Doutorado em Biologia Animal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17508

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2009
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019). Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://cienciasbiologicas.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBAN/detalhes-do-curso?id=56

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A methodological and practical take on an exhaustive combination approach for ecological niche models applied in Rhodniini tribe biogeographical patterns for paleoclimate conditions
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-06-29) Nascimento, Guilherme Sanches Correa do; Leite, Gustavo Rocha; https://orcid.org/0000000343203804; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2276153460276432; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-3017; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Goncalves, Rodrigo Gurgel; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-8690; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6102756952860771; Paula, Alexandre Silva de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6351; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2193708427094253; Gorla, David Euladio
The present study utilizes ecological niche models (ENMs) to investigate the historical biogeography of neotropical species. We apply a combination method of variable predictor and Maxent parameters to select ENMs and we deal with strategies to address the challenges associated with exhaustive approaches in model building and evaluation. We base our analyses in neotropical kissing bugs belonging to the Rhodniini tribe Pinto, 1926, which exhibit diverse regional distribution patterns. To explore distribution traits, including timespatial suitability, we develop binary ENMs and discuss methodological aspects of assessing range shifts. The study is divided into three chapters: Chapter One examines the combination of environmental variable, feature classes, and regularization multipliers, indicating its traits and proposing early strategies to manage the time and hardware-intensive nature of the approach. Chapter Two focuses on the stability of suitable conditions for Rhodniini species since the last glacial maximum, covering three topics: • 2.1 Introduces the proposed method to assess the stability of suitable areas for the current distribution across various time scenarios. • 2.2 Presents our published article that investigates stability patterns for Rhodnius domesticus. • 2.3 Expands the analyses to other Rhodniini species and proposes a new step involving averaging final ENMs. Chapter Three explores the suitable distribution during the Pleistocene and Pliocene for Rhodnius pallescens, Rhodnius neivai, and Rhodnius domesticus. This investigation examines their relationships with speciation events resulting from neotropical geological phenomena, such as the Andean uplift, the Panama Isthmus, and the Acre system. Throughout all chapters, we acknowledge limitations associated with ENMs application and compilation. Nonetheless, we have developed methodological strategies that may prove helpful and emphasize the significant role of climate change in the biogeography of neotropical species.
A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Biogeografia e Bioacústica aplicadas à Myrmotherula axillaris (Aves:Thamnophilidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2022-06-22) Barbosa, Renata Pasini; Mendes, Sergio Lucena; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Filho, Henrique Batalha; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Ditchfield, Albert David; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411
abstract
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Cariologia e filogenia molecular em Trinomys e Proechimys (Echimyidae, Rodentia)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-02-22) Machado, Marianna Xavier; Fagundes, Valéria; Paresque, Roberta; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Tosta, Wander Calmon; Carmignotto, Ana Paula
The family Echimyidae Gray, 1825 is the most diverse of the neotropical rodents, being a good example of rapid ecological and phenotypic diversification throughout the evolutionary history. The taxonomic history is confused, with several generic names proposed and others abandoned. However, recent works involving morphometric and phylogenetic studies have clarified the relationships between family members and also the karyotypes has been helpful to the diagnosis of the species. Within the Echimyidae family, Proechimysis the most complex genus. For about a century, it was divided into two subgenres: Trinomysrestricted to the Atlantic Forest and Proechimysdistributed from Honduras to the south of Paraguay. Only in 1996, based on studies with mitochondrial DNA sequences, Trinomyswas elevated to gender. Trinomys, in turn, is treated as one of the most complex genera in eastern Brazil. The karyotype data present in the literature have revealed that the genera Proechimysand Trinomysharbor a greater diversity of taxa than is recognized, revealing the need for an investigation using tools with good discriminatory power. The present work aimed to compile, reinterpret and determine the karyotype diversity of Trinomysand Proechimys, associating karyotypes to the geographic distribution and, through phylogenies generated by DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, associates clades and karyotypes. The first chapter addresses a study of molecular phylogeny and cytotaxonomy of Trinomys, in which karyotypes and sequences of 62 new specimens were added tothose available in the literature to recover molecular phylogenies using the citB and vWF genes, in order to evaluate if the karyotype is a good marker for the diagnosis of taxa. The karyotypes of T. paratusand T. setosus denigratuswere described for the first time. