoé; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Gontijo, Ivoney; Passos, Renato Ribeiro
Modern agriculture must be based on the search for natural resources sustainability as well as optimization of soil use in order to minimize environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil cover on the physical and chemical attributes in a coastal plain area. We have studied seven ground covers: Native secondary Atlantic Forest, Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Native Grassland, Rubber plantation, Conilon Coffee Plantation, Reforestation with Native Species and Black Pepper plantation. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications. As chemical indicators we have quantified active acidity, Organic Matter, Capacity of Cation Exchange, Aluminum, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, potential acidity, sum of bases, base saturation and aluminum saturation. As physical indicators we have evaluated soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, pondered average diameter, geometric average diameter and particle density. They were determined in three depths: 0- 0.05m, 0.05-0.20m and 0.20-0.40m. We also measured Saturated Hidraulic Conductivity, with two depths (0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40) and two water column (0.05 and 0.10m), and Mechanical Resistance to Penetration at 0-0.20; 0.20-0.40 and 0.40- 0.60 depths, adopting seven repetitions for this analysis. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. Another analysis was also performed with Canonical Variables and x Tocher group methods. For chemical indicators, in the first layer, the coverage grouping revealed a group formed by Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Rubber Plantation, Reforestation with Native Species, Conilon Coffee Plantation, Black Pepper Plantation and Natural Grassland, leaving the Native secondary Atlantic Forest isolated. For the second layer, we there was a formation of a group of Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Conilon Coffee plantation, Black Pepper Plantation, Natural Grassland and Native secondary Atlantic Forest, leaving Rubber Plantation and Reforestation with Native Species isolated from the others. In the third layer only one group was formed from which Reforestation with Native Species was isolated. Physical indicators showed four divisions in the first layer: A group formed by Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Rubber Plantation and Reforestation with Native Species, other group formed by Conilon Coffee and Black Pepper Plantations, remaining in an isolated way Natural Grassland and Native secondary Atlantic Forest. In the second layer there was the grouping of Conilon Coffee and Black Pepper Plantations and another group with Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Rubber Plantation, Reforestation with Native Species, Natural Grassland and Native secondary Atlantic Forest in. Third layer appears with four divisions: Reforestation with Eucalyptus, Rubber Plantation and Reforestation with Native Species; Native secondary Atlantic Forest and Black Pepper Plantation; and Conilon Coffe and Natural Grassland being isolated. At the end of the study we got the following conclusions: 1. There have been changes in the chemical and physical soils properties as a function of their covers. 2. First layer showed to be very sensitive to changes in terms of chemical and physical viewpoints. 3. Second layer showed chemical quality preservation in Conilon Coffee Plantation, Black Pepper Plantation, Reforestation with Eucalyptus and Natural Grassland covers. There was also physical quality preservation in Reforestation with Native Species, Rubber Plantation, Reforestation with Eucalyptus and Natural Grassland covers. 4. In the third layer Reforestation with Native Species was the only coverage that failed to preserve chemical qualities of the soil, while only Black Pepper Plantation managed to preserve physical qualities. 5. Two different classes of soil being in the study did not affected the final results with a possible grouping in soil classes.
Distribuição e correlação espacial da incidência da fusariose em pimenta-do reino com atributos do solo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-05-30) Drumond Neto, Antonio Pereira; Gontijo, Ivoney; Lima, Julião Soares de Souza; Silva, Marcelo Barreto da; Bergamin Filho, Armando; Zambolim, Laércio; Vitória, Edney Leandro da
The black pepper is one of the most important spices and consumed worldwide. The fusarium wilt is the major disease that attacks the pipericultura in Brazil and is caused by the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (Nectria haematococca f. sp. piperis). Plant growth and root diseases are directly influenced by physical, chemical and biological soil environment, which are interconnected and form complex associations between them. The plant nutrition and a fertile soil with good physical characteristics influence all parts of the triangle of root diseases. New tools to investigate the variability and complexity of the interaction between the soil environment and pathogen are poorly studied, so the aim of this study was to research and implement methods of geostatistics to understand the distribution and spatial correlation of the intensity of Fusarium in black pepper crop with soil attributes. The experiment was conducted in the period from 2010 to 2011 in the North of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Geostatistics was used to study the spatial dependence and implanted a regular sampling grid of 12,000 m2. For the intensity of the disease was performed seven assessments, totaling 303 days, making the last evaluation soil samples for determinations chemistry, physics and texture. For the spatial correlation between disease severity with soil attributes, we used the analysis of variograms. The maps of the distribution of the disease over time show an initial focus on the edges of the crop, alongside a crop of older black pepper kingdom. The disease correlates spatially with the attributes fine sand ratio Mg / K, magnesium, pH, exchangeable acidity and base saturation.
