A organização territorial e produtiva da indústria do petróleo: o caso do grupo Petrobras no Brasil e no Espírito Santo
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Data
2022-09-28
Autores
Ferreira, Francismar Cunha
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
This thesis analyzes the oil and gas spatial circuit production of the Petrobras economic group in the national territory, particulary in Espírito Santo state. It assumes that this circuit implies in a singular and multidimensional territorial configuration and organization. It is unique since it structures in the territory a broad and differentiated network of infrastructure, productive units and workforce that move, articulate and integrate, through material and immaterial flows, different territorial fractions, agents and scales implying different effects in the geographical space as polarizations and hierarchizations. Moreover, its multidimensionality feature is due to the fact that the circuit presents together elements that are economic, spatiotemporal, political, and also geopolitical, among others. Methodologically, besides the bibliographic review on economic geography, mainly on economic group and spatial circuit of production, data was gathered from ANP, IBGE, Petrobras, Transparency Portal, RAIS, fieldwork and interviews with Petrobras' own workers and outsourced workers. Hence, the hypothesis raised in this research was confirmed. The uniqueness of the configuration and territorial organization is due to the dispersed way it is spread throughout the national area and Espírito Santo state, but at the same time, concentrated in productive fields and in the metropolises, which form the nodes / poles of the circuit. The latter establish a set of flows and relationships that reveal, on the one hand, a hierarchy in the circuit where the city of Rio de Janeiro is the main node/pole, followed by the metropolises that host Petrobras Business Units such as Vitória-ES, along with specialized operational bases as Macaé-RJ. Nevertheless, in what concerns to the multidimensional aspect, one notices marked spatiotemporal transformations in the circuit, specially from 2016, when a new phase of the Brazilian oil industry begins that we named "The deverticalization of Petrobras and the new regulations of the oil and gas sector in Brazil". Such phase is characterized by the intensification of neoliberalism that has implied deep, fast and abrupt transformations in the circuit that are internal and external to Petrobras, which are evidenced basically from changes in regulatory frameworks and the privatization of assets of the economic group. Besides thiat, the economic dimension stands out, expressed specially by the disputes around oil revenues in the form of royalties and special participation. These ones are unequally distributed throughout the country and in Espírito Santo, being significantly concentrated in the coastal states and municipalities in the Southeast, which are adjacent to the main oil-producing fields in the pre-salt region. This unbalance in the distribution of these rents was even questioned in a specific historical and political context, which led to a change in the rules for their distribution. Yet, because of, among other things, disputes among political forces, the effects of the new rules were suspended, then making it possible to maintain the concentration of rents in certain areas, keeping petrorentilism and reaffirming not only the inequalities and imbalances in the distribution of rents, but also territorial inequalities.
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Petrobras , Circuito espacial da produção , Grupo econômico , Royalties , Neoliberalismo