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the concatenated data recovered ten evolutionary lineages with high support, each associated to a Trinomysspecies. The karyotypes associated with each clade were distinct from each other, with no sharing ofkaryotype forms among species. Identical karyotypes, together with the absence of monophyletic and low values of genetic divergence, do not support the division of T. gratiosusinto two subspecies (T. g. gratiosus and T. g. bonafidei), as well as T. albispinus(T. a. minorand T. a. albispinus). However, we confirmed the three subspecies for T. setosus: T. s. setosus, T. s. elegansand T. s. denigratus, recovering the status of a valid subspeciesfor denigratus. Thus, the results obtained reinforce the importance of karyotype data in the characterization of Trinomysspecies. The second chapter investigates the karyotype variation in a new species of Proechimysfrom the 11goeldiigroup, and analyzed the karyotypes and mitochondrial DNA sequences of two specimens, one with 2n=15 and one with 2n=17, and reconstructed the molecular phylogeny with several representatives of Proechimys, aiming to find evidences to identify the mechanism of karyotype evolution and the phylogenetic position of these specimens in the genus Proechimys. It was verified that the specimens with 2n=15 and 2n=17 recovered a monophyletic clade within the goeldii speciesgroup, with low intraclade divergence (2,26%), distinct from P. goeldiiand P. longicaudatus, with interclade divergence of 12,78% and 12,06%, respectively. Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, in which the karyotype variation is due to a multiple sex determination system of type XX: XY1Y2, with 2n = 17 exclusive to males, our data associated with reinterpretation and analysis of all karyotypic data available in the literature, confirmed that this is an autosomal rearrangement, present in both sexes, and that the karyotype with 2n=17 would be resulted of a fusion/fission process of pairs 1 and 7 (from a putative2n=18, with all the acrocentric chromosomes) and the karyotype with 2n=16 would be the homomorphic form with rearrangement between 1 and 7. The karyotypes with 2n=15 and 2n=14 are heteromorphic and homomorphic forms, respectively, of the rearrangement between the pairs 2 and 3. The genetic divergence within this clade is compatible with others for intraspecific divergence, involving individuals with 2n=15 and 2n=17, and equivalent to a new species other than those valid for Proechimys. Our data reinforce the association of this táxon to the goeldiispecies group and still deserves a formal species description. The third chapter evaluates the use of the karyotype as a specific marker for the genus Proechimys, with cytogenetic analysis of 43 new specimens, which were incorporated into those available in the literature, allowing the compilation of 1125karyotype specimens of Proechimys, with a collection of 39karyotypes The molecular phylogeny of the vWF and citB genes recovered thirteen evolutionary lineages,two of which have not yet been described for species of the genus. The karyotypes, when available, were associated with their respective DNA sequence in phylogeny in order to verify if the karyotype is associated with the monophyletic clades. We showed the formation of subgroups in some taxa, with high support. In P. cuvieri, clade A (2n=28/FN=46) presented 8,86% of genetic divergence between clade B (2n=28/FN=48) and 10,36% in relation to clade C, with no associated karyotype), whereas clade B differed by3% from clade C, suggesting that A (P. cuvieri, 2n=28/FN=46) is a taxonomic unit other than B (2n =28/ FN=48 ) and C, which should represent a species still to be described. In P. longicaudatus, two clades diverged from each other by 10.75%, and the cladeassociated with the 2n=28/FN=50 karyotype was 12identified as P. longicaudatus, while that associated with 2n=28/FN=48-50 should belong to a taxonomic unit not yet described. In P. roberti, the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56 in clade A showed low divergence in relation to clades B (3,31%) and C (2,93%), but high divergence in relation to clade D (6,94%), associated with the karyotype 2n=30/FN=56, but the morphology of the last pair is distinct from the cytotype in A. Our analysis suggests that the clade D with disjunct distribution, high divergence and distinct karyotype should correspond to a distinct taxonomic