Controle da fusariose da pimenta-do-reino com aplicação de trichoderma harzianum
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-06-19) Oliveira, Carmelita dos Santos; Fernandes, Adriano Alves; Silva, Marcelo Barreto da; Paula Junior, Trazilbo José de
The fusarium wil is a major disease of black pepper. Frequenttly it causes plant and, consequently, reduces yield, resulting in economic losses for black pepper producers. Considering the difficulties and limitations in controlling this disease, biological with Trichoderma spp. could be an alternative strategy to be inculded in the integrated disease management. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of Trichodermil® in controlling fusarium disease n crops of black pepper in the North of the Espírito Santo State in the city of São Mateus. The use of Trichodermil® reduced the disease in the field up to 50%. The mixture of organic matter suppliers compounds, with the exception of Polycana® , reduced the efficiency of Trichodermil® . The application intervals of 90 and 120 days were those with better control, at doses of 1 or 2 mL per plant.
Atributos físico-hídricos do solo em lavoura de café conilon submetida à subsolagem
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-21) Souza, Joabe Martins de; Pires, Fábio Ribeiro; Bonomo, Robson; Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Coutinho de; Vitória, Edney Leandro da
The proper preparation of the soil promotes changes in physical attributes, especially the structure and can modify the storage capacity of water, crucial in determining irrigation needs for crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil preparation for planting Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) submitted to subsoiling, physical properties and soil water. The experimental area consisted of three plots cultivated with coffee at 11, 7 and 3 years old, called T11, T7 and T3, respectively, submitted to subsoiling in the rows. For the evaluations hydrophysical soil samples were collected and undisturbed, in line (P1) and leading (P2) culture and four depths 0.00 to 0.20, 0.20-0.40, 0.40 -0.60, from 0.60 to 0.80 m. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replications. The soil properties were evaluated soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity, besides the water retention curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity, resistance to penetration and index S. The soil density, total porosity and macroporosity showed significant differences between the sampling points for the upper soil layers with higher porosity and macropore to the point P1 and a higher density of the soil to the point P2, did not differ from other layers. The total porosity showed an inverse behavior to the specific weight of the soil and increased the microporosity and macroporosity decrease in depth. Among the areas with different ages, physical and hydraulic properties of the soil showed no significant differences, showing that improvements of subsoiling are persistent over the years in this culture condition. The penetration resistance differed between sampling points, occurring with increasing depth, no difference, however, between the plots. We observed a positive correlation between penetration resistance and bulk density and microporosity, macroporosity and negative. The saturated hydraulic conductivity differ between sampling points in the layers of 0.00-0.40 m, with no significant difference between the plots. There was a negative correlation between penetration resistance and positive correlation with microporosity and macroporosity. The determination coefficient of adjustment curves water retention in the soil was greater than 98% and tuning parameters increased with depth. Water availability presented in general higher in the coffee line, until 0.60m, showing the benefit of subsoiling water retention. The S was higher in the rows, showing high correlation with the porosity and density of the soil. Subsoiling changed the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil, providing a balance between macro and micro, increased water availability and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and greater water retention at low voltages. The S proved to be a good tool to assess soil quality under these conditions.
