Doutorado em Biologia Animal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17508

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2009
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019). Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://cienciasbiologicas.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBAN/detalhes-do-curso?id=56

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A methodological and practical take on an exhaustive combination approach for ecological niche models applied in Rhodniini tribe biogeographical patterns for paleoclimate conditions
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-06-29) Nascimento, Guilherme Sanches Correa do; Leite, Gustavo Rocha; https://orcid.org/0000000343203804; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2276153460276432; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-3017; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Goncalves, Rodrigo Gurgel; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-8690; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6102756952860771; Paula, Alexandre Silva de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6351; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2193708427094253; Gorla, David Euladio
The present study utilizes ecological niche models (ENMs) to investigate the historical biogeography of neotropical species. We apply a combination method of variable predictor and Maxent parameters to select ENMs and we deal with strategies to address the challenges associated with exhaustive approaches in model building and evaluation. We base our analyses in neotropical kissing bugs belonging to the Rhodniini tribe Pinto, 1926, which exhibit diverse regional distribution patterns. To explore distribution traits, including timespatial suitability, we develop binary ENMs and discuss methodological aspects of assessing range shifts. The study is divided into three chapters: Chapter One examines the combination of environmental variable, feature classes, and regularization multipliers, indicating its traits and proposing early strategies to manage the time and hardware-intensive nature of the approach. Chapter Two focuses on the stability of suitable conditions for Rhodniini species since the last glacial maximum, covering three topics: • 2.1 Introduces the proposed method to assess the stability of suitable areas for the current distribution across various time scenarios. • 2.2 Presents our published article that investigates stability patterns for Rhodnius domesticus. • 2.3 Expands the analyses to other Rhodniini species and proposes a new step involving averaging final ENMs. Chapter Three explores the suitable distribution during the Pleistocene and Pliocene for Rhodnius pallescens, Rhodnius neivai, and Rhodnius domesticus. This investigation examines their relationships with speciation events resulting from neotropical geological phenomena, such as the Andean uplift, the Panama Isthmus, and the Acre system. Throughout all chapters, we acknowledge limitations associated with ENMs application and compilation. Nonetheless, we have developed methodological strategies that may prove helpful and emphasize the significant role of climate change in the biogeography of neotropical species.
A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Biogeografia e bioacústica aplicadas à Myrmotherula axillaris (Aves: Thamnophilidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2022-06-22) Barbosa, Renata Pasini; Alves, Pedro Diniz; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-6376; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2474617957761264; Mendes, Sergio Lucena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-6058; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6440129635899714; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Batalha Filho, Henrique; Ditchfield, Albert David; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411
Myrmotherula axillaris luctuosa, popularly known as white-flanked-antwren, is a Thamnophilidae bird that lives in forested areas of the Atlantic Forest, being found in diverse forested environments. In the Amazon we find the subspecies albigula, axillaris, melaena, fresnayana and heterozyga. Although well documented and very easy to find birds, the distribution measurements of Myrmotherula species are usually wrong or incomplete, and each record repository ends up formulating its own distribution, resulting in different maps. There are no modelings done with Myrmotherula axillaris luctuosa. Modeling with ModleR was innovative in this study. The modeled distribution was close to what was already conceived for the subspecies, adding, however, locations in the Northeast that were not previously assumed, but that invite local surveys. Due to the latitudinal variation and phylogeographic breaks in the Atlantic Forest, we could find noticeable phenotypic differences between populations within the same subspecies. Therefore, to investigate geographic variation in the song of Myrmotherula axillaris luctuosa in the Atlantic Forest, three possible patterns of geographic variation in the subspecies' song were tested: discrete, gradual and clinal variation patterns. The results of the analyses suggest that the song rhythm is more distinct among individuals that are more geographically distant throughout the subspecies' distribution in the Atlantic Forest and in the central part of the biome. The songs retain much acoustic similarity among themselves, leading us to believe that similarity is greater than dissimilarity between them. Even though there are no large population differences in the distribution area of Myrmotherula axillaris luctuosa, the variation probably occurs due to the adaptation of the vocalizations to the environmental conditions. Migration of biota between the Amazon and Atlantic Forest would have occurred several times in wetter climatic periods, such as during the late Pleistocene. In the connection between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest there would also be two distinct possibilities: the populations may form a disjunction having little acoustic variation between them, or they could be considered distinct species, because of the great acoustic distinction. In addition, the subspecies M. a. axillaris is distributed further east in the Amazon than the other Amazonian-Andean subspecies. This subspecies may have had a greater chance of interaction with the Atlantic population in the geological past. Therefore, analysis of acoustic variation of Myrmotherula axillaris in the Amazon and between the Amazon and Atlantic Forest was performed to observe the acoustic dissimilarity between the subspecies and to appreciate ambiguity about the taxonomic status for the subspecies resident in the Atlantic Forest. The vocalization of the Atlantic subspecies bears similarity to the Amazonian subspecies, especially to axillaris. The Atlantic populations may still be a subspecies of Myrmotherula axillaris, but show the tendency of speciation by allopatry.
