PPGBAN - Dissertações de mestrado
URI Permanente para esta coleção
Navegar
Submissões Recentes
- ItemImpacto do surto de febre amarela na ocorrência de primatas em paisagens fragmentadas do Espírito Santo(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-05-16) Gontijo, Nila Rássia Costa; Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Massara, Rodrigo Lima; Strier, Karen BarbaraInfectious’ diseases are a big health concern worldwide that is triggered by anthropic activities in many of the cases. Among these diseases are the arboviruses caused by arbovirus that can be a big threat to the fauna, also decreasing the free life population. One of the most known diseases that affect wild animal’s population mainly neotropical primates is the yellow fever. During 2017 and 2018 years, the Espírito Santo state was affect by an outbreak of wild yellow fever that recorded several epizooties. So, the present study aims to evaluate the yellow fever outbreak impact on primate populations that inhabit forest fragments in areas covered by different vegetation rates in the highland region state. Active searches were performed at 36 point to verify primate presence after the outbreak also 81 citizens were interviewed closed to the sample area to evaluate their perception to primate presence, before and after the virosis in the area. Following, models were created to estimate occupation probabilities before the outbreak and extinction probabilities after the outbreak, using fragmental areas, functional isolation and yellow fever index as variables. According to the interviews the recent primate population decrease in isolated fragments was 82.5% to Alouatta guariba, 49.1% to Callithrix spp., 25.5% to Callicebus personatus, 23,7% to Sapajus nigritus and 19% to Brachyteles hypoxanthus. The models indicate that the greater functional isolatin of the sample points the lower outbreak occupation probability for all species, except to A. guariba that was not influenced by the studied variables. Generally, isolated fragments present lower gene flow between populations. Considering that variability gene reduction unfavorable the population viability and the species long-term survival in this region, the isolation may have become the species more susceptible to stochastic events such as the recent outbreak. The highly fragmented landscape implications together to other factors may have decreased the primate population occupation unbalancing the populations. Consequently, the fragmentation, isolation and the yellow fever presence may have caused local extinctions in the studied cities, especially to Alouatta guariba that is a highly susceptible specie to the viruses. Therefore, to understand the species response to landscape factors and to stochastic events such as yellow fever, is fundamental to predict future extinctions and population disturbances also to develop conservation measurements consistent to local reality. This work reinforces the importance to preserve large forest fragments more connected to contribute for primate species persistence and viability in few fragments.
- ItemPlasticidade do nicho ecológico de peixes em ambientes entremarés.(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-05-07) Andrade, Juliana Martins de; Andrades, Ryan Carlos de; Joyeux, Jean-Christophe; Macieira, Raphael Mariano; Mazzuco, Ana Carolina de Azevedo
- ItemOs efeitos da estrutura e configuração da paisagem na diversidade funcional e de espécies em mamíferos de médio e grande porte da Mata Atlântica(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-05) Lyrio, Georgea Silva; Gregorini, Marina Zanin; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Chiarello, Adriano Garcia; Costa, Leonora PiresHuman activities such as agriculture, mining, livestock and wood extraction are identified as the main factors of forest fragmentation of the native vegetation. Fragmentation affects landscape heterogeneity – forming patches of different sizes – habitat matrix and connectivity among forest fragments, thus affecting biological diversity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of native vegetation structure and configuration on species diversity and functional diversity of medium and large mammals in a complex system of Atlantic Forest fragments. For this, fragments of native vegetation with different spatial configuration and structural characteristics were selected, which were characterized by patch and landscape measurements delimited by buffers of one, five and ten kilometers. Camera-traps were installed in forest fragments to register focal species. The diversity of medium and large mammals was calculated using two richness estimators, both species and functional. Functional richness is a more complex attribute and infers on the amount of functional space occupied by a community of species, which was calculated by FRic (Functional richness) and FD (Functional diversity) indexes. Linear models were used to determine the influence of native vegetation structure and configuration, represented by Principal Component Analysis and spatial filter on the diversity of medium and large mammals. The corrected Akaike Information Criterion was used to select the best model among all possible combinations, but none of the presented models had the ability to explain the variation of species richness in forest fragments. However, two models appeared as complementary explanations for beta diversity, in which native vegetation fragmentation positively influenced the increase in beta diversity of the study region. The results indicate that the heterogeneous landscape of the study region consists mainly of habitat generalists species of medium and large mammals.