Divergência genética entre acessos de mamoeiro e correlações entre suas características no norte do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-22) Silva, Clemilton Alves da; Schmildt, Omar; Cattaneo, Laercio Francisco; Schmildt, Edilson Romais
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is currently one of the most economically important fruit crops being cultivated and consumed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Brazil is the second largest producer of the fruit, its cultivation is configured in highyield agriculture and great economic importance to the country. The improvement works in papaya crop are becoming important tools in order to maintain and increase production indices of papaya tree. In this context developed two distinct works for the following purposes: the first was evaluated, the degree of genetic variability among accessions fifty-nine papaya through agronomic characteristics. For both the genetic divergence was quantified by multivariate following: Mahalanobis distance, clustering techniques and optimization Tocher hierarchical method agglomerative average peer unweighted. There were significant differences for all traits, showing the existence of variability among accessions. The characteristics plant height, height of insertion of the first fruit greater thickness of fruit pulp, fruit diameter and length of fruit provided heritability of more than 80%, results may indicate that significant gains in simple selection process. There is genetic variability among accessions, and the American, STZ 03-209 Petiole short and Califlora the most divergent. The methods of Tocher and hierarchical partially agree on the formation of heterotic groups of accessions of papaya in northern Espírito Santo. The characteristics of fruit weight, fruit diameter and plant height were the most contribution to genetic diversity. The second study was aimed at obtaining estimates of phenotypic correlations between morphological and papaya fruits as well as analyze the relationship between these characteristics and its unfolding in direct and indirect effects of primary and secondary components on production by plants. The correlations were higher to genotypic. There was no significant correlation among traits and the main variable yield per plant. The primary components: number and weight of fruit almost entirely explain the variations in plant production. Smaller thickness of fruit pulp was the secondary component that showed higher direct and indirect effects on the primary variable fruit weight.
Efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação em genótipos de cafeeiro conilon
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-22) Bonomo, Diego Zancanella; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Bonomo, Robson; Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Coutinho de; Vitória, Edney Leandro da
Due to the conditions of uneven distribution of rainfall in northern Espírito Santo, Brazil, cultivation of Conilon coffee (Coffeacanephora) has been done predominantly under irrigation with highly productive crops especially coffee production in Brazil. After the irrigation system implementation it is fundamental to the success of the project to implement a system of water management in irrigated crop, requiring a correct quantification of crop water consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of different genetic materials (clones) of Conilon coffee to different irrigation. The study aimed quantification of water consumption, as well as to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc). The research was conducted in a farm called Córrego Grande in São Mateus, Espírito Santo state, Brazil in commercial cultivation of Conilon coffee in 3 x 0.8 m spacing, conventional drip irrigated, with a flow rate of 2 L h-1 and spaced 0.5 m. The experimental design was completely randomized in a subplot design, with six plots, five subplots and four replications. The plots were irrigation corresponding to 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% of evapotranspiration for a condition of drip irrigation. The subplots were Conilon called 02, 03, 18, 153 and bamburral. Each replication was consisted of 20 plants. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means of treatments (subplots) were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The averages of the treatments (plots), were subjected to polynomial regression analysis. Regarding the growth parameters the 150% evapotranspiration blade for located irrigation was superior to the other ones. As for the first crop productivity, the percentages of irrigation applied for the maximum productivity varied according to the evaluated clone from blade percentages of 94.7% (kc = 0.947) for clone 03, percentage to 123.9% of the blade EToLoc (kc = 1.239) for clone 02.