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Biomecânica da locomoção terrestre em Anhanguera e Tupandactylus (Pterosauria, Archosauria)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2025-07-16) Hörmanseder, Beatriz Marinho; Nunes, Fabiana Rodrigues Costa; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-0143; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8396814023400187; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-8738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9206-9915; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2464211948213980; Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9136-0236; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5761534317977568; Silva, Olavo Luppi; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-9937; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2834807238528756; Palacios, Borja Holgado; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-0775; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3807328395535386; Oliveira, Richard Santos Buchmann de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4428-9224; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9978598888603093
Pterosaurs remain relatively understudied compared to closely related groups such as birds and crocodilians. Until the late 20th century, biomechanical studies on pterosaur terrestrial locomotion were based solely on osteological analyses. The present study assessed the biomechanical advantage of hip musculature and compared possible inferred poses related to terrestrial locomotion in two pterosaur species: Tupandactylus navigans and Anhanguera piscator. This research presents the first musculoskeletal reconstruction of T. navigans, based on a three-dimensional model of its osteological elements, along with a comparative analysis of muscle moment arms (MMAs) to evaluate the biomechanical advantage of reconstructed pelvic girdle muscles in both taxa. The detailed analysis of MMAs in A. piscator and T. navigans revealed ranges of motion compatible with adaptations for both terrestrial locomotion and flight, reflecting locomotor versatility in both species. In T. navigans, a longer stride length, greater muscular input, and the attachment of abductor muscles to a broad puboischiatic plate support previous interpretations suggesting scansorial or arboreal adaptations typical of the Tapejaridae clade, which includes T. navigans. In contrast, A. piscator exhibited a predominance of movement patterns associated with abduction–adduction and morphological structures indicating specializations primarily for flight, consistent with general interpretations of a coastal or pelagic lifestyle. This study represents an initial step toward reconstructing the locomotor function of T. navigans and contributes to our understanding of the biomechanical diversity within Tapejaridae, offering new data to be explored in future research on the locomotion and flight of these pterosaurs.
Cognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Several species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
Como eventos paleoambientais e ecológicos moldaram a diversidade de lagartos neotropicais (Iguania: Leiosauridae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-12-17) Monjardim, Marina; Vargas, Sarah Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-7295; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1956218219090768; https://orcid.org/0000000229931795; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9475953943980355; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Fagundes, Valeria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-0751; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; Gehara, Marcelo Coelho Miguel; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9899-1970; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4261231149411151; Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8174-6837; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4914661659187454
The Neotropical Region is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth and for reptiles is where the largest number of species and families occur. Several events shaped the biodiversity of this region throughout its evolutionary history, for instance, the formation of the Panama Isthmus, the Andes uplift, climate changes during the Plio-Pleistocene period. Moreover, several hypotheses were proposed to explain such diversity. Leiosauridae is a family of lizards (Squamata: Iguania) exclusively distributed in the Chilean and Brazilian subregions in the Neotropical region, and is closely related to Opluridae, distributed in Madagascar. To bring a greater understanding of the biodiversity in Neotropics and improve the understanding of the evolutionary history of Leiosauridae, we test hypotheses related to taxonomy, biogeography, and diversification rates and time, using a robust data from ultra-conserved elements (UCEs). We estimate the most complete phylogeny for Leiosauridae. With a dated species tree, we discuss about the taxonomy of this family, and the taxonomic status of its subfamilies, genera and species, and the relationship among them. Although a greater diversity is expected in tropical regions, we did not find differences between diversification rates among Chilean and Brazilian subregion clades. We found that for the deeper clades (subfamilies, genera, clades A and B of Enyalius, E. leechii, and D. darwinii and other species of Diplolaemus) those events related to the Oligocene/Miocene periods and the Andes uplift had more influence, while for the crown (species) it was the events of Plio-Pleistocene climate changes. The events triggered possibly by the Andes uplift, also seems to have had an influence on the distribution of these groups. Regarding Leiosaurinae, for example, after its origin in the extreme south of Patagonia, it seems that they dispersed towards the north possibly due to environmental changes. Furthermore, such events also influenced the current distribution of the Enyaliinae, as they contributed to the formation of the dry Diagonal, as the separation of the Atlantic Forest in north and south during the Miocene, an event older than that proposed in the literature. These findings bring a new point of view to improve the understanding of the evolutionary history of this family and of the Neotropical biomes.
