Doutorado em Biologia Animal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17508

Nível: Doutorado
Ano de início: 2009
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019). Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://cienciasbiologicas.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBAN/detalhes-do-curso?id=56

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Sistemática dos Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) com parâmeros duplos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-22) Gobbi, Fernanda Tonini; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Faria Junior, Luiz Roberto Ribeiro; Barreto, Francisco Candido Cardoso; Feitosa, Rodrigo dos Santos Machado; Salles, Frederico Falcão
Pristocerinae are widely distributed from the tropics to the temperate regions of the world. It is currently comprised of 19 genera and about 800 species. Cladistic studies show that Pristocerinae are monophyletic. However, the classification of some genera still remains inconsistent and the internal relations between them are unknown. Caloapenesia Terayama, 1995 and Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 are the only Pristocerinae genera that have paramere doble. Terayama (1996) analyzed the genera of Pristocerinae cladistically, but did not thoroughly investigate the presence of paramere doble as a possible synapomorphy for the relationship between Caloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium. Terayama (1996) presented Pseudisobrachium as a sister-group of Protisobrachium forming a clade along with Neoapenesia Terayama, 1995. That clade is supported by having absent or indistinct notauli and hypopygium with three stalks. However, these characters are found in other genera of the subfamily and some diagnostic characters of these three genera were not investigated. In the study of Terayama (1996), the hypopygium of Caloapenesia was interpreted as having only one stalk, although the author of the genus himself, in 1995, had illustrated the side stems inconspicuous, indicating that this genus shared the synapomorphies of the clade Protisobrachium+Pseudisobrachium+Neoapenesia. Neoapenesia also presents an apical projection on the basiparamere, which may be homologous to the second paramere ofCaloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium, but this character had not been described for thegenus and was not analyzed in the only cladistic analysis made for the subfamily. Besides the lack of cladistic delimitation, most genera of Pristocerinae have less than ten described species and are restricted to the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. Currently, Caloapenesia has only three valid species described and is restricted to the Oriental region. Many of the characters that are considered diagnostic are shared by other genera, and some characters have not been observed for the taxon. The objectives of this study were to review Caloapenesia taxonomically; describe a new genus with double paramere; investigate the homology of the double paramere of the three genera of Pristocerinae that have it; investigate the homology between the Neoapenesiaprojection with the double paramere of Caloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium; test the monophyly and investigate the phylogenetic relations of these genera
Filogenia e evolução de ouriços-cacheiros (Rodentia:Erethizontidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-25) Caldara Junior, Vilacio; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Vital, Marcos Vinícius Carneiro; Bonino, Alfredo Ricardo Langguth; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Erethizontidae is the family of rodents known as the New World porcupines. There are controversies about their taxonomy, especially regarding genera and species. The phylogenetic relationships among Erethizontidae species are poorly known and the evolution of their most striking features remains a puzzle. The main goal of this study was to assess the evolution of Erethizontidae based on a phylogeny of 9 out of 15 porcupine species. We performed phylogenetic inferences on a mitochondrial and a nuclear gene, analyses of morphological and morphometric characters from skin and skull, analyses of postnatal development and character mapping on the phylogeny and inferences on the processes involved in phenotypic evolution of Erethizontidae. The resulting phylogenies confirmed the monophyly of the family Erethizontidae, the subfamily Erethizontinae and the genus Coendou. In this genus, Co. prehensilis is sister to smaller Coendou species, followed by Co. melanurus and then Co. roosmalenorum. Coendou nycthemera grouped with Coendou sp. in a clade that grouped with another containing Co. insidiosus and Co. spinosus, which are not reciprocally monophyletic. The phylogeny does not corroborate grouping some species of Coendou in the genus Sphiggurus, as recognized by some authors, because neither would be monophyletic. Skull characters and measurements are more effective than external characters in distinguishing Co. prehensilis from the clade of smaller Coendou. External characters and some morphometric variables worked better in diagnosing smaller Coendou species. The data confirms the existence of an apparently new species of porcupine, and the need to synonymize Co. spinosus and Co. insidiosus. The skull of smaller species of Erethizontidae changes little during their growth, but larger species undergo major skull transformation, while the dorsal fur is quite altered during development in almost all species. The most probable ancestral states in skin characters varied at different phylogeny levels, while on cranial characters, the states found in young 4 and smaller species are the most likely in almost all species. The most important process acting on porcupine phenotypic evolution was genetic drift, especially early in the diversification of this group (reflecting on today’s species groups, genera or subfamilies), but natural selection (mainly directional or disruptive) was more influential on the evolution of current specie
Atlas anatômico de Bethylidae (Hymenopetera, Chrysidoidea): diversidade de estruturas e termos dos caracteres fenotípicos.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-02-27) Lanes, Geane Oliveira de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Kawada, Ricardo; Ramos, Kelli dos Santos; Guerra, Tânia Mara; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
The skeletomusculature of the parasitoid wasp family Bethylidae is reviewed. Terms employed for other groups of Hymenoptera are reviewed, and a consensus terminology is proposed. External characters are redescribed and correlated with corresponding apodemes and muscles; their phylogenetic importance is discussed. 456 skeletal structures were termed and defined, from which 133 are newly established or redefined. 69 muscles are examined and homologized with those present in other Hymenoptera taxa.