unit. Proechimys guyannensispresented as the most complex species due to the great karyotypic diversity associated to this species. The phylogeny showed three subgroups: A, B and C, with relatively low divergence, clade B diverged in 2.45% of clade A, clade C in 5,22% of B and clade C in 5,49% of A. Although low diversity, monophyly, disjunct geographical location and distinct karyotypes allowed to associate the karyotypes of P. guyannensis: 2n=40/FN=50-52, for Amapá, French Guiana and Venezuela (clade B); 2n=46/FN =50 to the east of Amazonas, Roraima and Pará (clade A) and 2n=38/52 to clade C to the extreme northwest of Amazonas. The latter presents remarkablekaryotypic variations and the greater divergence when compared to the other clades, could represents an effective barrier to the intercrossing between these individuals and those of the other clades. Due to the absence of phylogenetic resolution of the basal in P. guyannensis, low number of specimens analyzed under molecular and karyotype approaches, additional efforts are necessary, since this taxon can represent a set of species. Representatives of P. steereiwere not karyotyped in this study but the review in literature allowed to associate each karyotype with their respective sequence. The cytotypes 2n=24/FN=40-42, with variation of the FN due to pericentric inversion events in pair 3 are recognized. Our analysis indicated no structuring in the distribution of the karyotypesandthe variation of the FN within P. steerei(FN=40-42) as a chromosomal polymorphism, with FN=41 being the intermediate form between the two homomorphic
Climate Change Impacts On Deep-Sea Benthic Assemblages In The Atlantic Ocean
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-01-03) Gaurisas, Daniela Yepes; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-4597; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7955326454008127; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-0834; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5871499512209882; Joyeux , Jean Christophe ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9764759048676848; Domenico, Maikon Di ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-3962; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8571953244068598; Sumida, Paulo Yukio Gomes; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7549-4541; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6311181934718737
The deep ocean is the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth, occupying more than 70% of the planet's surface and supporting almost the highest biodiversity on the planet, with unique diversity hotspots, but still, many of these areas have not even been mapped. Deep-sea marine ecosystems are particularly important in regulating the climate and the cycling of matter and energy on Earth. However, human activities such as fishing, oil and gas exploitation, and mining have intensified in recent decades, impacting deep benthic ecosystems and decreasing the important benefits they provide. Recent data indicates that the Atlantic Ocean is already experiencing significant abiotic changes and will continue to be impacted by global climate changes in the coming decades, expected to be more severe in tropical zones and faster in deeper ocean layers. Given that all these stressors can significantly alter deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, deepening the knowledge of ecological processes in Atlantic deep benthic ecosystems is imperative. In this sense, this thesis has advanced in three main topics 1) clarifying benthic biogeographic patterns on the deep Brazilian margin, Western Atlantic; 2) experimentally assessing the role of the macrofauna in an abyssal ecosystem functioning in the NE Tropical Atlantic; and 3) experimentally evaluating the effects of future climate change stressors on a bathyal macrofaunal community in the NE Tropical Atlantic and elucidating the potential impacts of these stressors on benthic ecosystem functioning. Therefore, the first chapter provides a brief introduction to the theme of the thesis and its subsequent chapters, highlighting the importance of knowing the biodiversity, distribution, and the role of benthic organisms in the cycling of elements and nutrients on the seafloor. The second chapter analyses the composition and distribution of the benthos along the Brazilian deep continental margin and proposes the first biogeographical scheme for the Brazilian deep-sea based on latitudinal and temperature boundaries. The third chapter studies the characterization of a macrofaunal community in the abyssal NE Tropical Atlantic and, for the first time, assesses ecosystem functioning with a focus on the macrofauna role on organic matter cycling. The fourth chapter corresponds to the first ex-situ multi-stressor experiment evaluating the synergistic effects of climate change on a macrofaunal assemblage in the deep Atlantic. This thesis progressively reveals the importance of these approaches for understanding the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems in the Atlantic as a whole, and, therefore, indicates possible responses to climate changes expected for the next century.
Cognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Several species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
COMO EVENTOS PALEOAMBIENTAIS E ECOLÓGICOS MOLDARAM A DIVERSIDADE DE LAGARTOS NEOTROPICAIS (IGUANIA: LEIOSAURIDAE)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-12-17) Monjardim, Marina; Vargas, Sarah Maria; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1956218219090768; https://orcid.org/0000000229931795; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000000202488738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293; Fagundes, Valeria; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; Gehara, Marcelo Coelho Miguel; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira
The Neotropical Region is one of the most biodiverse realm on Earth and for reptiles is WHERE the largest number of species and families occur. Several events shaped the biodiversity of this region throughout its evolutionary history,
Composição, distribuição e estrutura das assembleias de peixes nas regiões estuarinas e marinhas costeiras adjacentes impactadas pelo maior desastre ambiental com mineração do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-08-07) Oliveira, Rafael Lima; Condini, Mario Vinicius Lopes ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-7782; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2112865963464355; Silva, Mauricio Hostim ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-9125; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7529427825546114; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-2056; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5215941704013482; Martins, Agnaldo Silva ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-1326; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9929035189946817; Moraes, Leonardo Evangelista ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-0618; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8326269321397331; Guedes, Ana Paula Penha ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-7156; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5528695265409635; Tanner, Susanne ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-7002; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0474621874485055
The growing need to characterize and quantify biodiversity in its multiple dimensions has highlighted the importance of integrating different approaches in studying the relationships of organisms with environmental fluctuations at different spatial and temporal scales. In this context, the present thesis explored different ecological descriptors of fish assemblages and their relationships with local and spatial environmental variables, considering four estuaries and their adjacent coastal marine areas. As the studied estuarine-coastal systems differ considerably in their geomorphological and hydrographic characteristics, we hypothesized that different environmental factors at different scales would influence the ecological descriptors of fish assemblages. In chapter 1, we evaluated the correlation between species richness and density of fish and physicochemical water variables (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity) using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). The most explanatory models for each response variable (richness and density) included different sets of predictor variables. For species richness, depth and turbidity were included in all the most explanatory models. On the other hand, most environmental variables were retained in the most explanatory models for the response variable density. In chapter 2, we quantified the contribution of sites and species to beta diversity and their relationship with local environmental variables, spatial variables, and fish assemblage metrics. The results indicated that the sites that contributed most to beta diversity variation were the estuarine areas. Variations in site contributions were mainly influenced by salinity, depth, and temperature. In chapter 3, we evaluated the composition and distribution of ecological guilds and their variations across rainy and dry seasons. The general patterns of guild dominance indicated a greater contribution of marine-origin species guilds throughout the systems. Freshwater species guilds contributed more in areas associated with the São Mateus and Doce River estuaries. Throughout the rainy and dry seasons, most of the variability in species abundances was related to losses of individuals, mainly of dominant species. Among the four estuarine-coastal systems evaluated, only Caravelas and Doce River indicated significant seasonal changes, with a dominance of the gain component of individuals in Caravelas and losses of individuals in the Doce River. Finally, in chapter 4, we estimated the length-weight relationship for the species Catathyridium garmani (46 individuals), Pseudauchenipterus affinis (159 individuals), Cathorops arenatus (15 individuals), and Anchoviella brevirostris (83 individuals). All 21 estimates were significant, and new total length values for two species were reported. The results emphasized the influence of local environmental variables on the ecological descriptors of fish assemblages, especially in estuarine areas. On the other hand, the influence of spatial variables also indicates potential sources of environmental variation on broader scales, which can also influence the composition and distribution patterns of the ichthyofauna. Thus, it is important to access estuarine marine gradients at multiple spatial and temporal scales
Compreendendo a influência da qualidade ambiental na comunidade de peixes de um Rio no Norte do Espírito Santo.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-23) Nascimento, Cristiane Alves da Silva do; Silva, Luiz Fernando Duboc da; Silva, Maurício Hostim; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Caramaschi, Érica Maria Pellegrini; Frehse, Fabrício de Andrade; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The Atlantic rain Forest has been substituted for several economic activities and, among those responsible for the modification of aquatic environments, agriculture and the establishment of cities near water resources are two of the main sources of damages to the river basins, causing changes in the channel, reduction the availability of habitats, extinction of species, among others. The objective of this study was to verify if there is a difference in the ichthyofauna of medium and highly impacted environments, and to understand if small fragments of forest are sufficient to maintain the stability of the aquatic environment in rivers with high anthropogenic pressure; and II - to evaluate the feeding of fish species occurring in two parts of a highly impacted river in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, in order to understand if, in a degraded river, a small stretch of riparian forest is sufficient to maintain the quality of the aquatic life that lives there. The work was carried out in the River Itaúnas located in the state of Espírito Santo. In this river the greatest indicators of anthropic impact were the presence of alien species, absence of points with Habitat Integrity Index within the high class and dominance of tolerant species. Signs of lower quality of the most impacted point are in the results obtained with the condition factor and the low number of trophic guilds, followed by a large number of species with high food overlays, an indicative of greater homogenization of the environment and supply of few food items. Feeding in both the forested and impacted environments was predominantly autochthonous, indicating that the Itaúnas river basin is degraded to the whole. However, the presence of a greater number of guilds in the forested environment may be indicative that a small fragment of forest still presents nuances that indicates that this is a place that offers larger niches to be explored by the fish community. It is possible to conclude that, even in highly degraded environments, small forest fragments are important for the maintenance of the aquatic biota, since they remain more stable and offer a greater range of niches to be explored.
