Mestrado em Biodiversidade Tropical

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Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 106

As assembléias de peixes dos estuários de Conceição da Barra e Barra Nova, Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-10) Lima, Arthur da Costa; Silva, Maurício Hostim; Fernandes, Luis Fernando Loureiro; Branco, Joaquim Olinto
Diversidade, biogeografia e conservação das Begoniaceae no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-13) Kollmann, Ludovic Jean Charles; Peixoto, Ariane Luna; Carrijo, Tatiana Tavares; Lobão, Adriana Quintella; Amorim, Andre Marcio Araujo
Begoniaceae is represented by the genus Begonia in Brazil with approximately 215 species found mainly in the Atlantic Forest in all forest physiognomies exeter in mangrove. The Espírito Santo state remaining approximately 11% of original vegetation consisted of fragments of different sizes where the most part of the richness and diversity of capixaba biota is finding. The aims of this study were listing the records of the Begonia species in the state of Espírito Santo, characterize the vegetation where they occur, the geographical distribution patterns, richness, diversity, endemism, compare their distribution with the Conservation Units of Integral Protection and areas listed as priorities for Biodiversity Conservation in Espírito Santo, set the status of conservation of species and infer similarity of the Begonia species of the Espírito santo state with the other states of Brazil. The methodology used is the most commonly used in floristic survey and taxonomy of phanerogams, literature, analysis of herbarium specimens and natural populations. In Espírito Santo state were found 53 species of Begonia, including four new species, three taxa were synonymized and one rehabilitated. Of these 53 species, 42 occur in ombrofilous forest, four in semi deciduous forest and four simultaneously in the two vegetation types. Three species occure in the Neotropics, three are endemic to South America, two occure in Brazil extra-Amazonian, 45 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and 18 are endemic to the Espirito Santo state, included two considered microendémicas. Using the IUCN criteria, 11 species are considered Critically Endangered, nine Endangered, five Vulnerabel and two Extinct in the Wild. The highest concentration of species was observed in the mountain region. The highest richness and diversity were observed in the municipality of Santa Teresa, Santa Leopoldina, Cariacica, Vargem Alta and Castelo. The similarity analysis showed that the species of Begonia in the Espírito Santo have more similarity with Minas Gerais and later Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Bahia states. Are still provided, identification key, descriptions, distribution, habitat, etymology, comments, maps and illustrations.
Levantamento das espécies de restinga utilizadas pelas comunidades de Pontal do Ipiranga e Degredo, Linhares, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-13) Jesus, Marilena Cordeiro Fernandes de; Peixoto, Ariane Luna; Lobão, Adriana Quintella; Thomaz, Luciana Dias; Amorim, Andre Marcio Araujo
Ethnobotany is defined as the study of knowledge and concepts developed by any society about the plant world, covering either the way how the social group classifies plants, or their uses. Brazil, that is quite different, has about 40,982 species of flora and no less than 218 Indians, adding a population of approximately 350 thousand people. One of the aspects of ethnobotany is the survey of the species used by traditional communities. Such survey can serve as basis for the development of sustainable models once that natural environments such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and their coastal environments, has been endangered for many years, and its original vegetation drastically diminished. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct the survey of the species known and used by communities from Pontal do Ipiranga and Degredo in order to generate data that contribute to the conservation of forest remnants and knowledge associated with them The study was done in Pontal do Ipiranga and Degredo, both localized in Linhares, ES. in area of sandbank that has been endangered by the human action. For the survey, were conducted excursions between March/2010 up to August/2010 with interviews, guided tours and collection of botanical material. The data obtained in the field were synthesized and were made qualitative and quantitative analysis, such as the value of use of species and the index of diversity. Three informers (two women in Pontal do Ipiranga and a man in Degredo) were identified by the method of Snowball. Besides, 57 people chosen randomly in both localizations, were interviewed. As the results were collected in a total of 85 species belonging 67 genus and 39 families for the both localizations. The families with the largest number of collected species were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae and the categories of use more representative were medicinal, alimentary, technology and ornamental. The ritualistic category only was registered in Pontal and honey varieties only in Degredo. The habit more often of the species in Pontal do Ipiranga was grass and in Degredo was bush and the most commonly used parts were fruits, flowers and stalk. The species with large value of use were AnacardiumoccidentaleL. and Eugenia unifloraL. with1,17 and 0,98 respectively. The diversity index of ethnobotany knowledge of the communities from Pontal do Ipiranga and Degredo was 1,67 in the base 10, considered low in relation to other studies. The main conclusions of the study are that the local informers, instead of in reduced number, can be recognized as specialist in the communities; the communities know little about of the native species more restricted; there are species, which not only useful to communities, are at risk of extinction and is critical to create a Conservation Unit in Pontal do Ipiranga and Degredo.