Biogeografia do gênero Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): distribuição, padrões de riqueza, endemismo, e diversificação
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-26) Leite, Gustavo Rocha; Falqueto, Aloísio; Ferreira, Cleber Galvão; Cerutti Junior, Crispim; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires
The genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 groups species responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi. From 82 described species, 73 occur in the Americas, seven in Asia and Oceania, one is pantropical, and one represents a fossil record from Dominican Republic. In this study, by means of a detailed and exhaustive bibliographic review, we compiled occurrence records of the Triatoma species to obtain high resolution and updated distribution maps of each species, with help of distribution modeling (MAXENT). We then seek for biogeographical patterns of Triatoma by means of panbiogeography tools, in order to recognize primary homologies and confront them to phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. The identification of diversification areas helps in the reconstruction of the group history, and based in its results, we discussed on the history, origin, evolution, diversification, and species grouping. We present up to date distribution maps, a brief description of each species, containing the most important and present-day distributional, ecological, epidemiological, and taxonomic aspects. For the panbiogeography analysis, we submitted the data to a geometric and parsimony track analysis, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity, in a multiscale approach (1–6º). We analyzed the biogeographical hypothesis together with phylogenies proposed for the group, to infer diversification areas and cladogenesis events. Nine generalized tracks and five endemism areas were identified and associated to geological events and to the history of the group. The most probable and consistent identified diversification areas are located: (1) in south-central Mexico (Rubrofasciata group); (2) in the extreme northwest of South America, following the South America transition zone in its initial portion (northern of the Andes) in Colômbia and Ecuador (Dispar group); (3) in the meridional and south-central of the Andes, north of Argentina (Infestans group); and (4) in the northeast of Brazil, including Caatinga and Cerrado biomes (Infestans group). We discussed the grouping of some species and, for the first time for the group, we presented the most probable and consistent diversification areas of the genus Triatoma, the potential relationships between these areas and historical events, as well as the indication of possible areas for the group origin. Future work should priories more complete and well solved phylogenetic reconstructions of the group, integrating molecular and morphological data
Modelos de nicho, mudanças climáticas e a vulnerabilidade do clado Perissodactyla ao longo do tempo.
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-20) Gatti, Andressa; Marco Júnior, Paulo de; Medici, Emilia Patricia; Torres, Natalia Mundim; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Ditchfield, Albert David
The Earth has undergone several climate changes in the past, and the latest occurred during the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Quaternary, resulting in habitat loss, during ocean expansions and reductions, and several ecosystem changes. Numerous extinctions of that time are associated with "natural” climate change. However, the predictions indicated that climate change caused by human activities is now themajor threat to biodiversity. In response to climatic fluctuations, the distribution of some species may change, or species can move to new suitable areas. But this will depend on their ability to disperse and environmental characteristics in an anthropicecosystem. Thus, it is essential to identify the most important characteristics that make species more vulnerable to those changes. In this context, the clade Perissodactyla was a good model to test our hypotheses, because they are a group of large herbivorous mammals extremely threatened, that went through numerous environmental changes since its origin. I evaluated the influence of climate change on the Perissodactyla clade, on a wide time scale, ranging from the Quaternary (from the Last Interglacial) to the future (2080). I used two approaches: i) the relationship between the characteristics of the niche and the vulnerability of the clade in the future, and ii) the influence of climate on the distribution of environmentally suitable areas of Tapirus terrestris, in the past and future. To test the predictions, I used an Ecological Niche Modeling, which has been one of the most relevant approaches to predict changes in the species distributions. I used different sets of climate models (i.e. paleoclimate, present and future climates) and modeling procedures. The results indicated that the Perissodactyla showed distinct niche characteristics. Generalist species may also suffer negative effects of climate change. Furthermore, most of the species had idiosyncratic responses. Another important point is that barriers may have limited the dispersion of these species to new areas environmentally appropriate because several of these Perisodactyla occurred in areas highly threatened by climate change. The evaluation of the response of T. terrestris(the species most climatically generalist), to different climate scenarios, suggests that the most critical condition that prevailed during the UMG reduced the geographical extent of areas climatically suitable, with subsequent expansion. If the weather was not a very serious problem in the evolutionary history of the lowland tapir, the challenge to conserve this viiitaxon today and in the future may be much higher. Even if the total size range itself does not change as a response to climate variations, predicting the suitability of the environmental changes, along the distribution of tapirs, can help us to prioritize areas for their conservation. Thus, the disappearance of the climatic conditions and the emergence of new environmentally suitable areas should be considered in future management plans, especially concerning to creation of new protected areas for both T. terrestrisas for other Perissodactyla species
Relacionamentos sociais de fêmeas de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus, Primates-Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-06-25) Possamai, Carla de Borba; Strier, Karen Barbara; Pessoa, Daniel Marques de Almeida; Dantas, Cristiane Cäsar Coelho; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Ditchfield, Albert David
Most species of mammals live in social groups and form close relationships with their conspecifics. In primates, social groups may vary in their degree of cohesion and in their composition, which is determined by patterns of dispersal. Living in groups provides primates with a social context within which each individual makes decisions that affect its survival and reproductive success, and the stability of these groups depends on the ability of individuals to recognize and remember with whom they have interacted. However, the cues that primates use to recognize one another are still only partially understood. Humans for example rely on faces for important information on the identity, sex, age and intentions of their conspecifics, and there is evidence that at least some non-human primates process information of the faces of conspecifics in similar way. Many primates show a wide variation in coat and skin color and it is believed that these are conspicuous signals directed to their conspecifics as a means of visual communication and individual recognition. The ability to recognize kin, in particular, may be important because cooperation and preferential associations with related individuals are known to bring more direct and indirect benefits in many primates. Typically social relationships of the philopatric members of a group are stronger than those of the sex that