Desempenho de índices bióticos de qualidade ambiental em estuários com distintas condições de urbanização
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-12-14) Hadlich, Heliatrice Louise; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga; https://orcid.org/0000000218384597; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7955326454008127; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6191-0081; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1054229298350156 ; Antônio Netto, Sergio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-640X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2448717095256037; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0803-4435; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1931267781220159; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9764759048676848; Gomes, Levy de Carvalho; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5826-2431; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3105720686893127
Estuaries in South America commonly receive untreated effluents from nearby metropolitan areas demanding ecosystem-based management solutions to access the different types of pollutant impacts. Despite the increased and widespread usage of benthic indices for environmental health assessment in estuarine areas some problems underlying ambiguous assessments still remain to be elucidated. The benthic indices may respond either to man-induced or natural disturbances and are likely to vary in space and time at many scales due to distinct interacting processes. Chemical markers such as sterols are used in parallel to biological indices in order to determine correspondence between sewage contamination and ecological impacts. The application of indexes that respond to organic enrichment still requires tests that adequately detect patterns of variability with a robust sample design. The main objective of this study was to assess the environmental quality of two estuaries located in the Eastern Brazil Marine Ecoregion, with different characteristics of use and conservation, based on determination of multiple organic (biopolymers and sterols) and inorganic (trace metals) indicators of contamination and use of the application of biotic indices. To this purpose, the following approaches were employed in the next two chapters: (i) a multivariate approach was used to characterize the trophic state of two estuaries (Vitória Bay and Piraquê-Açú estuarie) with different urbanization conditions, through the chemical indicators of contamination; (ii) testing the responses of AMBI, M-AMBI, BENTIX and BO2A indices, using a hierarchical sampling design in two estuaries with distinct levels of urbanization, with correlations to chemical proxies of contamination and analyzes of similarity of the responses. In the first chapter, the multiple organic biomarkers of sedimentary quality suggested that Vitória Bay is predominantly eutrophic or hypertrophic given a high entry of untreated sewage into the estuary, while the Piraquê-Açu estuary may be considered a pristine estuary with indication from low to moderate contamination by sewage input and the presence of eutrophic to hypertrophic sediments, not correlated to faecal contamination. The results of the second chapter indicated good applicability of benthic indices. AMBI, M-AMBI, BENTIX and BO2A did vary significantly at the largest spatial scale or the scale at which pollution acts and were mostly correlated to the chemical proxies of contamination, showing a congruence to the these markers. However, some ambiguities or inconsistencies were found between their responses, suggesting that the AMBI and BO2A indices should be applied with caution in management practices, as they tend to overestimate the ecological quality of the impacted stations.
Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário da morfologia externa dos Mantodea (Insecta: Dictyoptera)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-07-31) Araujo, Marcus Vinicius Scherrer de; Aguiar, Alexandre Pires; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3896223993285180; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Salles, Frederico Falcao; https://orcid.org/0000000183315929; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3964807651730603; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5868655333545172; Moscatelli, Maria Lucia Franca Teixeira; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Prezotti, Lusinerio
The nymph stage of Mantodea represents approximately 50-60% of their total lifespan. Still, compared to the adult form, nymphs have historically received less attention in studies on the group. The biggest knowledge gap seems to be the
Dinâmica espaço-temporal da febre amarela silvestre na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-01-15) Colodetti, Amanda Francischetto; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-6058; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-2747; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4983801611316571; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Bonvicino, Cibele Rodrigues; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7643; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1977014753474964; Almeida, Marco Antonio Barreto de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-2634; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2534678779685436; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-8738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293
The emergence of yellow fever in Southeast Brazil at the end of 2016 began the largest epidemiological outbreak in recent decades. Despite having already occurred in Espírito Santo (ES), the state had not recorded any cases for more than half a century. Yellow fever is a virus that has primates as its host and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Both human primates and non-human primates (NHP) are affected, in different transmission cycles. In Brazil, only the wild cycle is currently considered to occur, involving the wild mosquitoes of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes and the PNH of the genera Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Callicebus, Callithrix, Saimiri and Sapajus. In this cycle, man is accidentally infected when entering the forest. In this work we analyzed the dynamics of PNH epizootics during the 2016-2018 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, in a region previously considered free of the disease. In Chapter I we seek to understand the pattern of spatiotemporal dispersion and the participation of PNH in the outbreak, verifying their relationship with the persistence of the outbreak, the occurrence of epizootics in rural and urban areas and the proximity to built-up areas. The initial spread was silent and the epizootics were detected when they were already distributed across a large part of the ES and had even reached the metropolitan region on the coast. Although the transmission cycle is considered wild, epizootics in urban areas represented 36% of the total and were mainly responsible for the persistence of the outbreak. Alouatta guariba was the most affected species and its epizootics occurred mainly in the first epidemic period (Cycle 1) and in rural areas, a pattern also identified for Callicebus personatus and Sapajus nigritus. The genus Callithrix, however, had a third of the epizootics in Cycle 2 and was mainly responsible for the persistence of the outbreak, and this in urban areas, very close to buildings. In Chapter II we analyze the influence of landscape structure on the occurrence of epizootics. Using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) we verified the association between the presence of epizootics and landscape metrics. The spatial dependence between epizootics was more important for the models than landscape characteristics. However, even with the use of five spatial scales, the models obtained were unable to explain the variation in the data, demonstrating that the spatial pattern of the native forest was not sufficient to explain the distribution of epizootics across the landscape and their occurrence was not associated with landscapes fragmented.