Influência de fatores ambientais em diferentes escalas espaciais sobre a distribuição de Simulídeos (Diptera: Nematocera) em córregos tropicais
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-13) Del Carro, Karina Bertazo; Hamada, Neusa; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Soares, Elaine Della Giustina; Neves, Frederico de Siqueira
The black flies are insects with broad geographical distribution whose immature lotic environments need to survive. Their larvae live attached to various substrates such as leaves, branches, submerged rocks where they feed on detritus and phytoplankton, which are filtered through their cephalic fans. They are commonly known as "Piuns" or "Borrachudos", and in Brazil are 88 known species. Adult insects have blood-sucking habit, and some species have a preference for human blood. The objective of this study was to analyze which factors are responsible for the spatial distribution of species of black flies in tropical streams of the state of Espirito Santo, verify that wealth and the distribution of species in the regions of plains and plateau regions are differentiated, as well as providing a updated list of species recorded for the state. 93 raids were carried out in rivers of the Espirito Santo and the samples were collected by manual picking and network utilization D. The specimens were placed in bottles containing 92.6% alcohol and later identified to species level in the laboratory. Thirty species of black flies were collected, with 13 new records for the state and also for the Southeast region: Simulium scutistriatum, S. dinellii, S. exiguum, S. minusculum, S. distinctum, S. oyapockense s.l., S. rappae, S. botulibranchium, S. ochraceum, S. clavibranchium, Lutzsimulium hirticosta, S. lobatoi, S. pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. travassosi, S. subnigrum, S. spinibranchium, S. anamariae, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum, S. nigrimanun, S. incrustatum, S. inaequale, S. subpallidum, S. perflavum, S. brachycladum, S. guianense, S. petropoliense e S. limbatum. The species composition of regions with the highest altitude is different from those of the lower regions. The variable altitude inversely explains the richness, abundance and composition of the highlands, since the width explains, alone, the species composition and the river Sweet as geographical barrier
Distribuição espacial da comunidade perifítica no Rio São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-14) Pereira, Thais Almeida; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Felisberto, Sirlene Aparecida; Prado, Gustavo Machado
São Mateus River, the main water supplier for the city of São Mateus, has been used as receptor of domestic and industrial wastewater. Thus, because of the great importance of this river, this study evaluated the structure and dynamics of periphyton community, and the limnological characteristics of a stretch of São Mateus River subjected to different environmental conditions, and verified the differences of biotic and abiotic data between sampling sites. Four samplings with weekly intervals were performed in September and October 2010 (September 08th, 15th, 22th and October 1st) at six sampling sites: two upstream of the city of São Mateus (E1, E2), two along the city (E3, E4), and two downstream of the city of São Mateus (E5, E6). The variables measured for limnological characterization were: water transparency, lower limit of the euphotic zone, maximum depth, electric conductivity, turbidity, pH, concentration of total suspended solids, and the major nutrients (total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, silicate, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus). The periphyton was scraped from roots of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. with the aid of brushes and jets of distilled water, fixed and preserved with 4%-formalin (qualitative analysis) and with 0.5%-acetic lugol (quantitative analysis). The structure of periphyton community was evaluated based on the attributes: taxa richness, total density and density per class, specific diversity, evenness, abundance, and dominance. The biomass was estimated through chlorophyll a, biovolume, dry matter, ash free dry matter, and ash. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to test significant differences (p < 0.05) between the mean values of biotic and abiotic variables along the sampling sites. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to verify the longitudinal variation in relation to abiotic variables. The influence of abiotic factors on biotic variables was evaluated by the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with significance by the Monte Carlo test (p < 0.05). The São Mateus River presented neutral to slightly alkaline waters in all sampling sites. Turbidity, electric conductivity, total suspended solids, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, nitrite, ammonium, and total nitrogen of the sampling sites downstream of the city were different from those registered in the other sites, as evidenced by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Higher richness of taxa and total density of periphyton community were registered in the sampling sites along and downstream of the city of São Mateus, with greater contribution of the classes Bacillariophyceae (richness) and Cyanophyceae (total density) in all sampling sites. Higher values of chlorophyll a were observed at E1, while the total biovolume presented higher values in E4 ne E3. With regard to dry matter, the inorganic fraction (ash) was high especially at the sampling sites along and downstream of the city of São Mateus. The biomass and density were influenced by nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and turbidity, as showed by the CCA, suggesting that the input of allochthonous material, largely derived from human activities (intensive fish farming and discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater) has changed the water quality (as evidenced by the PCA), as well as the periphytic communities.
Ecologia do fitoplâncton de um rio tropical (rio São Mateus, ES)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-15) Mamão, Mônica Alves; Felisberto, Sirlene Aparecida; Fernandes, Valéria de Oliveira; Dias Junior, Camilo
The multiple uses of river ecosystems can lead to disruption of its natural continuous gradient. Policies biomonitoring and/or detection of human impacts are needed to maintain the water quality of rivers. This study was conducted in São Mateus river, located in the northern state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and aimed: 1) to evaluate the gradient of continuity of a lotic tropical environment through the limnological variables in a section with multiple uses; 2 ) to assess the connectivity between the sampling stations throughout the structure of the phytoplankton community and see note abiotic variables most influenced the community, 3) to evaluate the use of functional groups as indicators of ecological quality of São Mateus river. Six sampling stations along a stretch of São Mateus river were determined: two upstream of the city (SM01, SM02), two over the city (SM03 and SM04) and two immediately downstream of the city (SM05 and SM06). Water samples were collected in the sub-surface water column for physical, chemical, physico-chemical and phytoplankton community. Stations SM05 and SM06, subject to the influence of intensive fish farming and the release of large volumes of effluent, respectively, showed higher values of most limnological variables and were analyzed and considered mesotrophic, while other stations were considered oligotrophic. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) separated the stations SM05 and SM06 of the others stations relating them with high values of limnological variables and trophic state index.The sampling stations SM05 and SM06 had the highest biomass and dominance of Polymyxus coronalis Bailey. Furthermore, these two stations had a higher floristic similarity. We identified nine functional groups: X1, X2, Y, LO, D, TB, TD, W2 and C. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) separated stations SM05 and SM06 relating them to high biomass of Bacillariophyceae and Cryptophyceae, total biomass, with the functional group D and variables such as total nitrogen, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, orthophosphate and trophic state index. Thus, it can be concluded that mainly the release of domestic and industrial sewage and intensive farming have resulted in the disruption of continuity in the São Mateus.