disperses. However mechanisms such as familiarity and phenotypic matching may assist in the process of individual recognition among members of the dispersing sex as well. The northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), the subjects of this study, undergo developmental changes in their distinct facial markings that may facilitate their ability to recognize one another from their facial markings, and thus affect their social relationships. Their social relations are egalitarian, and, similar to chimpanzees and spider monkeys, females are responsible for dispersing from their natal groups. However, whether females develop and maintain social relationships preferencially with familiar females (who may also be maternal or paternal sisters) from their natal group after dispersing is not yet known. In this study we aimed to answer three questions related to kin recognition and female social preferences: (i) do maternally related individuals have similar facial features; (ii) are humans able to recognize facial similarities in northern muriquis monkeys that are close maternal kin; and (iii) do northern muriquis maintain preferential associations and affiliative relationships with familiar individuals, which also likely to be maternal or paternal kin, after they leave their natal groups? To answer the first two questions we used photographs of faces of the northern muriquis. Using R program to extract the information contained in the photographs we found that facial pigmentation patterns were similar among close maternal kin. Then we evaluated in a comparative perspective the ability of humans to detect facial similarities in the muriquis. Results from tests involving N=401 volunteers corroborated our prediction that humans identified maternally related northern muriquis on the basis of similarities in their facial features. Finally, we evaluated the social relationships of adult females in three of the four groups that make up the population of the northern muriquis at the RPPN-Feliciano Miguel Abdala, in Caratinga, Minas Gerais, using behavioral data collected from January to December 2011. As predicted, adult females associated with one another more frequently than with other age-sex classes, and focal females associated preferentially with females known from their natal groups compared to unfamilar females, independent of maternal kinship. Our findings indicate that familiarity plays an important role in the post-dispersal social relationships of female northern muriquis, and suggest that northern muriquis use facial recognition to distinguish familiar individuals that may be close maternal, as well as paternal, kin. This study contributes to a growing literature on the mechanisms by which primates recognize one another and the roles of both kinship and familiarity in structuring their social relationships
A ocorrência dos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica oriental: do passado ao presente
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Moreira, Danielle de Oliveira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da; Ávila-Pires, Fernando Dias de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
It is known that human activities have caused major changes in many ecosystems, affecting the overall diversity of species. But there is a great urgency to understand how these activities historically has been influencing the persistence of organisms. Species’ studies of occurrence in historical times is a mean in indicating changes in the distribution patterns of species and also indicate human influence on the vulnerability of these populations. Historical research using old publications provide detailed descriptions of the occurrence of species throughout centuries, especially in periods prior to humans settlements. We conducted a study of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest, using publications from the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to access records unknown or ignored by science, and we compared with recent records. We aimed (1) retrieve information on the identity and geographical distribution of large mammals, mapping scientific knowledge of the first centuries of Brazilian colonization, (2) identify patterns of range contractions caused by regional extinctions; and (3) indicate which are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of extinction of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Among theold publications, we recognize at least 45 taxa of large mammals mentioned by the authors. We found that many of the descriptions made between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were recorrents, indicating that the information came from similar sources (e.g. indigenous culture, observations of precedents foreign visitors). Due to the evolution of science, the contribution of the nineteenth’s naturalists was more systematic bringing more information about mammals diversity and distribution. In order toidentify patterns in mammals’ occurrence and range contractions, we compared old and current occurrences records of 29 species Atlantic Rainforest. For five species we found that historical range is larger than in documented literature. Sixteen of the species had their ranges contracted, and nine lost over than 50% of its historical range. Because many of the Atlantic Forest large mammals are at risk of extinction, we indicated what are the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors that increase the vulnerability of these species. We use phylogenetic comparative methods and logistic regression analysis and assessed the spatial and temporal pattern of historical records of mammals. Mammals with slow reproductive characteristics were particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, for five species, human population density has influenced their recent occurrences. Historical analyses like this reveal possible regional extinction of species in a simple way, especially when they are not readily apparent. These results can be viiiused to improve our knowledge of historical conditions of the species and in future planning studies and management of large mammals
Filogenia de Haltichellini Ashmead, (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Haltichellinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-29) Tavares, Andrea Barbieri Navarro; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Kawada, Ricardo; Soares, Elaine Della Giustina; Costa, Valmir Antônio; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Haltichellini is worldwide and assemble 29 genera and 376 species. Most of its generais unsatisfactorily defined and delimited, which has lead instability in the species classification and difficulties in their identification. This study presents the first cladistic analysis for the tribe and based on a representative sample of the world's fauna. This analysis aimed to evaluate the genera and to generate basis to propose a generic classification according to the cladistic relationships among its species.We assessed the monophyly of 24 from the 29 valid genera, based on 97 morphological characters, 54 unpublished ones. The results indicated that: Belaspidiais monophyletic and external to Haltichellini; from 14 genera with more than one species, seven were reported as monophyletic (Aphasganophora, Aspirrhina, Euchalcis, Neochalcis, Tainaniella, Tanycoryphus and Uga); Allochalcis was indicated as paraphyletic; and six genera were 6 indicated as polyphyletic (Antrocephalus, Haltichella, Hockeria, Kriechbaumerella, Oxycorypheand Rhynchochalcis).Based on these relationships, it was found the necessity of following nomenclatural adjustments and propositions: a new genus; ten generic synonyms; two revisions of generic status; 41new combinations; and revalidation of five combinations. Twenty-one genera are redefined. Description and identification key to genera studied, and illustrations for the characters analyzed are presented