Distribuição altitudinal dos morcegos da Serra do Caparaó
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-07-14) Ulian, Carina Maria Vela; Ditchfield, Albert David; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-1402; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-2875; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3091975740606603; Carvalho, William Douglas Mustin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-9148; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8555566842959223; Bernard, Enrico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-1978; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9700792111588336; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-5052; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0444869521916180; Pereira, Maria Joao Veloso da Costa Ramos
The present study presents the characterization of the chiropterofauna present in the Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) and the evaluation of how bat species and trophic guilds are distributed along the altitudinal gradient. The PNC region, in southeastern Brazil, concentrates the highest elevation of the Atlantic Forest, reaching 2,892 m (Pico da Bandeira). Despite being one of the most representative protected areas of the high-altitude Atlantic Forest, the chiropterofauna of the Caparaó region remains practically unknown. In these areas, altitudinal gradients are responsible for potentially abrupt changes in biological communities, mainly due to changes in temperature and humidity, influencing flora and fauna. For bats, communities at higher altitudes are expected to be composed mainly of aerial insectivorous bats due to resource availability and lower physiological limitations. In Brazil, studies on bats from regions of high altitude, above 2,000 m, are rare, with most studies being carried out in regions with altitudes below 1,500 meters. In order to understand how the bat community behaves in this region, the 2,000 m elevation of the PNC was divided into four ranges (from 800 to 2,800 m) and two sampling methods were used: mist-nets and ultrasound recordings. The data obtained were analyzed for richness, variation in composition and influence of altitude on the distribution of species and trophic guilds. Thirty-five species were recorded, 15 using mist nets and 23 using bioacoustic recordings, with only three species recorded using both methods. The records obtained include two new species for Espírito Santo, Myotis izeckshoni (mist-net) and Molossops temminckkii (bioacoustics). Additionally, the results show the need to use more than one method of recording bats to characterize the fauna, given that individually, both nets and recordings have limitations and may underestimate species richness, being complementary methods. There was a linear decline in bat richness with increasing elevation, with the aerial insectivores guild being widely distributed along the gradient and the only one present at higher altitudes. It was also detected that the variation in composition is due to the nesting of species, with 62% similarity between the lowest and highest areas, indicating the presence of subsets with ordered loss of species along the gradient. This work emphasizes the relevance that fauna and flora 7 inventories have for the characterization of ecological and biogeographical patterns of communities in high altitude areas, in addition to contributing to discussions involving environmental pressures arising from anthropic and climate changes that interfere with the maintenance and preservation of regions hilly.
Diversificação do complexo Oecomys bicolor (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-07) Paes, Rafaela Duda; Weksler, Marcelo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Costa, Bárbara Maria de Andrade; Monteiro, Cecília Waichert
Oecomys bicolor is a small orizomino rodent, with a wide geographic distribution from southeastern Central America to Brazil. Its taxonomy is still not well established, since morphological data assign ten synonyms to the species, which contrasts with genetic information, which shows the existence of more clades and indicates that the taxon is a species complex. Studies based on cytochrome b sequences indicate clusters with low mean intraclade divergences (< 2%), but with higher interclade divergences. In addition, only one study associated genetics with morphological data, which are shown to be polymorphic. Considering that mitochondrial genes accumulate homoplasies quickly and, therefore, lose resolution as the depth of tree branches increases, the construction of multigenic phylogenies with nuclear loci has been shown to be an efficient alternative, since they present evolutionary rates. slower, being useful for recovering deeper relationships. Thus, in order to elucidate the taxonomy of the group, the present work aimed to present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the O. bicolor complex, based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological data from specimens of all ages, covering the geographic distribution across the Americas, in addition to phylogenetic analyzes with partial sequences of a mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. The results recovered O. bicolor as a paraphyletic, with 11 geographically structured clades, which are accompanied by diagnosable morphotypes. Among these, two lineages are recognized as O. bicolor sensu stricto (widely present in the Amazon and trans-Andean forests) and O. cleberi (endemic to the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon of Brazil, exclusive to the distribution of O. bicolor), one is revalidated as O. nitedulus (restricted to the Guianas) and eight are potential new species, of which five are described (distributed in the Amazon, with cases of sympatry and limited by the Tapajós River). The propositions made about the revalidation of O. nitedulus and the recognition of eight new lineages increase the number of Oecomys species from 17 to 26. In addition, three other nominal taxa represent potential species complexes, evidencing the difficulty in identifying the species. species of the genus and the need for further taxonomic revisions.