Morfometria, germinação in vitro e ex vitro e adequação metodológica do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de Passiflora foetida var. glazziovii killip (Passifloraceae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-25) Costa, Poliana Rangel; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Araújo, Anderson Geyson Alves; Lopes, José Carlos; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira
The species Passiflora foetida L. has wide medical utility and ornamental, but information concerning their infraspecific taxon and the physiological potential of its seeds are still scarce. Tetrazolium tests and germination are important components for the evaluation of the physiological quality of seeds, enabling the evaluation force and deterioration. Through the application of these methodologies is possible to achieve the maximum levels of germination with getting quality seedlings. In this way, aimed to characterize P. foetida var. glaziovii Killip, evaluate their behavior in vitro and ex vitro germinal and tailor the tetrazolium test methodology. The botanical identification and characterization were performed from the observation of relevant characters as identification key. The ex vitro germination was held in roller and paper Germitest at temperatures of 25 and 20-30° C. Totally devoid of seed integument later were used in the in vitro germination tests and tetrazolium. For the in vitro germination medium was MS being the seeds put up the different qualities of light (white, red, red extreme and absence) and two temperatures (25 and 20-30° C). Tetrazolium test the seeds were submerged, tetrazolium solution at a concentration of 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 g L-1 at temperatures of 30, 35, 40 and 45° C for two hours in the absence of light. P. foetida var. glaziovii Killip is a wild species, characterized as herbaceous vine with glandular trichomes on its leaves, bracts and estipulas. This plant has small seeds of approximately 4.87 mm long and 2.15 mm wide, nonphotoblástic, and germination in vitro should be performed in alternating temperature xiii of 20-30° C. In the evaluation of force through the tetrazolium test the combination of concentration of 10 g L-1 and temperature of 30° C is recommended for this species.
Embriogênese somática em mamoeiro seleção THB
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-25) Detoni, Jamile Lenhaus; Schmildt, Edilson Romais; Lopes, José Carlos; Otoni, Wagner Campos; Alexandre, Rodrigo Sobreira; Aquije, Glória Maria de Farias Viégas
This work aimed to assess the somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants from the papaya tree selection THB. Apex stems and cotyledonary leaves inoculated by induction medium (IM): MS salts, sucrose (30 g L-1), myo-inositol (100 mg L-1), Phytagel® (2.8 g L-1) and concentrations of 2,4-D (6; 9; 12; 15 and 18 µM) or 4-CPA (19; 22; 25; 28 and 31 µM). After 50 days, the embryogenic calluses were transferred to the maturation medium (MM): MS without growth regulator; ABA (0.5 µM); ABA (0.5 µM) + CA (15 g L-1 ); ABA (0.5 µM) + CA (30 g L-1 ); ABA (0.5 µM) + PEG (60 g L1 ) for 30 days. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test and the averages compared by the Tukey test in level of 5% and analysis of regression. In IM, for both auxins, the responses were superior than when cotyledonary leaves were used, except the callogenesis. For the somatic embryo types, embryos in premature phase prevailed in both auxins, like globular and heart-shaped ones. For the 2,4-D, it was not possible to establish a great concentration for the response, but with the 4-CPA all the variables had their maximum level close to 25 µM. In this concentration, it was possible to obtain 91.67% of embryogenic calluses in cotyledonary leaves. For histological analysis of cotyledonary leaves, it was possible to identify the somatic embryos formation from parenchyme cells, prevailing the indirect form, but not synchronized. The occurrence of secondary somatic embryogenesis and the formation of abnormal embryos were also identified. For the maturation process, in the composition of the medium in which was detected a larger occurrence of somatic embryos (70 ES calo-1 ), as well as a lower percentage of geminated ES (4%), there was ABA (0.5 µM) + CA (15 g L-1 ). Therefore, for the somatic embryogenesis of the papaya tree selection THB, it is recommended the induction of cotyledonary leaves in 4-CPA (25 µM), being the maturation in an medium with ABA (0.5 µM) + CA (15 g L-1 ).