Filogenia e diversificação Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea): reconstruindo a história do grupo através de moléculas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-10-09) Nunes, Rosana dos Reis Abrantes; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Fagundes, Valéria; Kawada, Ricardo; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Paresque, Roberta
Bethylidae (Chrysidoidea; Apoidea) are parasitoids wasps that play important ecological roles, such as populational control of beetles and micromoths. This family presents a world wide distribution and according to fossil data its diversisfication started during the late Creataceous. The taxonomy of this group is controversial and has been through many modifications since its description by Halliday, in 1839. Currently there are recognized five living subfamilies (Bethylinae, Pristocerinae, Epyrinae, Scleroderminae and Mesitiinae) and one fossil subfamily (Lancepyrinae) placed in 102 genera of which 89 are extant. Previous studies have indicated that the association of molecular markers with morphological data are helpful to understand the phylogenetic relations in Hymenoptera; in elucidating its classification and for the elaboration of hypothesis about the origin and diversification of the clades. In the present work, we used sequences of two mitochondrial genes (small subunit of the ribosomal 16S and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear gene (large subunit of the ribosomal 28S). The sequences were analysed individually or concatenated to infer the relationships within the members of Bethylidae in different hierarchic levels besides estimating the region and age of diversification of the main lineages of the family. Divergence time estimates were used to date the cladogenesis of the main lineages of Bethylidae. In order to determine where the lineages diverged we elaborated an estimative based on historical events of divergence and vicariance. Our data corroborate the monophyly of Bethylidae and of the suffamilies Pristocerinae, Epyrinae and Mesitiinae, besides the group composed of Scleroderminae + Mesitiinae. The sharing of the most recent common ancestor between Bethylidae and Chrysidoidea happened about 139 million years ago and the splitting of Bethylidae into two main lineages took place about 130 million years ago. Data about the reconstruction of the ancestral areas point to the emergence of the lineage that parasites Lepidoptera in the area comprised between Australia and India-Madagascar, while the origin of the lineage that parasites Coleoptera was pointed to the southeastern region of the Gondwana continent, which would correspond today to India, Madagascar and Arabia. Some groups were outlined within each subfamily for not being well resolved taxonomically, while for other groups it was evidenced the need for more detailed molecular and morphological studies to delimit taxonomic units and to elucidate phylogenetic relationships. In Bethylinae the genera Lytopsenella and Eupsenella were recovered as sister and basal-group of all other genera. Goniozus is poliphyletic and should be represented for morethan one genus. The subdivision of Pristocerinae into well defined lineages was congruent with morphological sinapomorphies of the group. Pristocera was recovered as paraphyletic in relation to Kathepyris, raising questions about the identity of these two genera. Epyrinae and 9 Scleroderminae have had a confusing taxonomic history and the molecular phylogeny demonstrated the need for deeper phylogenetic studies. In Epyrinae, Epyris was recovered as polyphyletic. In Scleroderminae, the position of Discleroderma is uncertain and the genus Glenossema, Tuberepyris and Solepyris were included in Epyrinae and not in Scleroderminae as prescribed in morphology-based studies. The subdivision of Mesitiinae into tribes was not recovered, being considered an artificial cluster. The incorporation of a molecular tool brought new insights in cladistics studies and demonstrated to be efficient in recovering the clusters proposed 100 years ago by Kieffer and additionally revealed unpublished relationships. We believe that the current scenario brings fresh perspectives into cladistics studies, indicating new approaches and groups to be investigated using more robust and specific morphological and molecular approaches
Filogenia e evolução de roedores Echimyidae na Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-01-01) Loss, Ana Carolina; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Rafael do Nascimento; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis
The Neotropical rodents of the Echimyidae family are the most diverse among the Caviomorpha clade. Little is known about the geographic range, natural history and evolution of several Echimyidae members, despite its high diversity. The taxonomic history of the family is confusing and some groups are rare in scientific collections, resulting in less conclusive inferences about evolutionary and biological traits, which are based on a few individuals. Molecular phylogenies do not support the taxonomic classification based on morphological traits, highlighting the complexity of the evolutionary history of this group. Five Echimyidae genera occur within the Atlantic Forest range: the bamboo-rat, Kannabateomys; the arboreal Phyllomys and Callistomys; the terrestrial Trinomys; and the semi-fossorial Euryzygomatomys. In the present study I used DNA sequences to investigate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of three echimyids from the Atlantic Forest at three different taxonomic levels: family, genus, and species. The first chapter investigates the phylogenetic position of Callistomys within Echimyidae using sequences of one mitochondrial (CytB) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. The results show that Callistomys forms a clade with the semi-aquatic coypu (Myocastor) from the grasslands in the southern South America and terrestrial spiny rats (Proechimys) from the Amazon forest. This clade is sister to Thrichomys, a terrestrial rat from the dry lands of central South America. These clades are unexpected, given the contrasting morphology, ecology, and geographic ranges of its members. The resulting echimyid phylogeny indicates that Callistomys is not closely related to the other arboreal echimyids, and suggest that arboreal habits evolved more than once in this family. The second chapter investigates aspects of the phylogeny, evolution and species limits in the genus Phyllomys using two mitochondrial (CytB and COI) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. Three main species groups were identified: one with a longitudinal distribution through the central portion of the Atlantic Forest (P. pattoni (P. mantiqueirensis, Phyllomys sp. 4)); one blainvilii (P. brasiliensis, P. lamarum))) and another along the southern portion (Phyllomys sp. 3 ((Phyllomys sp. 1, P. lundi), (Phyllomys sp. 5 (P. dasythrix (P. nigrispinus (P. sulinus, Phyllomys sp. 6)))))). Two independent evolutionary linages were identified, probably representing new species, raising the potential number of Phyllomys species from 17 to 19. These phylogenies, together with geographic distribution data, suggest that the diversification and distribution of Phyllomys species were affected by the concomitant action of different factors, such as neotectonics, altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, and climate change acting since the Miocene, underlining the first diversifications within Phyllomys until more recent speciation events, during the Pleistocene. The third chapter explores the genetic variation, geographic distribution and taxonomic status of the species Euryzygomatomys spinosus using two mitochondrial markers (CytB and D-loop). The results show that E. spinosus is distributed along the Atlantic Forest and surrounding areas, south of the Rio Doce in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, including a confirmed occurrence in the Cerrado. This species occupies very distinct habitats and may be consider a generalist. The populations are genetically structured along its distribution and the genetic data corroborate the current taxonomy, which considers only one species in the genus, E. spinous.