Efeitos ecológicos da contaminação com rejeitos de minério no estuário do Rio Doce: uma abordagem utilizando múltiplas linhas de evidência
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-09-16) Gabriel, Fabrício Ângelo; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga; https://orcid.org/0000000218384597; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7955326454008127; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6367-6740; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4141277873952734; Netto, Sergio Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-640X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2448717095256037; Andrades, Ryan Carlos de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-1072; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6620206675151003; Santos, Matilde Maria Moreira dos; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-5028; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9649636182414081; Maciel, Pablo Muniz; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5310-3781; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1622289785240013
The Rio Doce estuary was strongly impacted by the plume of tailings and sediment from the Fundão dam collapse in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The tailings spill and its arrival in the estuary caused catastrophic ecological and socio-economic consequences. Short-term impacts revealed an immediate reduction in biodiversity and prolonged biological effects of chronic contamination by metals and metalloids. This thesis presents an assessment of the contamination and its long-term effects (2017 to 2020, two to four years after the disaster) after the plume arrival in the estuarine environment, using multiple lines of evidence to reveal potential ecological impacts and risks to the aquatic biota. The present approach includes physicochemical analyzes of sediments, determination of bioaccumulation of chemical elements in aquatic fauna, biosynthesis of oxidative stress biomarkers in fish, and effects on structure and composition of estuarine benthic assemblages. Therefore, the thesis chapters progressively reveal the contamination and the ecological and biological effects of elements associated with mine tailings in the estuarine ecosystem. The first chapter highlights the high contamination of the estuary by potentially toxic elements and the associated ecological risks, evidencing the fragility of the estuarine ecosystem in face of acute and chronic impacts caused by the mine tailings spill. The second chapter consists of a long-term analysis of the presence of metals in sediments and an integrated assessment of contaminants, revealing their seasonal variability and the persistence of possible adverse biological effects on the estuarine fauna. The third chapter makes use of proteomics and metallomics analysis to investigate the exposure of the ichthyofauna to contaminants, suggesting that many species are chronically impacted and bioaccumulate metals and metalloids. The fourth chapter focuses on the study of impacts on benthic assemblages after the initial impact (acute) of the arrival of mine tailings. For this purpose, pre-impact ecological data were combined with long-term data (4 years post-disaster). Although there is an explicit decline in the metals concentrations in estuarine sediment, there has been a stabilization of levels above the reference value for the estuary, probably reflecting a slow recovery of benthic assemblages and continued loss of biodiversity. Finally, the fifth chapter makes an integrative and conclusive synthesis with the multiple lines of evidence used to contribute to the estuarine environmental management after the mine tailings spill in the Rio Doce, as well as to stimulate future studies. The results reported here suggest lasting effects on the ecological system, in which the estuarine biota will continue under chronic disturbance associated with the presence of tailings and metals.
Entre florestas e humanos: um olhar sobre os ungulados do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-11-26) Seibert, Jardel Brandão; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-6058; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-2877; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1801725837933328; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Kaizer, Mariane da Cruz; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-9478; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2226954394104410; Oliveira, Marcio Leite de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-0626; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0628439576033417; Ditchfield, Albert David; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-1402; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411
Large ungulates represent an important group in the Neotropical region and are feared, over time, with anthropogenic pressures, mainly with hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation. The occurrence and distribution of species in the landscape are influenced by the existence of favorable conditions and by the availability of resources that specific species, and sometimes wild animals, frequent agricultural areas close to forest regions. In the present study, it was evaluated how biotic and abiotic variables interfere in the occupation pattern of ungulates, in addition to understanding how ecological and anthropogenic factors influence the interaction between ungulates and the local human community in one of the last remnants of the Tabuleiro’s Atlantic Forest. The study was carried out in the Linhares-Sooretama Forest Complex (CFLS), located in the north of Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. To estimate the occupation of ungulates in the study area, we used the single-species, singleseason occupation model. To understand how the interaction between ungulates and the local human community takes place, they were chosen in the areas of direct and indirect influence of the study area, in two sampling campaigns, between January and April of 2018 and 2019. With the models, it was possible to differentiate the areas of use of the species, even at low incidence rates, and both anthropogenic and biological variables influence the occupation of ungulates in the study area, being found from anthropized areas, a wide range of plant formations and different degrees of fragmentation. Associated with the proximity between agricultural areas and large blocks of forest, the tapir was the most common species seen on rural properties, followed by deer and the peccaries. And it was observed that the smaller the distance between the rural property and the Biological Reserve of Sooretama and an area cultivated on the properties, the greater the possibility of interaction between the ungulates and the local human community, however, no damage was reported to the interviewees and no injuries to the ungulates. Thus, we emphasize that the CFLS has a variety of environments that are occupied in a particular way by each species of ungulates, and even species that tolerate areas with a pronounced level of anthropization (tapirs and collared peccaries), are closely associated with the forest environment, and confirm that species occurring in areas with an intermediate level of anthropization (Deer), in addition to using forest areas, demonstrate tolerance to more disturbed places. In this way, the coexistence between humans and wild animals is possible through a mitigation strategy and the present study is important for the delimitation of effective actions. Therefore, we understand that ungulates have a certain environmental plasticity in the CFLS, but we emphasize the need to maintain intact forest blocks for the species to persist in the region.