Desempenho de Índices Bioticos de Qualidade Ambiental em Estuários com Distintas Condições de Urbanização
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-12-14) Hadlich, Heliatrice Louise; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga; https://orcid.org/0000000218384597; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7955326454008127; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Netto, Sergio Antonio; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Neto, Renato Rodrigues; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1931267781220159; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9764759048676848; Gomes, Levy de Carvalho
Estuaries in South America commonly receive untreated effluents from nearby metropolitan areas demanding ecosystem-based management solutions to access the different types of pollutant impacts. Despite the increased and widespread usage of benthic indices
Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário da morfologia externa dos Mantodea (Insecta: Dictyoptera)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2020-07-31) Araujo, Marcus Vinicius Scherrer de; Aguiar, Alexandre Pires; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3896223993285180; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Salles, Frederico Falcao; https://orcid.org/0000000183315929; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3964807651730603; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5868655333545172; Moscatelli, Maria Lucia Franca Teixeira; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/; Prezotti, Lusinerio
The nymph stage of Mantodea represents approximately 50-60% of their total lifespan. Still, compared to the adult form, nymphs have historically received less attention in studies on the group. The biggest knowledge gap seems to be the
Dinâmica espaço-temporal da febre amarela silvestre na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2024-01-15) Colodetti, Amanda Francischetto; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-6058; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-2747; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4983801611316571; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-8555; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8415444657040950; Bonvicino, Cibele Rodrigues; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7643; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1977014753474964; Almeida, Marco Antonio Barreto de; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-2634; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2534678779685436; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-8738; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8973606745193293
The emergence of yellow fever in Southeast Brazil at the end of 2016 began the largest epidemiological outbreak in recent decades. Despite having already occurred in Espírito Santo (ES), the state had not recorded any cases for more than half a century. Yellow fever is a virus that has primates as its host and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Both human primates and non-human primates (NHP) are affected, in different transmission cycles. In Brazil, only the wild cycle is currently considered to occur, involving the wild mosquitoes of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes and the PNH of the genera Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Callicebus, Callithrix, Saimiri and Sapajus. In this cycle, man is accidentally infected when entering the forest. In this work we analyzed the dynamics of PNH epizootics during the 2016-2018 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, in a region previously considered free of the disease. In Chapter I we seek to understand the pattern of spatiotemporal dispersion and the participation of PNH in the outbreak, verifying their relationship with the persistence of the outbreak, the occurrence of epizootics in rural and urban areas and the proximity to built-up areas. The initial spread was silent and the epizootics were detected when they were already distributed across a large part of the ES and had even reached the metropolitan region on the coast. Although the transmission cycle is considered wild, epizootics in urban areas represented 36% of the total and were mainly responsible for the persistence of the outbreak. Alouatta guariba was the most affected species and its epizootics occurred mainly in the first epidemic period (Cycle 1) and in rural areas, a pattern also identified for Callicebus personatus and Sapajus nigritus. The genus Callithrix, however, had a third of the epizootics in Cycle 2 and was mainly responsible for the persistence of the outbreak, and this in urban areas, very close to buildings. In Chapter II we analyze the influence of landscape structure on the occurrence of epizootics. Using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) we verified the association between the presence of epizootics and landscape metrics. The spatial dependence between epizootics was more important for the models than landscape characteristics. However, even with the use of five spatial scales, the models obtained were unable to explain the variation in the data, demonstrating that the spatial pattern of the native forest was not sufficient to explain the distribution of epizootics across the landscape and their occurrence was not associated with landscapes fragmented.