Ecologia trófica de Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann, 1908 na sub-bacia do rio Preto, bacia do rio São Mateus-ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-16) Coswosck, Michelle de Alcântara; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Ingenito, Leonardo Ferreira da Silva
The objective of this study was to investigate the food habit of the species Astyanax cf. intermedius, on aim of improving the understanding of their ecological interactions in the context of rio Preto’s ecosystem. The samples were performed using seine haul on systematized way, monthly, during the period of April 2010 to April 2011. Were caught 1218 fishes, which are distributed in 2 orders, 4 families, 5 genera and 7 species, where the Astyanax cf. intermedius, with 1102 specimens, was the predominant species. Was analyzed the contents of 390 stomachs, obtained from 30 randomly selected fishes at each month. The diet was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by methods of points and frequency of occurrence, and weighted by a feed index (IA). For a better understanding of the significance of the items present in the diet of the species studied were carried out analyses of diversity (H), evenness (e) and similarity. The calculations of feed diversity and evenness showed that Astyanax cf. intermedius feeds on a great diversity of food resources (28 items) throughout the year. One similarity analysis of diet was held by grouping analysis and its result did not demonstrate seasonality on study area. The autochtonous resources from animal origin composed the most of diet, with a predominance of aquatic insects.
Etnoecologia da comunidade de catadores de caranguejo de Mucuri, Bahia
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-27) Firmo, Angélica Maria Scaldaferri; Chaves, Filipe de Oliveira; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Silva, Mauricio Hostin; Porto, Luisa Maria Soares
This work was developed with the community of crab collectors in the municipality of Mucuri-BA, and the primary objective was to examine the ethnobioecological knowledge and interactions of the community of crab collectors in relation to the mangrove and its resources, as well as characterize the socio-economic profile of the people involved, identify the main techniques for capturing the crabs and the use of the resources and interact concepts of traditional knowledge with scientific knowledge. Following this context the study entitled “The Community of Crab Collectors of Mucuri, Bahia, Brazil: an Ethnoecological Approach” was divided into four chapters. The first chapter, entitled "Socio-economic profile and ethnobioecological knoledge of the crab collectors of Ucides cordatus (linnaeus, 1763) from Mucuri, Bahia, Brazil" deals with the socioeconomic aspects of the community of crab collectors, harvesting, marketing and bioecological knowledge about the species Ucides cordatus. The second chapter, called “Population density of the crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) in the municipality of Mucuri, Bahia, Brazil" aproaches the perceptions of the community of collectors of crabs in relation to the conservation status of the mangrove and density and productivity of the land crab in each of their areas, in order thereby to contribute to the management and conservation of this species in this region. The third chapter "Capture and commercialization of Blue Land Crabs (“guiamum”) Cardisoma guanhumi (Lattreille, 1825) along the coast of Bahia State, Brazil: an Ethnoecological approach” addresses bioecological knowledge of the community of collectors in relation to Cardisoma guanhumi, as well as capturing and marketing of this kind. And finally the chapter on "Perceptions of environmental changes and Lethargic crab disease among crab harvesters in a Brazilian coastal community” as the title emphasizes, describes the perception of the community of collectors in relation to Lethargic Crab Disease (DLC) and major environmental changes responsible for the reduction of stocks of the species Ucides cordatus. The methodology used in these four studies involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and the results demonstrated the existence of a large ethnobioecolgical knowledge on the part of collectors over the mangrove species and U.cordatus. Clearly, then, that the inclusion of this community in the process of making strategic decisions regarding the management and conservation of this species and its ecosystem can only be regarded as a correct attitude that will ensure success in the conservation of natural coastal and estuarine as well as ensuring the recovery and strengthening of culture, knowledge and rich history that has so much to contribute and collaborate on studies and scientific research, for the preservation and conservation of an entire ecosystem of major social and environmental, which is the mangrove.