Biomarcadores de estresse e carcinogênese: um estudo em Chelonia mydas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-24) Fonseca, Leandro Abreu da; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues Neto, Renato; Paes, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira; Falqueto, Aloísio; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The use of biomarkers has been proposed as a sensitive tool to warn of biological and chemical stress due to pollution effects, the main feature, the fact that their assessment and quantification can be used predictively to future changes, which may reflect the high levels of biological organization, population, community or ecosystem . The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers related to stress and the development of fibropapillomas in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). For this, we evaluated the responses caused by stress on plasma levels of glucose, lactate and cortisol in turtles subjected to two distinct processes capture and containment, and also in two different health conditions, with and without fibropapillomatosis. Also tested whether chromosomal defects, viewed through the micronucleus test in erythrocytes, were related to different localities of anthropogenic activities and groups affected or not by fibropapillomatosis individuals. Finally, we tested whether the presence of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 in blood samples occurs with the same frequency in tumor tissues, thus representing an important biomarker for the diagnosis of fibropapillomatosis. Our sample consisted of 5 experimental groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5), totaling 180 animals. The G1 was composed of 34 animals without any sign of fibropapiloma and caught in a federal conservation area in Fernando de Noronha/PE. G2, G3, G4 and G5 groups were formed by animals trapped in an effluent of Steel Company in Vitoria/ES, and G2 was composed of 66 animals without signs of fibropapillomas, G3 was composed of 40 animals with fibropapillomas. The G4 group consists of 20 animals with fibropapillomas and group G5 20 without fibropapillomatosis, and both groups were unique to the molecular analyzes. All animals were captured as juveniles like proposed by Hirth (1997). Of the 180 specimens in our sample, only the turtles G3 (n=40) and G4 (n=20) collected in Vitória/ES, 33.33 % of the total sample had fibropapillomas, in different degrees. We found that the values of plasma levels of cortisol and lactate were more elevated in G1 compared to G2. In contrast, plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in G1 compared to G2. Our data on C. mydas are compatible with the induced stress caused by capture method, stimulating the release of cortisol and consequent increase in the lactate response. Still, when compared changes in levels of cortisol and lactate, caused by the stress of capture or the presence of disease, responses were equivalent to each other. Our data also shows that animals with fibropapillomatosis an increased frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes when compared with healthy subjects, and when the micronucleus test is used to compare different qualities environments, individuals most polluted environments show a higher incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. In PCR, 100 % of tumors and 60 % of the blood samples of the animals were positive for G4 ChHV 5 and all the animals of the G5 group were negative. This was, we suggest that a quantitative analysis of viral DNA in circulating blood, by real-time PCR, could be the next step to determine whether viremia is really constant in animals affected by fibropapillomatosis.
Diversidade genética intrapopulacional e variabilidade de genes ligados a determinação do sexo: investigando um caso de reversão sexual em Akodon montensis
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-26) Caldara, Sílvia Ramira Lopes; Fagundes, Valéria; Martins, Cesar; Yassuda, Yatiyo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
The first case of sex reversal in Akodonwas reported in 1967 and since then nine news cases were reported. Many authors believe that these XY females are the result of problems in the Sry gene. For sexual reversion in A. montenis itwas suggestedthat maybe some gene that participates on sexual determinant events in X chromosome wouldbe changed. In A. montensisSry gene was detected but its structure, number of copies and functionality was not tested. A curious fact is that only one population (Iguape) has XY females record. Thus it is necessary to investigate what happened in this population the cause the origin or the maintenance of XY females in Iguape. The present study aimed to investigate the role of genes linked to sex determination in sexual reversion for A. montensis, verifying their integrity, copies number and functionality. We also studied demographic structure and phylogenetics patterns to verify bottle necks signals and if there is a common origin for sexual reversion in Akodon.We extracted DNA from 94 individuals from A. montensis and also used DNA for at least 6 species from Akodon genera. It was tested growth neutrality deviation, mismatch distribution, nucleotide and haplotype diversity, gene flow, number of migrants per generation using the control region of mitochondrial DNA. We also investigated the presence and structural integrity of Dax-1 and Sry. In Sry case we investigated the primary and tertiary protein structure using specific 3D modelling programs. Cytochrome b was employed to reconstruct Akodon phylogeny that were used to trace if XY sexual reversed females has one common origin. The results indicates that Iguape population shows signs for a recent population expansion due the possible bottleneck event. Furthermore, these XY females seems to be originated in this population over 15 hundred years. The integrity of Sry was demonstrated and this gene seems to be a species specific marker. There were no differences between Sry gene and protein from males and XY females. Due lack of information available in literature it was not possible to draw specific primersfor Dax-1 amplification and only the exon2 could be analyzed. The analysis form exon 2 also indicated no differences between XY males and females in this species. Real-time PCR can be inferred that there is no difference between the number of copies of the Sry gene between males and females XY.A. The phylogeny tree obtained corroborates previous phylogenies proposed for the genus Akodon and mapping character sex reversal in this phylogeny indicates that this characteristic has multiple origins within the genera. So we concluded that it were not mutations on exon 2 of Dax-1 or changes in the Sry gene, or a protein that lead to sex reversal and other genesfrom sexual cascade should be decisive for the case of XY females A. montensis