Distribuição altitudinal dos morcegos da Serra do Caparaó
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2023-07-14) Ulian, Carina Maria Vela; Ditchfield, Albert David; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-1402; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7292063375172411; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-2875; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3091975740606603; Carvalho, William Douglas Mustin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-9148; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8555566842959223; Bernard, Enrico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-1978; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9700792111588336; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9180-5052; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0444869521916180; Pereira, Maria Joao Veloso da Costa Ramos
The present study presents the characterization of the chiropterofauna present in the Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) and the evaluation of how bat species and trophic guilds are distributed along the altitudinal gradient. The PNC region, in southeastern Brazil, concentrates the highest elevation of the Atlantic Forest, reaching 2,892 m (Pico da Bandeira). Despite being one of the most representative protected areas of the high-altitude Atlantic Forest, the chiropterofauna of the Caparaó region remains practically unknown. In these areas, altitudinal gradients are responsible for potentially abrupt changes in biological communities, mainly due to changes in temperature and humidity, influencing flora and fauna. For bats, communities at higher altitudes are expected to be composed mainly of aerial insectivorous bats due to resource availability and lower physiological limitations. In Brazil, studies on bats from regions of high altitude, above 2,000 m, are rare, with most studies being carried out in regions with altitudes below 1,500 meters. In order to understand how the bat community behaves in this region, the 2,000 m elevation of the PNC was divided into four ranges (from 800 to 2,800 m) and two sampling methods were used: mist-nets and ultrasound recordings. The data obtained were analyzed for richness, variation in composition and influence of altitude on the distribution of species and trophic guilds. Thirty-five species were recorded, 15 using mist nets and 23 using bioacoustic recordings, with only three species recorded using both methods. The records obtained include two new species for Espírito Santo, Myotis izeckshoni (mist-net) and Molossops temminckkii (bioacoustics). Additionally, the results show the need to use more than one method of recording bats to characterize the fauna, given that individually, both nets and recordings have limitations and may underestimate species richness, being complementary methods. There was a linear decline in bat richness with increasing elevation, with the aerial insectivores guild being widely distributed along the gradient and the only one present at higher altitudes. It was also detected that the variation in composition is due to the nesting of species, with 62% similarity between the lowest and highest areas, indicating the presence of subsets with ordered loss of species along the gradient. This work emphasizes the relevance that fauna and flora 7 inventories have for the characterization of ecological and biogeographical patterns of communities in high altitude areas, in addition to contributing to discussions involving environmental pressures arising from anthropic and climate changes that interfere with the maintenance and preservation of regions hilly.
