A controvérsia phýsis e nómos no pensamento sofístico : convergências e dessemelhanças no debate em torno ao natural e convencional em Protágoras, Cálicles, Anônimo de Jâmblico e Antifonte
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Data
2025-11-18
Autores
Fontes, Fabrício Soares Santos
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
This thesis aims to investigate how the controversy between phýsis and nómos, the duality of nature and law/custom/convention, can be understood as the central element of the philosophical theories of the Greek Sophists, the unifying theme that underpins, permeates, and interweaves a great part of their ideas, constituting the basis for an ongoing dialogue around central questions and common premises. The issue is initially addressed with greater generality, defining the sophist in comparison to the philosopher, in order to consider the sophists from the perspective of their theoretical production, distinct from their practice (where the themes of teaching and rhetoric are primarily situated), thereby establishing a fundamental theme that sufficiently congregates them philosophically. From this perspective, shared elements among the sophists are investigated to substantiate the primacy and predominance of the phýsis and nómos duality in their thought. The problem is then circumscribed to four individuals, representative of the diversity that characterizes sophistry and the variety of its sources: Protagoras, Callicles, the Anonymous of Iamblichus, and Antiphon. Through the exegesis of their four “discourses”, the internal debate surrounding the distinction and opposition between phýsis and nómos is explored—the established relationships, inspirations, similarities, reformulations, criticisms, and refutations—demonstrating this to be the guiding thread of their ideas
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Sofistas , Natureza , Lei , Costume , Convenção , Sophists , Nature , Law , Custom , Convention