Especiação em Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887): uma abordagem multidisciplinar
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-02-29) Massariol, Cristina Dornelas de Andrade Nogueira; Paresque, Roberta; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Geise, Lena; Yonenaga-Yassuda, Yatiyo
Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) is a Sigmodontinae rodent that lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and presents high chromosomal polymorphism (2n=14-16 and NF=18-26), with 31 distinct karyotypes described for this species up to now.Gene sequences of 402 individuals and 63 localities reiterate the geographic structure of A. cursorin North and South clades, with genetic divergence of 4.4% for COI and 2.5% for Cit-b.The phylogeographic break is localized between latitudes 16-18ºS(north Minas Gerais and southern Bahia), coinciding with the Jequitinhonha Valley. The structure of the clades is not related to exclusive karyotypes. However, the form 2n=16 ismore frequent in the North and the form 2n=14 inthe South.Demographic data indicate karyotype contribution on geographic diversification, with populational equilibrium in the North and two distinct and stable populations in the South.Experimental crosses (n=185) involving specimes of A. cursorwith intermediate conditions of geographical distribution (interclades) and karyotype (2n=15),donot indicate reproductive isolation between the Northern clades and Southern clades (reproductive success above 80% ), but show reduced fertility in individuals 2n=15.Combinations (female x male)2n=14x2n=15 and 2n=15x2n=16 show, respectively, higher and lower reproductive success, thusreflecting higher affinity between the forms 2n=15 and 2n=14, and revealing that females 2n=15 presentreproductive disadvantageswhen compared to males in the same heterozygous condition.Moreover, inspecimens with the same diploid number,individuals captured from nature present higher reproductive success than those born in captivity. Aggressive behavior among couples were registered, being more frequent in the Southern clade.There are morphological/anatomical distinctionsbetween individuals of the Northern and Southern clades, in agreementwith the geographical pattern obtained in molecular analysis.Thus, although the use of morphological criteria and reciprocal monophyly points to distinctionsbetweenNorthern and Southern clades showing no signals of reproductive isolation between these populationsis noticeable.The fertility reduction of individuals 2n=15 indicates an incipient process of stasipatric speciation, tending to establish the form 2n=16 in the North andthe form 2n=14 inthe South.Interspecific crosses (n=80) between A. cursorand A. montensis(2n=23-25) Thomas 1913produces sterile hybrids (2n=19-20), unlike observed among supposed A. cursor"hybrid", 2n=15 and interclade.In these cases, the introgression is bidirectional, although ahigher reproductive success (75%) occurred between female of A. montensis2n=24 and male of A. cursor2n=16 (North clade). A. montensiswith 2n=23 14(female), 2n=25 (femaleand male), and A. cursorwith 2n=15 (female) don't generate hybrids.Considering that 2n=14 is aderived condition in A.cursor,and themost frequent in populations of the South clade (which occurs with sympatry with A. montensis), thereexistsa barrier to a more effective gene flow in these areas, with karyotype showing an important role in maintaining the identity of each species
Estágios iniciais de divergência em um roedor neotropical com marcante variação genética e cromossômica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-12-12) Zaidan, Fernanda Couto; Fagundes, Valeria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-0751; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-5117; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9704413922775673; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Yassuda, Yatiyo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-0542; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7099094461317886; Tonini, Joao Filipe Riva; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-3805; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0429312131818272; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5868655333545172
The terrestrial rodent Akodon cursor is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with broad range, easily found in open grasslands and disturbed areas from Paraíba in the north to the state of Paraná in the South of Brazil. This species has been under scientific investigation since the 70’s and has passed through various taxonomic alterations until all its range and all its karyotypic diversity was known. One of its most remarkable characteristics is its chromosomal diversity, presenting three diploid numbers, 2n= 14, 15 and 16 and number of autosomal arms varying from 18 to 26, what makes it have nearly 30 described karyotypes. Despite ample chromosomal variation, it is also observed structuring of genetic diversity of the species in two main geographic groups (north and south), which are coincident with the Jequitinhonha river, in the east of Brazil. Due to its broad geographic distribution, macro and micro variation in its DNA and for being a young species (with possibly less than 2 million years old), makes A. cursor an