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Navegando Psicologia por Autor "Alves, Diego Zilio"
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- ItemLugares do organismo na análise do comportamento: uma reflexão conceitual e quantitativa(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-03-20) Fonseca, Kelvin; Alves, Diego Zilio; Carrara, Kester; Borloti, ElizeuBehavior analysis defines itself as the science which studies the behavior of organisms, but the “organism” doesn’t receive the same attention “behavior” does. In coursebooks of basic principles and vocabularies it’s not possible to find an explicit and consensual definition of this “organism”, and despite the term being present in the title of one of the most significant works of behavior analysis, B. F. Skinner’s The Behavior of Organisms, its status seems uncertain, and its function has been the subject of debate. Also, in introductory books of psychology and non-behavioral-analytic literature can be found some critiques of behavior analysis that portray the field as presupposing a simplistic conception of the human being. Since the absence of a straightforward o rmulation can result in conceptual confusion in research inside the field as well as the perpetuation of misguided critiques outside of it, this work has sought to make it clear if there is a definition for the term in the field. With the Conceptual Interpretation of Text Procedure (PICT), we analyzed a sample of the behavioral-analytic literature and of Skinner’s works seeking to find a formulation for the term. We noted the “organism” is a locus where multiple discussions in behavior analysis flow to, and that far form having a single and homogeneous meaning, at least 10 different conceptions of the term can be found in 86 years of the literature, and it appears in at least 15 different contexts in Skinner’s writings. From 10 of these conceptions found in the behavioral analysis literature, 9 were about individual organisms and one about an organismic metaphor of society; they were divided into three big groups, depending on how they dealt with the demarcation between organism and environment: morphological conceptions took the skin as the relevant border, transdermal conceptions found such criterion lacking and proposed other alternatives, and organismical conceptions proposed the elimination of the term. In Skinner’s writings, we created categories based upon the texts, and after a description of some of them, we argue that there are at least three ambiguities in his writings regarding the demarcation criterion between organism and environment, to the phylogenetic role in the constitution of the organism, and the metaphorical extension of the individual organism as a model of society. Finally, we suggest four possible criteria to guide our choice or creation of a new conception of organism inside behavior analysis: the skin is not as important as a boundary, behavior arises from the activity of the organism as a whole, organism-environment mutuality, and the behavior is always right. The choice for these criteria was due not to these propositions being new in any way but rather to the extension of its implications, since the scientific activity of organisms writing about conceptions of organisms has long overarching consequences over time and space to other organisms, since it can describe the range and the limits of these organisms to change and to be modified by the world.
- ItemNegócios sociais como prática cultural cooperativa(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-06-28) Gonçalves, Claudinei Pereira; Borloti, Elizeu Batista; Andrade, Alexsandro Luiz de; Alves, Diego Zilio; Ramos, Fabiana Pinheiro; Faria, Luiz Henrique LimaThis study proposes that the field of social business constitutes an unexplored cultural practice developed throughout the evolutionary history of the human species, in which the cooperative repertoire of some individuals stands out for the emergence and maintenance of this practice ", a thesis that was investigated with the accomplishment of interconnected studies, corresponding three articles, as follows. The objective of the first study was to propose, from a historical perspective, that emergence of social enterprises corresponds to a cultural practice developed throughout the evolutionary history of cooperation in the human specie. The intention was: (a) to present the most influential theories about cooperation already in existence or under discussion; (b) to describe the influence of cooperation on the evolutionary process of social enterprises; and (c) to describe the historical line in which social enterprises were developed. Although there is a set of factors that triggered rise in number of social enterprises, its emergence must be seen as a product of 2.5 million years of evolution of cooperative behavior on human specie. Thus, the history of the emergence of social enterprises is the very history of human cooperation. The starting point on an emerging theme is to know how is the scientific development in the area of knowledge that circumscribes it. The objectives of the study were: (a) to review world research in social enterprises in the last 10 years; and (b) seek an identification of studies that approach social enterprises as a cultural practice. Among the verified results, it was highlight the lack of initiatives that explore a behavioral perspective of social enterprises as a cultural practice that promotes more equitable socioeconomic development. The study proposed to address the role of human cooperation in the initiative to found a social enterprise. To this end, we sought to identify the cooperative contingencies of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, Professor Muhammad Yunus, which culminated in the creation and operation of the Grammen Bank, a globally known social enterprise model. The purpose of this study was to highlight contingencies that could be important to program educational practices focused on social enterprise. It was observed that as the most relevant contingencies in the maintenance of cooperative behaviors of Yunus involve self-control and counter-control in the coexistence with groups that are related to the reach of the common good. The three studies reaffirmes the thesis foundations, ratifying (1) that the study of social enterprises as cultural practice is a field still unexplored; (2) that social enterprises represents a social phenomenon developed throughout the history of human cooperation evolution; and (3) that the cooperative repertoire of some individuals stands out for the emergence and maintenance of this cultural practice.
- ItemProdução e compreensão da ironia: aproximações conceituais e empíricas entre a linguística e a análise do comportamento(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-08-31) Messa, Luciana Chequer Saraiva; Borloti, Elizeu Batista; Menandro, Maria Cristina Smith; Alves, Diego Zilio; Machado, Alex Roberto; Haydu, Vero^nica BenderIn the study of irony by Behavior Analysis is indispensable the knowledge of Skinner´s theory about verbal behavior. Skinner cites irony as an example of verbal behavior without deepen its definition and explanation. The irony is an operant behavior and the explanation of its function depends on specific environment variables. The study of irony by Behavior Analysis demonstrate that the probability of a person emit irony can improve if part of audience already had released reinforcement to previous emissions and if the environment is similar to the environment that irony emitted was reinforced. The present dissertation proposes the execution of four studies, planed for their finding complement each other for the defense of the argument that ironic stimuli control different verbal behavior of comprehension and emotional behavior on the listener, according to their function of audience. The first study is a theoretical conceptual research. The proceed of treatment data analysis departed from methodological bases of a Behavior Analysis of Speech in part of Skinner´s speech in Verbal behavior. In a digitalized document of the book was realized searches of textual occurrences that contained the words irony, sarcasm and mockery, followed by interpretation of function of the author´s speech by self-observation of verbal behavior of this discourse. Were localized and analyzed six occurrences which Skinner impels his reader the comprehension of irony basically by the definition of two elements: multiple control and contrary tact. At the second study, looking for the contribution for a functional analysis of irony by Behavior Analysis, the objective was, from a systematic review, to map the variables (or variables indicators) that is being studied by empirical research about irony. Were realized searches on online data bases using the keywords: irony, verbal irony, sarcasm, multiple control, autoclitics, ironic and verbal behavior. The third study is empiric and had the objective to analyses the production of irony by ironical professional speakers that publish constantly products of their verbal behavior at sites and social media on the world wide web. Five producers of irony answered descriptive questions of functional elements of their ironical production (about, sex, politics and religion), in special consequences about listeners and feeling related to them. The fourth study is empirical too and the objective was analyses the comprehension of irony by listener, from the different types of audience, describing the emotional effects that it can produce on him. Were selected audiovisual scenes and four groups with three participants each was formed to answer questions about irony having as Sd the scenes. The conclusions of each study is that: the irony is a verbal behavior comprehended as a demonstration of real contrary facts and has the essential characteristic of multiple audience and the contrary tact; the production of irony has as principal motivation the critics; audiences with different characteristics presents different types of irony comprehension. Thereby, it is expected that the conceptual and empirical elements description contributes to a functional analysis of ironical verbal behavior and contributes to the enhancement of knowledge of this behavior and for the execution of experimental researches about the theme in Behavior Analysis.