Variação na dieta da tartaruga verde, Chelonia mydas, e o impacto da ingestão de lixo ao longo da costa brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-02-27) Santos, Robson Guimarães dos; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Baptistotte, Cecília; Ferreira Junior, Paulo Dias; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
We studied the diet of green turtle, Chelonia mydas, and the factors involved in diet variation. We also evaluated the impact of debris ingestion and thefactors that may explain debris ingestionby many marine animals. In the diet study, we evaluated more than 400 turtles, including original data and data from the literature, distributed in a latitudinal gradient and different environments. Turtles fed mainly on algae, however,they showed a high foraging plasticity, regarding both foraging strategy and diet items. In cold waters with low algae availability, turtles shifted from an herbivore diet to a more carnivore one. This diet shift also resulted in a change in the foraging strategy, in which, turtles shifted from a benthic foraging to a pelagic foraging. This foraging strategy shift was also found in turtles from the estuarine areas. The green turtle foraging plasticity was due to intrinsic (physiological restrains) and extrinsic (regional and local) factors. Differences in foraging strategy also mean differences in exposure to threats, such as debris ingestion, which was higher in animals that exhibit a pelagic foraging strategy, despite being a widespread phenomenon (70.6%; N = 265). Plastic was the most ingested material, and it comes mainly from food related items and plastic bags. Our study also showed that a very small amount of debris (0.5 g) is sufficient to kill a turtle. This result indicated that the mortality potential of debris ingestion is much higher than the observed mortality. The real threat imposed bydebris ingestion is masked by the high mortality caused by fishery, because the former derived from a chronicle process. A common hypothesis to explain debris ingestion is that debris resembles a typical prey item (e.g. jellyfish and plastic bags). However, we showed that the debris ingestion involves broader reasons, and we used green turtles, seabirds and fishes to show the importance of other factors, such as: debris availability, foraging strategy, debris detectability and diet amplitude. We believe that the ingestion of debris occurs due to a broad evolutionary trap, and may affect much more species than it has been reported. Disarming this trap will be particularly difficult due to continuous and intense release of plastics in the ocean and their high persistence in the environment.
Estudo das relações filogenéticas supraespecíficas de Hybothoracini Boucek (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae, Haltichellinae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-05-30) Araujo, Bruno Cancian de; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Kawada, Ricardo; Feitosa, Rodrigo dos Santos Machado; Noll, Fernando Barbosa; Leite,Yuri Luiz Reis
The first supraespecific cladistic analysis forHybothoracini is presented. 21 genera and 92 OTUs are tested. Based on 91 morphological characters, 11 parsimony analysis were performed, one with equal weighting and 10 with implied weighting for k values between 1 and 300. Equal weighting analyzes resulted in four equally parsimonious trees, and one strict consensus tree was generated. The 10 analyzes of implied weighing generated one tree each, with basically three different topologies for k ranging from 1 to 10, from 16 to 50, and from 100 to 300. Hybothoracini is monophyletic in all analyzes and includes Tropimeris and Zavoya as proposed by Wijesekara (1997). The following genera are maintained: Hastius Schmitz, Hybothorax Ratzeburg, Irichohalticella, Cameron, Lasiochalcidia Masi, Nearretocera Girault, Nipponochalcidia Habu, Notaspidiella Boucek, Notaspidium Dalla Torre, Proconura Dodd, Psilochalcis Kieffer, Schwarzella Ashmead, Solenochalcidia Steffan, Steninvreia Boucek, XenarretoceraGirault, Tropimeris Steffan. Ninenew generic synonyms are proposed: HayatiellaNarendran, new. syn. andNeohybothorax Nikol'skaya, new. syn. under Hybothorax 10Ratzeburg; Bucekia Steffan, new. syn. andIndoinvreia Roy & Farooqi, new. syn. under Lasiochalcidia Masi; Halsteadium Boucek, new. syn. under Notaspidium Dalla Torre; Cephalochalcidia Nikol’skaya, new. syn., Euchalcidiella Masi, new. syn., Hyperchalcidia Steffan, new. syn., Peltochalcidia Steffan, new. syn. under Xenarretocera Girault. Thirty-two new combinations and one combination revalidation are proposed: Hybothorax aligarhensis (Narendran, 1989), new. comb., Hybothorax hetera Walker, 1834,new. comb., Hybothorax imitator (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia bouceki (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia differens Boucek, 1949, comb. rev., Lasiochalcidia dissimilis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Psilochalcis erythropus (Cameron, 1897) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia turkomana (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia carinigena (Cameron, 1907) new. comb., Lasiochalcidia zdenekia (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Notaspidium alterum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Notaspidium petiolatum (Boucek, 1992) new. comb., Proconura menoni (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) new. comb., Psilochalcis merita (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera capitata (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera levis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera bardiensis (Masi, 1929b) new. comb., Xenarretocera benoisti (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera capensis (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera clypeata(Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocera frontalis (Askew, 1994) new. comb., Xenarretocera nigerrima (Masi, 1929c) new. comb., Xenarretocera nitens (Steffan, 1948) new. comb., Xenarretocera oranensis (Boucek, 1952) new. comb., Xenarretocerapatrizii (Masi, 1929d) new. comb., Xenarretocerapopovi (Nikol'skaya & Kyao, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera schoutedeni (Steffan, 1954) new. comb., Xenarretocera shestakovi (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera soudanensis (Steffan, 1951a) new. comb., Xenarretocera tadzhika (Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb., Xenarretocera usta (Grissell & Schauff, 1981) new. comb., Xenarretocera zarudnyi(Nikol'skaya, 1960) new. comb.
