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Navegando Engenharia Ambiental por Assunto "Activated carbon"
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- ItemAvaliação da adsorção do herbicida 2,4-D em carvão ativado em pó e granular por meio de análises de isotermas de adsorção utilizando diferentes qualidades de água(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-06-11) Loureiro, Lorena Frasson; Freitas, Jair Carlos Checon de; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Benetti, Antonio Domingues; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dosThis research aims to evaluate the activated carbon (AC) physical-chemicals characteristics generated from coconut´s peel and pinus and associate them to 2,4-D herbicide adsorption capacity of studied activated carbons by adsorption isotherms assay in destilated and deionized water (DDW) and filtered water (FW) from Freundlich and Langmuir models, as well as verifying the carbon granulometry reduction interference on the 2,4-D adsorption capacity. Firstly, the DDW was used to evaluate the AC herbicide adsorption efficiency without any interferent which might compete with 2,4-D and to compare the results obtained from DDW with FW results. 2,4-D pH solution (6,86) was fitted to real operational values/conditions of Carapina Water Treatment Plant (WTP) – ES, which provide the FW used in this study. The research used vegetable AC provided by two Brazilian producers. One company provided GAC and PAC derivated from coconut peel. The GAC used with the normal granulometry (08x30 mesh) was named CA-1, and with a granulometry lower than 325 mesh was named CA-2. CAP was named CA-3. The another company provided PAC derivated from pinus, which was named CA-4. CA-3 showed higher maximum adsorption capacity (qAmax). The physical-chemicals analysis did not contributed to the most efficient coal selection and, statistically, there were not differences between DDW and FW assays.
- ItemAvaliação da adsorção do herbicida 2,4-D em carvão ativado em pó utilizando água com diferentes qualidades(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-03) Marsolla, Lorena Dornelas; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Tavares, Célia Regina GranhenThe 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) is one of herbicides most consumed in Brazil and is preferably used due to its good selectivity and low cost. It has high toxicity and low biodegradability, posing a risk to human health and the environment and can be found in soil, surface water and groundwater. Studies show that conventional water treatment has low effectiveness in removing microcontaminants, various techniques have been used in the removal of water in compounds, such as adsorption by activated carbon. The activated carbon adsorption has been shown as an effective technology for the removal of various contaminants, including pesticides. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate 2,4-D adsorption of three activated carbons (PAC) in ultrapure water and raw water from the Rio Santa Maria da Vitória. The quantification of the herbicide was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography after concentration of the sample by extraction in solid phase. The adsorption experiments were performed with activated carbon derived from coconut shell (PAC-01), pine (PAC-02), coffee straw (PAC-03) which were characterized and evaluated on its removal capacity of 2,4-D the two matrices of water. Two models of adsorption isotherm, Langmuir and Freundlich, were applied to describe the adsorption data, that indicated the PAC-02 as the coal that had the best 2,4-D adsorption capacity among the studied coals, both in water ultrapure as in raw water. When tested in the raw water, there was reduced 2,4-D adsorption for the three samples from PAC compared to tests performed in ultrapure water, indicating interfering compounds, such as organic matter, on the adsorption process.
- ItemAvaliação da remoção do ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) em águas através do uso de carvão granular (CAG) em pequenas colunas (escala experimental)(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012-08-27) Rozário, Andréia do; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Dantas, Angela Di Bernardo; Gonçalves, Ricardo FranciThe increased use of pesticides in Brazil has caused many concerns due to environmental and health problems they can cause. Many of these products are not efficiently removed by conventional treatment of water, requiring alternatives that remove the water supply. One option is the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) in fixed beds, because due to the high efficiency removal of microcontaminants and ease of operation, this technology is one of the most effective and reliable water treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through the Rapid Tests in Small Scale Column (RSSCT), the adsorption capacity of GAC in removing 2,4-D in samples of distilled / deionized (DDW) and filtered from the water treatment plant (FWTP) fortified (only with 2,4-D or associated with atrazina or 2,4,5-T). Pesticides were detected and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the methodology adapted and properly validated. Eight tests were performed with fixed beds in series, which varied the type of water used and the rate of surface application. The adsorption capacities obtained from water samples spiked with only 2.4-D had higher values than those obtained from isotherms. Furthermore, natural organic matter (NOM) had a great influence on the adsorption of 2,4-D, decreasing its adsorption capacity. In the tests performed with effluent spiked with only FWTP with 2,4-D was observed by absorbance values at 254 nm, the removal of the MON by CAG. Furthermore, there was a preferential adsorption of hydrophobic pesticides (2,4,5-T, and atrazine) to the 2,4-D, since in all tests water samples spiked with 2,4-D associated with 2,4,5-T or atrazine, there was a decrease in the adsorption capacity of the CAG.