Filogeografia de golfinhos rotadores (Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828) no litoral brasileiro a partir de marcadores mitocondriais
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-28) Volpi, Thaís de Assis; Farro, Ana Paula Cazerta; Paiva, Samuel Rezende; Myiaki, Cristina Yumi; Siciliano, Salvatore
The pantropical spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris longirostris) occurs in tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans. In the Brazilian coast, it occurs mainly in tropical waters between 170 and 2700m depth, being very common in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. Little is known about its gene flow and genetic diversity in South Atlantic Ocean. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability of spinner dolphin in different localities of the Brazilian coast. Two regions of the mitochondrial DNA were analyzed, control region (D-loop) and cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI). 82 individuals were sampled, corresponding to four putative groups of dolphins sampled in Northeast Brazil (G1), in Fernando de Noronha (G2 and G3) and in the Southeast and South of Brazil (G4). The samples were obtained by skin swabbing, skin biopsy, and dead animals found stranded. 79 sequences with 414bp for D-loop and 48 with 714bp for COI region were analyzed. In addition to these, 45 sequences were generated from the link between fragments of D-loop and COI. 115 GenBank sequences (109 of D-loop and six of COI) were included to understand the relationship of Brazilian haplotypes with other world populations. The four Brazilian groups evaluated showed significant intergroup genetic differentiation (Fst>0.05 with P<0.05), therefore, each one of them was considered to be a different population. G4 presented the highest nucleotide and haplotypic diversity indices, while G2 and G3 showed the lowest. The low gene flow between the spinner dolphin populations from Fernando de Noronha in relation to the non insular populations may indicate site fidelity of these animals to insular waters. The populations in the Brazilian coast are genetically distinct; however all share haplotypes with dolphins from Indian and Pacific oceans, in addition to animals of the northern portion of the Atlantic. G4 showed more genetic similarity with dolphins from other oceans than with other spinner dolphin Brazilian populations. The population G2 (with the highest number of samples) showed greater genetic similarity with the Pacific population, even when compared with another population of Fernando de Noronha (G3). Thus, it is possible that the gene flow of spinner dolphins in Brazil is not given by the geographical distance among them, but by other historical, ecological and behavioral factors.
Estudo da influência de fatores ambientais nas atividades biológicas de Xylopia sericea St. Hill
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-28) Martins, Flávia Moreira Macedo de; Silva, Marcelo Barreto da; Jamal, Claudia Masrouah; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Brasileiro, Beatriz Gonçalves
The secondary metabolites of plants may suffer qualitative and quantitative changes depending on the environmental stimuli present. Among the environmental stimuli, special notice is given to the following biotic interactions: plant/micro-organisms, plant/insect, plant/plant, age and stage of development and circadian rhythm, and abiotic factors: light, temperature, rainfall and nutritional status, seasonality, water availability, UV radiation, atmospheric composition and altitude. This paper study of the influence of plant development, seasonality, availability of nutrient and soil water in the antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic and allopathic plant extracts obtained from Xylopia sericea St. Hill. A sample of the aerial parts of the plant was carried out in different seasons (dry and rain) and in different habitats, an area characterized as natural (Parque Estadual de Itaúnas) and another as degraded (Campus Ceunes/UFES), in the Municipality of São Mateus/ES. The nutritional quality of soil pH and organic matter content were assessed in the different areas sampled. Moreover, measurements of the height and circumference (measured at a chests‟ height) of the plants were made to estimate the stage of their development. The extracts of the aerial parts of X. sericea were obtained by maceration in ethanol. Ethanol extracts were chemically characterized and tested for cytotoxicity, antifungal, antibacterial and allelopathy. The results revealed the influence of environmental factors, relating to the different areas and different seasons, in the biological activities tested. The extracts of X. sericea showed antifungal, antibacterial and allelopathy activities. Furthermore, the screening of the extracts were detected to have present in them pharmacognostic alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, steroids, tannins, coumarins and naphthoquinones. Chemical analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography was possible to identify the flavonoids quercetin, rutin and hesperidin
Ecofisiologia do estresse luminoso em espécies de Cattleya Lindl
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-28) Pinheiro, Clodoaldo Leites; Silva, Diolina Moura; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Tognella, Mônica Maria Pereira; Vitória, Ângela Pierre