excellent model for investigating the relative roles of geographic constraints and structural genomic variants (i.e. chromosomes) in the early stages of speciation. During this PhD project we collected individuals from two populations in the north and one in the south of the species’ range, what made possible carrying out more than 400 experimental crosses, which in turn generated more than 500 animals that were analysed though cytogenetics and a sub sample had its fertility estimated using histological analyses. Besides that, genomic analyses were performed generating more than 10,000 SNPs of A. cursor, A. montensis and natural interspecific hybrids. Firstly, we presented an overview of the diversity of the species by integrating chromosome information with geographic distribution and genomic data obtained through ddRAD-sequencing. Later we emphasized investigating fertility estimates regarding the different diploid numbers and levels of geographic isolation between populations. We could observe that geographic structure outstands in the genetic distribution of lineages of A. cursor. In addition to that, the region of the source of the Jequitinhonha river is related to the phylogeographic break of this rodent, once it is reported for that region recent geological activity that overlaps with the putative period when A. cursor split into two main lineages. The different diploid numbers could have appeared more than once during the evolution of A. cursor, since representatives of each karyotype do not share a most recent common ancestor. This assumption has implications on the theories of chromosomal evolution of A. cursor and the putative region of origin of the species, suggesting it was actually in its central portion and not in southern Brazil. Our data showed that in a particular population, where individuals of the three diplopid numbers live in simpatry, they do not form distinct genomic clusters, as previously hypothesized, with the invidividuals 2n= 14 as a monophyletic clade, without signs of admixture with the clade of individuals 2n= 15+16. The heterokaryotype 2n= 15 presents rearrangements in pais 1 and 3 in heteorzigosis and the 2n= 14 has its rearrangement in homozygosis, therefore, it was believed that the heterokaryotype individuals of A. cursor would be a result of crosses between 2n= 14 and 2n= 16. However, genomic data pointed that, at least in this particular population, 2n= 15 is a variation of 2n= 16. This information raised the possibility that there could be reproductive isolation between karyotypic lineages of A. cursor. Through experimental crosses we refuted this suggestion since crosses between 2n= 14 and 2n= 16 from this population produced viable litter (though subfertile), indicating that there is no potential prezygotic isolation between such homokaryotype individuals. Thus, it was suggested that reinforcement could be happening in this population, with an increase of prezygotic 13 barriers due to a putative secondary contact of the lineages 2n= 14 and 2n= 15+16. Moreover, in the present work it was estimated rates of reproductive success (RS) and average litter size of same-homokaryotype crosses, which can be used as references for the species. Crosses between heterokaryotype individuals from the same population presented significantly inferios rates of RS compared to homokaryotyoes, but it was recovered a high RS when these individuals were backcrossed with honokaryotypes. Though, backcrossings of 2n= 15 with homokaryotypes could be the principal means that this form is maintained in nature. Crosses between individuals from the same population and from adjacent populations (even the ones from distinct clades) pointed that there is no complete reproductive isolation between lineages north and south of A. cursor, maybe due to the recency of the geological process that triggered the genetic differentiation of lineages. Nonetheless, crosses between individuals from geographically distant and allopatric popultions (Espírito Santo and Pernambuco, more than 2,000 km apart) produced litter 2n= 15 (15NS) that was sterile in crosses and backcrosses. These results evidenced that geographic isolation might be taking these lineages to accumulate epistatic incompatibilities. The observed sterility was corroborated by histological analyses which demonstrated that the 15NS males do not present lumen in their seminiferous tubules nor spermatozoa, such as interspecific hybrids. Hence, we could verify that A. cursor is in a situation analogous to a ring species, once its adjacent populations have the potential to breed, but representatives of the tips of the distribution are reproductively incompatible. By integrating genomic results with estimates of fertility between populations we have a scenario with A. cursor split into two main groups which are not correlated to specific karyotypes and that form sterile intraspecific hybrids when are put together. The cursor grass mouse can still be considered a biological species having signs of being in the initial stages of divergence and one can not predict if evolution will follow towards these main lineages to become two species. With very few works that integrated such approaches the present work adds to our knowledge showing that geography is the main stage for the karyotypes of A. cursor to emerge and interact.