Diversidade genética intrapopulacional e variabilidade de genes ligados a determinação do sexo: investigando um caso de reversão sexual em Akodon montensis
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-26) Caldara, Sílvia Ramira Lopes; Fagundes, Valéria; Martins, Cesar; Yassuda, Yatiyo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
The first case of sex reversal in Akodonwas reported in 1967 and since then nine news cases were reported. Many authors believe that these XY females are the result of problems in the Sry gene. For sexual reversion in A. montenis itwas suggestedthat maybe some gene that participates on sexual determinant events in X chromosome wouldbe changed. In A. montensisSry gene was detected but its structure, number of copies and functionality was not tested. A curious fact is that only one population (Iguape) has XY females record. Thus it is necessary to investigate what happened in this population the cause the origin or the maintenance of XY females in Iguape. The present study aimed to investigate the role of genes linked to sex determination in sexual reversion for A. montensis, verifying their integrity, copies number and functionality. We also studied demographic structure and phylogenetics patterns to verify bottle necks signals and if there is a common origin for sexual reversion in Akodon.We extracted DNA from 94 individuals from A. montensis and also used DNA for at least 6 species from Akodon genera. It was tested growth neutrality deviation, mismatch distribution, nucleotide and haplotype diversity, gene flow, number of migrants per generation using the control region of mitochondrial DNA. We also investigated the presence and structural integrity of Dax-1 and Sry. In Sry case we investigated the primary and tertiary protein structure using specific 3D modelling programs. Cytochrome b was employed to reconstruct Akodon phylogeny that were used to trace if XY sexual reversed females has one common origin. The results indicates that Iguape population shows signs for a recent population expansion due the possible bottleneck event. Furthermore, these XY females seems to be originated in this population over 15 hundred years. The integrity of Sry was demonstrated and this gene seems to be a species specific marker. There were no differences between Sry gene and protein from males and XY females. Due lack of information available in literature it was not possible to draw specific primersfor Dax-1 amplification and only the exon2 could be analyzed. The analysis form exon 2 also indicated no differences between XY males and females in this species. Real-time PCR can be inferred that there is no difference between the number of copies of the Sry gene between males and females XY.A. The phylogeny tree obtained corroborates previous phylogenies proposed for the genus Akodon and mapping character sex reversal in this phylogeny indicates that this characteristic has multiple origins within the genera. So we concluded that it were not mutations on exon 2 of Dax-1 or changes in the Sry gene, or a protein that lead to sex reversal and other genesfrom sexual cascade should be decisive for the case of XY females A. montensis
Diversificação do complexo Oecomys bicolor (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-04-07) Paes, Rafaela Duda; Weksler, Marcelo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Costa, Bárbara Maria de Andrade; Monteiro, Cecília Waichert
Oecomys bicolor is a small orizomino rodent, with a wide geographic distribution from southeastern Central America to Brazil. Its taxonomy is still not well established, since morphological data assign ten synonyms to the species, which contrasts with genetic information, which shows the existence of more clades and indicates that the taxon is a species complex. Studies based on cytochrome b sequences indicate clusters with low mean intraclade divergences (< 2%), but with higher interclade divergences. In addition, only one study associated genetics with morphological data, which are shown to be polymorphic. Considering that mitochondrial genes accumulate homoplasies quickly and, therefore, lose resolution as the depth of tree branches increases, the construction of multigenic phylogenies with nuclear loci has been shown to be an efficient alternative, since they present evolutionary rates. slower, being useful for recovering deeper relationships. Thus, in order to elucidate the taxonomy of the group, the present work aimed to present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the O. bicolor complex, based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative morphological data from specimens of all ages, covering the geographic distribution across the Americas, in addition to phylogenetic analyzes with partial sequences of a mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. The results recovered O. bicolor as a paraphyletic, with 11 geographically structured clades, which are accompanied by diagnosable morphotypes. Among these, two lineages are recognized as O. bicolor sensu stricto (widely present in the Amazon and trans-Andean forests) and O. cleberi (endemic to the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon of Brazil, exclusive to the distribution of O. bicolor), one is revalidated as O. nitedulus (restricted to the Guianas) and eight are potential new species, of which five are described (distributed in the Amazon, with cases of sympatry and limited by the Tapajós River). The propositions made about the revalidation of O. nitedulus and the recognition of eight new lineages increase the number of Oecomys species from 17 to 26. In addition, three other nominal taxa represent potential species complexes, evidencing the difficulty in identifying the species. species of the genus and the need for further taxonomic revisions.