Cattleya Lindl. (Orchidaceae) are epiphytic active on the dynamic neotropical biodiversity regulation and on keeping the remnant forest low entropy. The fragmented habitat exposures this species to conditions of over light or transient light pulse. The plants auto adjust to the light heterogeneous system adjusting their structures and physiological state in an attempt to reach their ultimate functional state. Therefore, the photosynthetic apparatus composition is highly sensitive on the quality and amount of luminous spectrum energy. Thereby, the chlorophyll a fluorescence emission can be used as an efficient mechanism to measure the photosynthetic efficiency, especially on physiologically stressful environments. On this same line, Cattleya ecological and biophysical aspects become relevant in terms of ecophysiological studies. The present survey aimed to respond: Why biogeographic patterns of Cattleya species seem to reflect the efficient mechanisms of resistance to photochemical photoinhibition face to an habitat light environment heterogeneity? Hence, the following hypothesis were tested: (1) species with more features derived have a higher resistance to light stress, and (2) structural and functional changes of photosynthetic units can retreating management and conservation strategies of Cattleya Lindl. species. Cattleya amethystoglossa Linden & Rchb.f., C. guttata Lindl., C. granulosa Lindl. and C. walkeriana Gardner plants had a full sun exposure and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (Handy-PEA, Hansatech) was made on previously dark adapted leaves (30’), at 5 am (controle), 8am, 10am, 12pm, 2pm, 4pm, 6pm, 8pm and e 5am* of the next day (recovery). The registered light intensity was of 0, 1386, 1892, 2350, 1899, 1301, 347, 0 and 0 µmol photons m-2 s -1, respectively (QSPAR, Hansatech). C. warneri T. Moore, C. shofieldiana Rchb.f., and C. harrisoniana Batem. ex Lindl. were exposure to full sun for 5, 35 and 120’ at 12am (2259 µmol m-2 s -1). After being transferred to a shaded place, measures were made at 1am, 3pm, 5pm, 7pm and 9am (recovering) of the next day (701, 270, 30, 0 and 154 µmol m-2s -1 , respectively). The transient O-L-K-J-I-P analysis and of the JIP test parameters indicated that evidences about photochemical photoinhibition split plants of C. amethystoglossa and C. granulosa (dynamic photoinhibition) from plants of C. gutatta and C. walkeriana (chronic photoinhibition). The physiological plasticity importance was proved in respond to sun flecks on C. schofieldiana plants. Primitive plants have less resistance and physiological plasticity to light stress, which have more distribution representative in the Atlantic forest central biodiversity corridor, the corridor of the Serra do Mar and riparian vegetation of the Cerrado biome. However, plants with more features derived were related with the Northeast Corridor of the Atlantic forest. C. amethystoglossa seems to express processes of speciation and vicariance.The JIP test biophysical expressions suggest active reaction silent centers as efficient photochemical energy dissipation. In this context, disturbs on photosynthetic apparatus modulation of different photosynthetic photon flows were followed by functional and structural adjusts of the photosynthetic units. Accordingly, the use of chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis is able to become efficient when it comes to evaluate ecophisiological responses of Orchidaceae species under high light and sun flecks influence, retreating management and conservation strategies.
Análise da diversidade e efeito de borda na assembleia de borboletas frugívoras da reserva Biologica de Sooretama
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-29) Nogueira, Talita Araújo; Soares, Elaine Della Giustina; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Campos, Lúcio Antônio de Oliveira
Considered to be one of the 34 hot spots of biodiversity on the planet, the Atlantic forest is largely threatened, mainly due to the processes of forest fragmentation, being the edge effects one of the consequences of fragmentation that most affect the remaining forest and its biota. In this context, the present study aims to inventory the species of frugivorous butterflies that occur in the Biological Reserve Sooretama - ES, and see how species are distributed in terms of wealth, abundance, diversity and similarity along an environmental gradient formed from the edge toward the interior of the fragment, testing the hypothesis that edge effects influence such distribution. The samples were taken in Sooretama Biological Reserve, which lies between the municipalties of Linhares, Sooretama and Jaguaré, northern of Espirito Santo state, in April, July and August 2011. "Van Someren-Rydon" modeltraps were used, containing a mixture of sugar cane juice with banana, fermented 48 hours before being used as bait. In each sampling period traps remained open for four consecutive days, and the captured specimens were collected and properly kept for subsequent assembly and identification. 199 exemplars distributed into 32 species belonging to six subfamilies of Nymphalidae were collected. The species accumulation curve did not stabilize and wealth estimator Bootstrap showed that frugivorous butterfly fauna has not been fully sampled. Through an analysis of adherence by the G test, it was found that the abundance and richness along the gradient set was not uniform across the sampling points, being demonstrated by the index of similarity a greater similarity between the closest sampling points among themselves. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) demonstrated two distinct clusters among the sampling points, being these groupings named "edge" and "inside the fragment," indicating a more similar species composition within each cluster. What might indicate that the edge effects affect the distribution of species within the assemblage of frugivorous butterflies that have been recorded in this study, a greater richness, abundance and species diversity from 1000 m to 2500 m.