Estudo das relações filogenéticas supraespecíficas de Hybothoracini Boucek (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Haltichellinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-05-30) Araujo, Bruno Cancian de; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Kawada, Ricardo; Feitosa, Rodrigo dos Santos Machado; Noll, Fernando Barbosa; Leite,Yuri Luiz Reis
The first supraespecific cladistic analysis forHybothoracini is presented. 21 genera and 92 OTUs are tested. Based on 91 morphological characters, 11 parsimony analysis were performed, one with equal weighting and 10 with implied weighting for k values between 1 and 300. Equal weighting analyzes resulted in four equally parsimonious trees, and one strict consensus tree was generated. The 10 analyzes of implied weighing generated one tree each, with basically three different topologies for k ranging from 1 to 10, from 16 to 50, and from 100 to 300. Hybothoracini is monophyletic in all analyzes and includes Tropimeris and Zavoya as proposed by Wijesekara (1997). The following genera are maintained: Hastius Schmitz, Hybothorax Ratzeburg, Irichohalticella, Cameron, Lasiochalcidia Masi, Nearretocera Girault, Nipponochalcidia Habu, Notaspidiella Boucek, Notaspidium Dalla Torre, Proconura Dodd, Psilochalcis Kieffer, Schwarzella Ashmead, Solenochalcidia Steffan, Steninvreia Boucek, XenarretoceraGirault, Tropimeris Steffan. Ninenew generic synonyms are proposed: HayatiellaNarendran, new. syn. andNeohybothorax Nikol'skaya, new. syn. under Hybothorax 10Ratzeburg; Bucekia Steffan, new. syn. andIndoinvreia Roy & Farooqi, new. syn. under Lasiochalcidia Masi; Halsteadium Boucek, new. syn. under Notaspidium Dalla Torre; Cephalochalcidia Nikol’skaya, new. syn., Euchalcidiella Masi, new. syn., Hyperchalcidia Steffan, new. syn., Peltochalcidia Steffan, new. syn. under Xenarretocera Girault. Thirty-two new combinations and one combination revalidation are proposed: Hybothorax aligarhensis (Narendran, 1989), new. comb., Hybothorax hetera Walker, 1834,new. comb., Hybothorax imitator (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia bouceki (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia differens Boucek, 1949, comb. rev., Lasiochalcidia dissimilis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Psilochalcis erythropus (Cameron, 1897) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia turkomana (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia carinigena (Cameron, 1907) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia zdenekia (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Notaspidium alterum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Notaspidium petiolatum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Proconura menoni (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Psilochalcis merita (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera capitata (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera levis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera bardiensis (Masi, 1929b) new. comb., Xenarretocera benoisti (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera capensis (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera clypeata(Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocera frontalis (Askew, 1994) new. comb., Xenarretocera nigerrima (Masi, 1929c) new. comb., Xenarretocera nitens (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera oranensis (Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocerapatrizii (Masi, 1929d) new. comb., Xenarretocerapopovi (Nikol'skaya & Kyao, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera schoutedeni (Steffan, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera shestakovi (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera soudanensis (Steffan, 1951a) new. comb., Xenarretocera tadzhika (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera usta (Grissell & Schauff, 1981) new. comb., Xenarretocera zarudnyi(Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb.
Evolução Da Diversificação Craniana Na Família De Roedores Echimyidae: Uma Abordagem Quantitativa
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-02-29) Daniel, Carolline Raidan; Costa, Bárbara Maria de Andrade; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9939941080251585; Paresque, Roberta ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-4144; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5411026526760218; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7837-8113; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5270037558492300; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-8738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Missagia, Rafaella Velloso; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-8045; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5268930990670051; Dalapicolla, Jeronymo ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4819-9720; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0831988373556961; Bubadué, Jamile de Moura ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-996x; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9321450683303180
An organism is made up of parts that are relatively integrated due to shared development and/or function. These interactions are grounded in the concept of morphological integration and can be responsible for directing the course of phenotypic evolution. Organisms that have a reduced degree of intensity between these associations may be more flexible in responding in the direction that selection is pulling. The opposite is observed for highly integrated traits. Therefore, the initial starting point for investigating the morphological diversity of a taxon consists of assessing how these associations are structured in a character, considering the pattern and magnitude. For this dissertation, we used as a model the skull of Echimyidae rodents, which is characterized by a complex evolutionary history made up of events of occupation and exploration of new areas. The morphological variation of equimids is surprising, with a wide disparity mainly related to locomotion habits and body size. We therefore outlined our study in the framework of quantitative genetics and sought to understand how morphological integration might be acting to promote this intriguing scenario of diversity. This dissertation was subdivided into two main approaches, with the following objectives: (1) Identify the pattern and magnitude of integration in the skull of Echimyidae throughout their evolutionary history and (2) Examine the role of genetic drift and natural selection in the cranial diversification of echimyids. It was possible to observe a relative stability in the pattern of integration, in contrast the intensity of these relationships was variable between the genera studied. Natural selection can explain cranial diversification in the origin of Echimyidae. In addition, we highlight the important role of evolutionary restrictions imposed along evolutionary trajectories, influencing the other possibilities for morphological innovations. This study is an important step towards understanding the morphological diversity of the skull in Echimyidae.

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