Ecologia nutricional de peixes nominalmente herbívoros no Atlântico Sudoeste
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2019-04-26) Ferreira, Gabriel Costa Cardozo; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Giglio, Vinicius José; Francini Filho, Ronaldo Bastos; Andrades, Ryan Carlos; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga
The trophic ecology of herbivorous fishes is a constantly debated subject. Discussions permeate between how species capture their food till which are their real targets on the reef substrate and how it does imply on their functional roles on the environment. Different biotic and abiotic aspects may influence in this group trophic ecology. Seasonal events such as upwelling may, for example, enrich the whole system as a consequence of the input of cold and nutrient-rich deep waters. Similarly, different sites may present particular characteristics, as benthic composition, directly affecting ingestion and nutrient assimilation by herbivorous reef fishes. This thesis was conducted in four reef environments along the Brazilian coast: Natal (state of Rio Grande do Norte), Abrolhos Archipelago (state of Bahia), Guarapari (state of Espírito Santo) and Arraial do Cabo (state of Rio de Janeiro). In the latter, studies were conducted on a seasonal scale but also in a latitudinal approach when it was compared to the other three sites aforementioned. Was verified that the main items in each species diet trend to remain similar in both approaches: seasonal and latitudinal. However, the nominally herbivorous fishes have presented differences in diet composition and diversity of ingested items in both scales. Likewise, nutrient assimilation and trophic relationships among species also varied in the latitudinal comparison among sites. This work indicates that nominally herbivorous fishes have specificities regarding their nutritional ecology and that environmental variations or habitats characteristics must be considered to avoid generalizations on the ecology of such important, diverse, and widely-distributed fishes. Finally, this study expands the comprehension on how herbivorous reef fishes partition the available resources and reinforces that each species function in the ecosystem should not be underestimated by grouping them as single unities without site/species-specific analysis
Efeitos ecológicos da contaminação com rejeitos de minério no estuário do Rio Doce: uma abordagem utilizando múltiplas linhas de evidência
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2021-09-16) Gabriel, Fabrício Ângelo; Bernardino, Angelo Fraga; https://orcid.org/0000000218384597; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7955326454008127; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6367-6740; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4141277873952734; Netto, Sergio Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-640X; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2448717095256037; Andrades, Ryan Carlos de; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-1072; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6620206675151003; Santos, Matilde Maria Moreira dos; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-5028; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9649636182414081; Maciel, Pablo Muniz; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5310-3781; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1622289785240013
The Rio Doce estuary was strongly impacted by the plume of tailings and sediment from the Fundão dam collapse in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The tailings spill and its arrival in the estuary caused catastrophic ecological and socio-economic consequences. Short-term impacts revealed an immediate reduction in biodiversity and prolonged biological effects of chronic contamination by metals and metalloids. This thesis presents an assessment of the contamination and its long-term effects (2017 to 2020, two to four years after the disaster) after the plume arrival in the estuarine environment, using multiple lines of evidence to reveal potential ecological impacts and risks to the aquatic biota. The present approach includes physicochemical analyzes of sediments, determination of bioaccumulation of chemical elements in aquatic fauna, biosynthesis of oxidative stress biomarkers in fish, and effects on structure and composition of estuarine benthic assemblages. Therefore, the thesis chapters progressively reveal the contamination and the ecological and biological effects of elements associated with mine tailings in the estuarine ecosystem. The first chapter highlights the high contamination of the estuary by potentially toxic elements and the associated ecological risks, evidencing the fragility of the estuarine ecosystem in face of acute and chronic impacts caused by the mine tailings spill. The second chapter consists of a long-term analysis of the presence of metals in sediments and an integrated assessment of contaminants, revealing their seasonal variability and the persistence of possible adverse biological effects on the estuarine fauna. The third chapter makes use of proteomics and metallomics analysis to investigate the exposure of the ichthyofauna to contaminants, suggesting that many species are chronically impacted and bioaccumulate metals and metalloids. The fourth chapter focuses on the study of impacts on benthic assemblages after the initial impact (acute) of the arrival of mine tailings. For this purpose, pre-impact ecological data were combined with long-term data (4 years post-disaster). Although there is an explicit decline in the metals concentrations in estuarine sediment, there has been a stabilization of levels above the reference value for the estuary, probably reflecting a slow recovery of benthic assemblages and continued loss of biodiversity. Finally, the fifth chapter makes an integrative and conclusive synthesis with the multiple lines of evidence used to contribute to the estuarine environmental management after the mine tailings spill in the Rio Doce, as well as to stimulate future studies. The results reported here suggest lasting effects on the ecological system, in which the estuarine biota will continue under chronic disturbance associated with the presence of tailings and metals.

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