Herbivoria e atributos foliares em comunidades arbóreas de mussununga e de florestas de mata alta na Reserva Natural Vale, Linhares-ES, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-29) Nascimento, Aline Alves do; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de; Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade; Falqueto, Antelmo Ralph; Mattos, Eduardo Arcoverde de
The study was carried out in two forest type (Mata Alta and Mussununga) located in the Reserva Natural Vale. The main aim was to assess the relationships between insects and plants in two tree comunities that differ in soil traits, testing the following hypotheses: (1) plants from Mussununga are more attaked by herbivores than those of Mata Alta due to higher fiber components in Mussunga leaves, characteristic of environments with more limited resources; (2) pioneer species, which have a lower life cycle, are more consumed by herbivores than late secundary species; and (3) species phylogenetically related differ in plant-defense mechanisms between forest type (Mata Alta and Mussununga); (4) high level of leaf area removal by manual clipping, decrease plant survival, growth and leaf production; and (5) herbivory affects more plants from Mussununga than Mata Alta. We evaluated the percentage of herbivory and leaf characteristics (water content, leaf area, leaf mass per unit area, total phenols, fiber in general and alkaloids) in individual trees of the two communities. When considered 50 randomly selected trees independently of which species they belonged, we found no difference in the percentages of herbivory among communities and there was no significant relationship between herbivory, water content and fiber components. Analyzing the congeneric pairs from these two forest types no pattern was found for investment in total phenols. Three of the five pairs analyzed had higher investment of fiber in Mata Alta, although the overall average of most of these variables did not differ between forest types. In examining these congeneric pairs, herbivory differed significantly between Mata Alta and Mussununga, being higher for the Mata Alta only for one pair. A significant positive relationship were found between herbivory and leaf area for species of both forest types. Herbivory was negatively related with FDN and LIG for Mata Alta species and positively related with FDN for Mussununga species. When the focus was the functional groups, pioneer species had higher nutritional quality and lower concentration of defenses that plants of later successional stage in both forests. However, there were no significant differences in the percentages of herbivory between early and late successional species in both forests. Finally, the impact of the leaf removal in the transplanted plants showed a reduction in the survival and growth of individuals of E. macroplhylla in Mussununga and G. oppositain Mata Alta, when subjected to intense removal of leaf area. The herbivory impact of these species was not higher in Mussununga, thus the Fine’s hypothesis was not confirmed. Although herbivory was generally similar between the congeneric pairs of the two forests, these forests influenced differently the expression of the defense mechanisms of these pairs. Thus, more detailed comparative studies involving phylogeny, should be conducted to elucidate whether herbivores influence the distribution of the tree species in these forest habitats that differ in limiting resources.
Caracterização morfológica da epiderme do bagre neotropical Pimelodella cf. vittata (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) com ênfase nas células claviformes.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-02-29) Damasceno, Eduardo Medeiros; Monteiro, Juliana Castro; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Mancini, Karina Carvalho; Gomes, Marcos de Lucca Moreira; Santos, Jorge Abdala Dergam dos
The epidermis of Ostariophyi fish is composed by three basic cell types: epidermal, mucus and club cells. These latter cells are associated with the production of a secretion with distinct function and chemical composition. Morphological analyses of the epidermis of the catfish Pimelodella cf. vittata indicated the presence of club cells and epidermal cells. The club cells occur in the epidermis middle layer representing the largest cells of the epithelium. They are elongated and globular. The cytoplasm is poor in organelles and rich in a fibrillar secretion not encapsulated in vesicles. The observed organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and polirribosomes), are located in the perinuclear region, while the remainder of the cytoplasm is filled with a fibrillar material. Occasionally, large vacuoles occur in the cytoplasmic periphery. The club cells present, in general, two nuclei with irregular shape, evident nucleolus, central loose chromatin and condensed chromatin in the periphery. By histochemistry analyses, it was detected protein composition in the cytoplasm and absence of carbohydrates. These morphological and histochemical characteristics are similar to those described for the majority of the Ostariophysi. The epidermal cells differ from that described in the literature, being described here in three distinct cell types: surface, abundant and dense one. These types have never been noted before. There was no evidence of mucus cells in P. cf. vittata, typical cells found in all Ostariophysi studied. The present study corroborates the data about club cell morphology in Ostariophysi and detects significant differences in the epidermis composition and epidermal cells structure of P. cf. vittata when compared to the literature.
Diversidade e variação espacial de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (Insecta) para a bacia do Rio São Mateus
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-20) Angeli, Kamila Batista; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Soares, Luisa Maria Sarmento; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera form a group known as EPT, and have recognized importance in biomonitoring studies, as well as playing a significant role in nutrient cycling. The three orders have representatives in the State of Espirito Santo. River São Mateus is the main water supply for several cities in the northern portion of the state and its remaining forests that protect soil and water resources have been cut or burned along its course. There is no study about the aquatic insects, including EPT from the Basin of River São Mateus. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial variation of the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera in the Basin of River São Mateus based on adults, as well as to produce a list of the species found in the river for the first time. The work was divided in two chapters: the first constitutes the first inventory to the River São Mateus. The second chapter deals with the spatial variation of richness, diversity and composition of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in an extension of the Basin of River São Mateus. Specimens were collected using Pennsylvania light trap. The results of the first chapter indicate a high diversity of both orders for the Basin of River São Mateus, some taxa recorded are for the first time from the State of Espirito Santo and others from the Southeast Region. Besides, several new species and even genera have been found in the river. The study highlights the need to expand studies on large rivers, since the faunal composition of the Basin of River São Mateus differs considerably from smaller rivers and streams in the same region. The results of the second chapter show that the richness of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera is strongly influenced by the distance from the river mouth, unlike the results found for diversity, evenness and taxonomic distinctiveness. The composition of Ephemeroptera is well-structured as the distance of the points of the river mouth, unlike Trichoptera whose closest points of the mouth have similar composition, and the farthest points does not show any grouping pattern as species composition.