Efeito da aplicação de fontes e doses de nitrogênio nos atributos químicos do solo, na extração de nutrientes e na produção do capim-mombaça
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-25) Rosado, Thiago Lopes; Almeida, Marcelo Suzart de; Andrade, Felipe Vaz; Gontijo, Ivoney; Passos, Renato Ribeiro
The pastures represent the basis of bovine feeding in Brazil, which in its most part, are managed in extensive pastures. However, nutritional limitations, especially regarding nitrogen, contribute for the low forages production on the managed areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of nitrogen sources and doses on the chemical soil attributes, on the development and extraction of mombaça grass nutrients. The experiment was developed among October 2011 and April 2012, on the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo campus Santa Teresa. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, with three replications, in factorial scheme 3 x 6, with three nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate) and six nitrogen levels (0, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 kg ha-1), applied during the experimental period, totalizing 54 experimental units. The nitrogen doses were divided in 7 applications, and the treatments were applied at each 28 days, always after the forage cut, totalizing 7 cuts during the experimental period of 196 days. In each cut, the forage plant was collected with the assistance of an iron square of 50 x 50 and cut with a steel scissor. The material collected in each fragment was taken to the hothouse with air circulation, for the determination of previous dry matter. After drying, the samples were ground for the dry matter determination. The triturated material was conducted to the laboratory for evaluation x of the macronutrients on the vegetable tissue and these results were used on the quantification of the nutrients extraction by the forage. At the end of the experiment, samples of soil on the depth of 0-20 and 20-40 cm were still collected with assistance of an auger hole, to evaluate the effect of the treatments application upon the chemical attributes of the soil on the different depths. The experimental results showed that, according to forage production, Mombaça grass showed to be responsive to nitrogenous fertilization, and its answer in dry matter production and number of tillers, for the same nitrogen dose, depends on the used source. The best results for dry matter production and number of tillers were obtained with the use of calcium nitrate. It was observed with the vegetable tissue analysis, that the nitrogen application promoted an increase on the macronutrients extraction by mombaça grass, due to the higher forage production. Besides, the increase on the calcium proportion in the soil, due to the application of elevated calcium nitrate doses, resulted on the decrease of absorption and extraction of magnesium. For the soil chemical attributes, it was observed elevated acidification potential with the use of ammonium sulfate. The reduction provoked on the soil pH resulted in alterations on the levels of changeable aluminum, potential acidity and on phosphorus availability. Besides, elevated nitrogen doses as ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate, promoted basis lixiviation, especially of potassium for the 20-40 cm layer.
Microclima e características fisiológicas do cafeeiro conilon, consorciado com seringueira e bananeira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-26) Araújo, André Vasconcellos; Partelli, Fábio Luiz; Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo; Oliveira, Marcos Goes de; Cavatte, Paulo Cezar; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de
There are few studies of coffee intercropped with banana and rubber trees, thus shaded coffee studies are important for a better understanding of the systems. The objective was to study the effect of intercropping with banana and rubber trees in coffee Conilon, making a micro-climatological characterization. This study was conducted in three fields: 1) Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora), planted in late 2006, intercropped with syringe (Hevea brasiliensis) planted in late 2007, this syringe planted in double rows (33m x 3m) , with 2.3 m between plants, coffee with spacing of 3m X 1m. 2) Conilon coffee, planted in full sun in late 2006 with a spacing of 3.0 X 1.1 and another coffee plantation intercropped with syringe with the following spacings 2.6 and 7.8 X 1.3 X 2.3 m . 3) Conilon coffee intercropped with banana (Musa sapientum subgroup Earth) with a spacing of 3.5 x 1.2 and 1.5 x 10.5 with 1 year of age. The crops were planted in east west direction. We measured solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity in January (summer) and September (winter) 2012. We also conducted evaluation of leaf nutrient content, measurement of primary branches and internodes of orthotropic, leaf area and estimation of chlorophyll a, b and total trees in the summer and winter of 2012. The shading directly influence the micro-climate, reducing solar radiation, temperature in summer and winter and increased humidity. The branches and leaf area suffered influences of shading, the largest occurring shading of branches and leaf area in plantations shaded. The macro and micro nutrients were influenced by leaf shading, showing higher values in shaded plantations with rubber for Fe and Mn. The levels of chlorophyll b and total estimated were higher in full sun in summer and winter.

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