Cognição espacial de muriquis-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus-Primates, Atelidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-30) Marques, Karoline Luiza Sarges; Presotto, Andréa; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Kierulff, Maria Cecilia Martins; Melo, Fabiano Rodrigues de; Costa, Leonora Pires; Ditchfield, Albert David
Several species of primates live in large home ranges and travel extensive paths daily in search for food, water and sleeping sites. Studies indicate that primates travel in nonrandom manner, navigating between resources in a goal-oriented way, however, we are still far from understanding how these animals decode spatial information internally and how they use these information to navigate in their home ranges. We investigated the patterns of navigation of northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We followed the muriquis for 87 days divided into two seasons of data collection: 2008/2009, when the scans samplings records were made every 10 minutes and in 2011/2012 when the scans records were made every 5 minutes. Our main goals were: 1) To investigate the orientation systems used by muriquis in their daily routes; 2) To investigate if there are changes in navigation speed and linearity depending on the resources exploited; 3) To investigate how muriquis choose their sleeping sites and how these areas are related to their daily range. Our results indicated that northern muriquis use a route-based map, connected by nodes, consistent with use of topological map. They travel faster when they are reaching food resources, resting and sleeping sites than when they are traveling to non-goal areas. The muriquis are selective in choosing their sleeping sites, choosing areas near to the nodes of the habitual route that provide thermal confort, protection and are close to foraging sites. Our data present evidences that muriquis travel in an efficiently and nonrandom way between resources in their habitat and that they have spatial knowledge about the resources in their home range.
Sistemática da linhagem Miroculis (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-31) Raimundi, Erikcsen Augusto; Domínguez, Eduardo; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Paresque, Roberta; Carvalho, Alcimar do Lago; Silva, Rodolfo Mariano Lopes da; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira
Miroculis lineage was initially proposed by Savage & Peters (1983)based on probable monophyletic relationshipamong four Neotropical genera: MiroculisEdmunds, 1963; MicrophlebiaSavage & Peters, 1983; HermanellopsisSavage & Peters, 1983; and Miroculitus(Needham & Murphy, 1924). Knowledge about last three genera has been poorly increased since their original description and most part of them are restricted only by type-series. Microphlebiais represented only by two species, as well as in Hermanella, and Miroculitusis a monotypic genus. On the other hand, Miroculisis one of the most specious genera of Leptophlebiidae South American with 18 valid species divided in four subgenera: Atroari, Miroculis s.s., Ommaethus, and Yaruma. Subgenera were supported by a relationship based basically by dorsal eye morphology. After main paper that treated to revise lineage, few knowledge about it has been performed. Even that, new species described allied to some remarks about morphological variations, have highlighteduncertainties about taxonomical identities of many species even of Miroculis’subgenera. Moreover, because most species are known mainly by one stage of development (mostly by adults stages), it is not possible understand their phylogenetic relationship since just part of semaphorontis known.Thus, goals of this thesis were to review taxonomyof Miroculislineage in addition to propose a first formal phylogenetic hypothesis about lineage, genus, subgenus and species. After analysis of type-series and additional material taxonomical results are: Promineogerousgen. nov.; Promineogerousconfusasp. nov., Miroculisauranticorpussp. nov., Miroculiscryptophallussp. nov., Miroculisexilibranchiasp. nov., Miroculispronexionsp. nov., Miroculisstenopterus(already published), and Miroculiswarbeastsp. nov.; Promineogerousarsianew. comb. Likewise, Microphlebiabecomes synonym of Hermanellopsis, and Microphlebia pallidaand Microphlebia surinamensisbecome synonym of Hermanellopsis incertans. Nymphs of Miroculis caparaoensisand Miroculis misionensisare described. About new phylogenetic hypothesis, monophyly of lineage is reaffirmed, but analyses were not recovered Miroculis’subgenera as monophyletic, so Savage & Peters’ proposal is refuted. Both taxonomy and phylogeny are so far to be well understated especially since it is necessary to know all stages of development.
Montes submarinos da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade como alpondras para peixes recifais
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-09-09) Simon, Thiony Emanuel; Silva, Simoni Santos da; Joyeux, Jean Christophe; Moura, Rodrigo Leão; Solé-Cava, Antonio Mateo; Costa, Leonora Pires; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Trindade Island and the Martin Vaz Archipelago, located about 1,200 km from the central coast of Brazil, constitute the most isolated reef environments of the Brazilian biogeographic province. These islands harbora reef fish faunacomparatively rich, and their composition are similar to that found at the western margin of the Atlantic Ocean. This pattern has been attributed to the presence of a linear series of seamounts, which, together with the islands, comprisethe Vitória-Trindade Chain. Hypothetically, the seamounts would be used as stepping-stones, allowing species with low dispersal ability to colonize adjacent environments, successively, until they reach the islands, located at the eastern end of the ridge.In the present work, this hypothesis is evaluated through a comparative phylogeographic approach. Two species of reef fish were selected to represent different scenarios of gene flow along the ridge. Molecular markers of the mitochondrial DNA (partial sequences of the Cytochrome B gene and of the Control Region) and of the nuclear DNA (8–12 microsatellite loci) were combined to investigate (1) the distribution of the genetic lineages, (2) the population structure, (3) the demographic history and (4) the historical and contemporary gene flow. The species selected to represent a scenario of high-dispersion, Cephalopholis fulva, showed low population structure, absence of isolation by distance and haplotypeswidely distributed. On the other hand, for the species selected to represent a scenario of limited dispersive ability, Stegastes pictus, the islands are isolated from other populations most of the time, and throughout the ridge it was found to show a pattern of isolation by distance. Apparently, the islandswere connected with Columbia, the closest seamount, only