A ordem Ephemeroptera (Insecta) como indicadora de áreas prioritárias para conservação no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-20) Massariol, Fabiana Criste; Soares, Elaine Della Giustina; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Pepinelli, Mateus; Porto, Luisa Maria Soares
The mayflies spend most of their life cycle as nymphs in water bodies, but the adults are terrestrial and most species live for a few hours to a few days. Studies in water bodies of various orders in the Atlantic forest show how these organisms are diverse and abundant. Currently, this Biome in State of Espírito Santo occupy only 9% of its original cover. Conservation Units are fundamental tools for biodiversity conservation. However, often inadequate criteria are taken into account for creating Conservation Units. One of the criteria to be used for the indication is that they are located in an area of endemism. Several biogeographic methods have been employed to detect areas of endemism, such Parsimony Analysis of Endemism (PAE) and Network Analysis Method (NAM). The aim of this study was to identify priority areas for conservation in State of Espírito Santo from the data analysis of the order Ephemeroptera through biogeographic methods. Based on the literature and the specimens analyzed, the State of Espírito Santo now has recorded 112 species, 48 genera and nine families. Five genera, 14 species were recorded for the first time for Espírito Santo; eight species were recorded for the first time for southeast; and an exotic species (Cloeon smaeleni) were recorded for the first time for Neotropics. Moreover, we find 13 new species to science. Were defined for the State of Espírito Santo four areas of distribution of exclusive taxa. The results of three analyzes were largely congruent, PAE especially for being the same method. Two of four areas of distribution of exclusive taxa have six units each and the other two have only one conservation area. The areas of distribution of exclusive taxa to the south of the state are well represented by APCs, the same is not true for the north, which has only one APC. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the priority areas for conservation already exist for these contain the points distribution of exclusive taxa defined in this work.
Rede de circulação de sementes e propágulos na agricultura familiar e a conservação on farm no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-26) Arantes, Poliana Beatriz; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de; Peixoto, Ariane Luna; Gontijo, Andréia Barcelos Passos Lima; Silva, Ary Gomes; Gontijo, Andreia Barcelos Passos Lima; Silva, Ary Gomes da
Considering the multifunctional rural development with a view of integrating society, environment and territories, the agriculture school known as agroecology has gained ground both in public policy and academia and among farmers, especially in Latin America. The agroecological practices are seen as favoring the maintenance of agrobiodiversity, as well it is a key element of this proposal. This study was conducted in family agroecological systems of three producer associations in the cities of Boa Esperança (APAC), São Mateus (ACASAMA) and Iconha ("Vero Sapore") in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, to evaluate the potential of these associations in maintaining agrobiodiversity through a survey of fruit trees and tree crops and of the regeneration in these systems. For that, semistructured interviews were conducted with all families defined, in delimited cores, for the socioeconomic, technical-productive and strategies employed by each family diagnosis, of wich are 21 families in total, and by each association, as well as for modeling networks movement of nursery material. Botanical collections and photographic archive for species identification were also made. The socioeconomic reproductive strategies of families in the associations are different, especially with regard to employment of labor, being the pluriactivity most used by families of ACASAMA and the para-agricultural activities exclusively present on the families of "Vero Sapore", resulting in improved financial performance of agroecosystems for these. The production models also differ between associations. APAC’s families opted for Integrated Production System (SAIP's), ACASAMA’s families for agroforest homegardens and "Vero Sapore" for Simultaneous Agroforestry System and, so for, for this last association the ocuped area of land use in agroforestry is greater than in the others. The species richness was significantly higher for the properties of "Vero Sapore" and relates significantly to the area used for agroecological production. In total we found 152 species belonging to 46 botanical families, being 52,29% of fruit supply and sale and 52,66% % native of Atlantic Forest. The dissimilarity of species found between the properties refers, above all, to the species of the other categories that are not fruits for food and sale and there is a great distance of the collection of "Vero Sapore" to others with greater similarity between this farmers. Through Salience Index there was noted that the choice of farmed species is not necessarily related to the commercialization of these, being also linked to the consumption and maintenance of the agroecosystems. Most species was acquired from external sources, and the projects undertaken by non-governmental sources are important acquisition for associations, although there are differences between them. The APAC, as it is in the process of SAIP's consolidation, has strong bond of purchase with the project that implemented them, while in ACASAMA there is a significant flow of planting materials among neighbors, and in "Vero Sapore" this flow occurs mainly among members of the association itself, which indicates that this has a network of interactions that is less vulnerable to species loss, but also explains the greater similarity between farmers collections. Therefore, agroforestry systems studied showed potential for increase native species and maintain biodiversity, however, "Vero Sapore" was the association that showed the best results in conservationists terms and for socioeconomic reproduction of families, and these results are due to the strategies adopted, especially the choice of the used model and the methodological deepening by families about that. Thus, it appears that the implementation and success of agroforestry to multifunctional rural development passes through technical and extensionist advice that provides strengthening of the initiatives and of the organization of farmers and greater integration between these initiatives.