- ItemProdução de biomassa com microalgas em lagoa de alta taxa aplicada ao pós-tratamento de um reator UASB tratando esgoto sanitário visando a produção de carvão ativado(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-07-12) Oss, Rodrigo Nunes; Cassini, Servio Tulio Alves; https://orcid.org/0000000152003666; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2519874649699294; https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5399-3394; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3669274322380234; Goncalves, Ricardo Franci; https://orcid.org/0000000220489451; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9604327349698525; Kiperstok, Alice Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-4858; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9336655439177257; Borges, Raquel Machado; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8119-7092; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6650916642132386; Oliveira, Jairo Pinto de; https://orcid.org/0000000175951183; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2228283301316218; Junior, Miguel Angelo Schettino; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3366999814625339; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; https://orcid.org/0000000292205737; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2276795519317927Considering the water resources pollution, the water and energy scarcity, it is necessary to develop sustainable Technologies based on NEXUS concept. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ideal condition for the post-treatment of an UASB reactor, treating domestic wastewater, and production of microalgae biomass in High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAP) to generate activated carbon. This study was divided into three papers. In the first paper, the influence of the depth (30, 45 and 60 cm) and the hidraulic retention time (3 and 6 days) of the HRAP for the post-treatment of an UASB reactor, treating domestic wastewater, and production of microalgae biomass. The injection of biogas for supplementation of inorganic carbon in HRAP was also evaluated. The findings of this study showed that the efficieny of the post-treatment of an UASB efluente was satisfatory, achieving a reduction of 67% for COD, 49% for total phosphorous (P), 83% of total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), 87% of ammoniacal nitrogen and 99.8% of E. coli. The microalgae biomass production was highest for the lower retention time. The supplementation of low concentration of CO2 increased the productivity (32%) with regards to volatile suspended solids. The second paper investigated the influence of temperature and the ratio between the mass of water and the mass of sample during the carbonization and activation of raw microalgae biomass as well as microalgae biomass with the addtion of tanfloc. Activated carbon was prepared at 650ºC and 800ºC, using diferente proportion of water. Although a higher amount of activated carbon was produced at 650ºC (41% more), the largest specific surface area (SSA) was 177±19 m²/g, whereas the activated carbono prepared at 800ºC presented an SSA of 630±18 m²/g. In the last paper, two of the activaded carbon, previously produced (BM and BMT), was tested to adsorb 2,4-D herbicide at six different concentration (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg/L). The AC of BMT presented higher removal of 2,4-D, achieving 100% for the concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm model was the one that best fitted to the experimental data, presenting R2 of 0,998. The pseudo second order kinetics presented good fit for both samples of activated carbon.
- ItemRemoção do ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) por adsorção em carvão ativado pulverizado associado ao tratamento convencional de água para consumo humano(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-07-05) Leal, Waldiléia Pereira; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Paschoalato, Cristina Filomêna Pereira Rosa; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dosThe 2,4-D is the second most widely used herbicide in Brazil, reaching the public water supply. Due to the limitation of conventional treatment in removing microcontaminants and capacity of activated carbon to remove them, this study investigated the application of powdered activated carbon (PAC) in the removal of 2,4-D in adsorption process associated with conventional treatment using raw water from the Rio Santa Maria da Vitória in equipment jartest. The diagrams of coagulation were constructed through treatability study of water using aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride as coagulants. Tests of adsorption with carbons derived from coconut shells (PAC 1) and pinus (PAC 2) were characterized and evaluated in its ability to remove 2,4-D. The removal of natural organic matter was also determined by measuring the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorbance at 254 nm. To detection and quantification of analytes, acids 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-DCP an analytical methodology for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/DAD) was developed and validated. Through the adsorption data, the PAC 1 showed greater capacity for removal of 2,4-D and was associated with conventional treatment, fifteen minutes prior, one minute prior to or one minute after the addition of the aluminum sulfate. The results indicated that the addition of coagulant had no effect on adsorption capacity of the PAC 1 which showed to be being effective for the removal of herbicide, given the drinking water quality standards force.
- ItemRemoção do herbicida 2,4-D por meio do tratamento convencional da água e adsorção em carvão ativado granular em instalação piloto(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-01) Brega, Renata Santos; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; De Julio, MarceloThe population growth pushes agricultural production towards intensive use of pesticides that increase productivity. However, incorrect use can result in serious problem at water treatment plants and negatively impact in public health. According to laboratory-scale studies, conventional treatment, one of the most used in Brazil, presents negligible removal of 2,4-D. The activated carbon adsorption have been documented to be effective for the removal of various contaminants, including pesticides. Thus, it was evaluated the removal of the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5 -T and metabolite 2,4- DCP using the conventional treatment and granular activated carbon adsorption, in a pilot-plant. The granular activated carbon used was manufactured from coconut shell. The herbicides concentration was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detection and solid phase extraction. The combination of conventional treatment and granular activated carbon adsorption showed high removal of 2,4-D (99%) reaching final concentrations below the limit of Portaria MS n° 2914/2011. Conventional treatment, however, also showed considerable removal of 2,4- D (35-59%), with a high percentage removal obtained in sedimentation (30-52%), suggesting that there were interaction between natural organic matter and 2,4-D, increasing the removal in this step. 2,4-DCP and 2,4,5-T showed concentrations below the detection limit.