- ItemEstrutura da diversidade de Braconidade(Hymenoptera) em duas reservas de Mata Atlântica.(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-03-01) Coutinho, Caroline Ferreira; Aguiar, Alexandre Pires; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Alencar, Isabel de Conte Carvalho deA comparative study of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) was conducted in two reserves in the Atlantic Forest, the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi (RBAR) and Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas (RBDB). Sampling was performed along a full annual cycle, using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 17 subfamilies were investigated, representing 3421 specimens and 403 species. Abundance, richness, diversity, faunistic similarity and, to a lesser degree, seasonality, were comparatively investigated between reserves and types of vegetation (i.e., Primary vs. Secondary forests). Abundance structure was similar between Reserves and between types of vegetation. Species richness was highest for RBAR (321 vs. 287 for RBDB), but the diversity in RBDB was highest if considering both traps pooled together. Faunistic similarity between the reserves was only 39%, with 40-46% of exclusive species in each of them. At nearly all levels of analysis, MP and MS were dissimilar, with MP showing higher values. Most species were collected during spring, but there was significant changes in species composition through the seasons. The results suggest that the observed structure of Braconidae biodiversity may represent a more generalized phenomenon in fragments of Atlantic forest.
- ItemSazonalidade e diversidade de Ephemeroptera Neotropicais(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-02-22) Costa, Vinicius; Guerra Sobrinho, Tathiana; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Kiffer, Walace Pandolpho; Leite, Gustavo RochaThe objective of this work was to investigate the seasonal fluctuation of alates of Ephemeroptera of atlantic forest biome and the processes (on different scales) that determine the diversity of the order for the tropical region. The first chapter deals with the investigation of the seasonal fluctuation of the Ephemeroptera alates in neotropical environments, we describe the fluctuation of the abundance of the populations during the climatic seasons and verify their relations with the repetitive climatic factors. The second chapter deals with the ecological aspects of the order and how its diversity is distributed in the different ecological scales, following the precepts of the additive partition of diversity. In order to reach our objectives, we make collections at the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, located in the municipality of Santa Teresa (Espírito Santo, Brazil). We collected data in three streams within the limits of the reserve (Lombardia stream, Roda D'água stream and Bragacho stream). In order to collect the phenological data, we carried out monthly collections between May 2017 and April 2018, with tray traps and malaise traps. To investigate how certain factors acting on different spatial scales (local, mesoscale and regional) influence the diversity of Ephemeroptera, a nymphs collection campaign was carried out in December 2017, in 18 points, with six points in each stream studied. Sampling was performed by scanning method. In this way, the collections were performed according to the following hierarchical scheme: (a) covering only the substrate (litter, stone and gravel / sand); (ß1) difference between species composition between sites; (ß2) meso-habitats, which comprises the species exchange that occurs between the substrates plus the velocity of the water flow (backwater or stream); (ß3) exchange between species composition between streams and (?) regional diversity, which is the sum of all hierarchical levels. For chapter one we collected a total of 1676 Ephemeroptera wings belonging to five families. For the analysis of chapter two we collected a total of 403 ephemeroptera specimens in the nymphal stage, belonging to five families and 24 species. The data presented and discussed in this study corroborate the premise that the order Ephemeroptera of the atlantic forest region presents a seasonal pattern of abundance and wealth during the year. We also verified that at the micro-habitat level, the type of substrate exerts a great influence on the wealth and abundance rates of the Ephemeroptera community. At the landscape level, on the other hand, the local scale contributes least to the determination of diversity. The differences between the rivers, in this way, is the most important factor for the increase of species to the regional diversity. And this result is particularly relevant in programs of conservationist appeal, since according to him the resource expenditure in diversity studies and biodiversity conservation programs of the studied fauna can be more effective when prioritizing (i) great space coverage (many sites which have streams) and (ii) diversity of substrates.