Estruturação genética de golfinhos-rotadores (Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828) no litoral brasileiro
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Faria, Drienne Messa; Farro, Ana Paula Cazerta; Silva Junior, José Martins da; Fagundes, Valéria
Spinner dolphins, pantropically distributed, exhibit genetic structuration in population units of the North Pacific Ocean, however little is known about such processes in South Atlantic Ocean populations units. Historical, environmental and behavioral factors and social structure influence this species population structure. In order to assess the existence of genetic structure in spinner dolphins groups of the Brazilian coastline 414 samples were tested with ten microsatellite loci. Evaluating 223 individuals and seven polymorphic loci, not linked, the Brazilian coastline spinner dolphins presented high values of observed heterozygosity (Ho=0. 9724) and expected (He=0.8130), and genetic diversity (Dg=0.812). The bayesian cluster analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed the genetic structuring of spinner dolphins of the Brazilian coastline in two population units. AMOVA (FST= 2.16; P≤0.05) and genetic differentiation index (FST: 0.0198; RST: 0.0165; P≤0.001) confirmed such results with significant values. The two population units show high genetic diversity (PU1: Dg=0.793601; PU2: Dg=0.7832), observed heterozygosity (PU1: Ho=0.9616; PU2: Ho=0.9805) and expected (PU1: He=0.8202; PU2: He =0.7942), and allelic richness (PU1: Ra=13.1; PU2: Ra=8. 5). Both population units showed significant deviations of HWE in virtually all loci. Sampled individuals alive in the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha were grouped in two different population units corroborating the idea of the existence of two separate population units of S. longirostris in this archipelago, probably a resident and another formed by transients. The structuration identified grouped individuals sampled in different areas of the Brazilian coastline, suggesting possible gene flow even among distant regions.
Biomassa estocada em plantios de restauração com diferentes espaçamentos, diversidades e porcentagens de pioneiras na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-28) Costa, Marina Gusson Carneiro da; Oliveira, Renata Evangelista de; Rolim, Samir Gonçalves; Martins, Carlos Romero; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de
Deforestation is the main source of emission of greenhouse gases, and environmental restoration, in contrast, is an important way we have nowadays to mitigate global warming. This study aimed to evaluate different models of environmental restoration in an area belonging to the domain of Tableland Atlantic Forest, in order to analyze their performances in plant biomass production and, by consequence, carbon sequestration. The models are the result of the combination of three factors: Spacing, with 3x2 m and 3x3 m levels; Diversity, with low (42 species), medium (64 species) and high (92 species) levels; and Proportion of Pioneers, with levels of 5% and 24% of pioneers. The combination of factors and their levels resulted in 12 treatments with three replicates each, arranged in three randomized blocks. At 40, 54, 66 and 82 months after planting, it was measured the diameter at breast height (DBH) of each individual with at least 5 cm of DBH, and individual biomass was obtained using the formula: Ln (Biomass) = -1,996+2,323*Ln (DBH), where DBH is given in centimeters and biomass is given in kilograms. The biomass of the plot was given by the sum of the biomass of all its individuals. Furthermore, we determined the Current Annual Index (ACI) of biomass and density of each factor. Comparisons were made between factors through analysis of variance considering repeated measures by Systat software. Considering all the replicates of the treatments, there was a wide answers variation, since 11,2 Mg/ha untill 42,4 Mg/ha, so it was observed an environmental variation. The ANOVAs indicated that the factors with isolated effect were spacing and diversity, and spacings factor showed bigger values of biomass at 3X2m spacing throughout all the period of study. The Tukey test showed that diversity factor differed between the high levels to the other two, which showed higher production compared to that, more steeply in the first 54 months after planting. The interactions of spacing and diversity and, to a lesser extent, spacing, composition and diversity of pioneers, were also significant. These data appear to indicate that the factor that most defines differences in biomass production is the spacing, followed by diversity, and, in a small level, by the Proportion of Pioneer. Although only studies of longer duration in the area could confirm the trends shown, it is concluded that the most important factor when considering restoration projects for biomass production is the spacing, at least during initial phase of planting.
Chuva de sementes e regeneração natural em áreas de Cabruca na região cacaueira do Norte do Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-20) Vieira, Paula Bastos; Menezes, Luis Fernando Tavares de; Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade
In the Espirito Santo State, the most part of cocoa plantations was implanted in the Atlantic forest thinned in a system known as cabruca, which spans for 18 acres along the banks of the Rio Doce, in Linhares. Given the importance of the plantation system in the region and through the premise that management implemented this type of cultivation is committed to conserving the diversity of the northern forests of Espirito Santo state, we sought to verify the difference between the tree community that comes through seed rain and that settles on cabrucas regeneration under different management conditions. To this have been selected three areas of study and the present study was divided into two chapters. The first is an analysis of the seed rain in an area of cabruca activity. 30 seed collectors with circular aperture equal to 0.19625 m2, 157 cm in circumference and 50 cm in diameter and 13 m distant from each other were installed. The material deposited on them was collected monthly for fifteen months. The second chapter consists of a review of the structure of the vegetation that is established through natural regeneration in two areas adjacent cabrucas, one with seven and one with fifteen years of abandonment about. 25 plots of 5 x 5m, two meters distant from each other were demarcated in each area abandoned. All individuals larger than 30 cm and DAS (diameter at ground height) Maximum height of 10 cm were sampled and a better understanding of the structure regenerating individuals were separated into three size classes. The assessment of the degree of similarity between the three communities was performed with multivariate statistical test known as Procrustes. To test whether species richness differed among the three communities used the univariate called randomization Orlóci & Pillar (1996) test. In the study 192 species were detected in the three areas assessed. These are distributed in 97 genera and 47 families. In general, the correlations for the three areas assessed correlations are low,and are only significant between the area where they evaluated the seed

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