during glacial maxima. This seamount also appears to have exported genetic lineages to other populations during low sea level periods, functioning as an essential stepping-stone to connect the islands to the coast. During glacial maxima, when the sea level reached 130 m below present level, the continental shelf and the seamount summits emerged, reducing the reef area available and hence the size of somepopulations. In both species, it was found that historical gene flow occurs according to the stepping-stone model, where larval dispersal is limited to, or predominantly between, adjacent populations. At ecological times, the Trindade’s population of S. pictus is maintainedby self-recruitment. This scenario shows that seamounts are essential for many species to colonizeTrindade, which corroborates the biogeographical hypothesis. The biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade Chain has been seriously threatened by commercial and recreational fisheriesand mining. As the continuity of ecosystem goods and services depend upon the maintenance of gene flowmediated by seamounts in some cases and by in situ conservation in others, it is recommended that urgent measures to manage the use of this region be taken
Especiação em Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887): uma abordagem multidisciplinar
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-02-29) Massariol, Cristina Dornelas de Andrade Nogueira; Paresque, Roberta; Fagundes, Valéria; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Geise, Lena; Yonenaga-Yassuda, Yatiyo
Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) is a Sigmodontinae rodent that lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and presents high chromosomal polymorphism (2n=14-16 and NF=18-26), with 31 distinct karyotypes described for this species up to now.Gene sequences of 402 individuals and 63 localities reiterate the geographic structure of A. cursorin North and South clades, with genetic divergence of 4.4% for COI and 2.5% for Cit-b.The phylogeographic break is localized between latitudes 16-18ºS(north Minas Gerais and southern Bahia), coinciding with the Jequitinhonha Valley. The structure of the clades is not related to exclusive karyotypes. However, the form 2n=16 ismore frequent in the North and the form 2n=14 inthe South.Demographic data indicate karyotype contribution on geographic diversification, with populational equilibrium in the North and two distinct and stable populations in the South.Experimental crosses (n=185) involving specimes of A. cursorwith intermediate conditions of geographical distribution (interclades) and karyotype (2n=15),donot indicate reproductive isolation between the Northern clades and Southern clades (reproductive success above 80% ), but show reduced fertility in individuals 2n=15.Combinations (female x male)2n=14x2n=15 and 2n=15x2n=16 show, respectively, higher and lower reproductive success, thusreflecting higher affinity between the forms 2n=15 and 2n=14, and revealing that females 2n=15 presentreproductive disadvantageswhen compared to males in the same heterozygous condition.Moreover, inspecimens with the same diploid number,individuals captured from nature present higher reproductive success than those born in captivity. Aggressive behavior among couples were registered, being more frequent in the Southern clade.There are morphological/anatomical distinctionsbetween individuals of the Northern and Southern clades, in agreementwith the geographical pattern obtained in molecular analysis.Thus, although the use of morphological criteria and reciprocal monophyly points to distinctionsbetweenNorthern and Southern clades showing no signals of reproductive isolation between these populationsis noticeable.The fertility reduction of individuals 2n=15 indicates an incipient process of stasipatric speciation, tending to establish the form 2n=16 in the North andthe form 2n=14 inthe South.Interspecific crosses (n=80) between A. cursorand A. montensis(2n=23-25) Thomas 1913produces sterile hybrids (2n=19-20), unlike observed among supposed A. cursor"hybrid", 2n=15 and interclade.In these cases, the introgression is bidirectional, although ahigher reproductive success (75%) occurred between female of A. montensis2n=24 and male of A. cursor2n=16 (North clade). A. montensiswith 2n=23 14(female), 2n=25 (femaleand male), and A. cursorwith 2n=15 (female) don't generate hybrids.Considering that 2n=14 is aderived condition in A.cursor,and themost frequent in populations of the South clade (which occurs with sympatry with A. montensis), thereexistsa barrier to a more effective gene flow in these areas, with karyotype showing an important role in maintaining the identity of each species
Sons de ecolocalização e preferência de habitat de morcegos insetívoros aéreos do Estado do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-03-17) Almeida, Márcio Henrique; Ditchfield, Albert David; Barreto, Francisco Candido Cardoso; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza; Pereira, Maria João Veloso da Costa Ramos; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
This work is dividedin two parts. In the first chapter we evaluated the importance ofpreserved areas for aerial insectivorous bat activity within an urban zone. Severalstudiespoint out that urbanizationhasanegativeimpact onbats. However, urbanization’s impactmight differ between bats that forage in open space and those that forage in cluttered space,with the latter usually persisting only in well preserved areas,suchas parks and naturalreserves. Our objectivewastocompare aerial insectivorous bat activity amonggreen areaswith different sizes andurban sites distant from vegetation fragments in greaterVitóriaregion, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. For this purpose, we monitored bat activity with anultrasound detector during two years in three habitats: large green areas ( > 30ha), small greenareas (< 5 ha) and non-green urban areas. The Largegreen area showed the greatestbatactivity followed by the small green area and the non-green urban area. The large green areashowed a largerincreasein cluttered space forager activity than in open space forger activitywhen compared to the other habitats, whereas the small green area showed a largerincreaseinopen space bat activity when compared to the urban area. Therefore, in Great Vitória region,even small parks are important for bat fauna conservation, whereas bats that forage incluttered space,suchasMyotis sp., depend on large preserved areas to persist. In the secondchapter, in order to create a reference data base for recognition ofbats in theMolossusgenus,whose vocalizations were regularly recorded in GreaterVitória, we compared theecholocation calls of three species of this genus:M. molossus,M. rufuseM. coibensis.M.rufusshowed the lowest call frequency among the three species. This pattern can be explainedby the fact thatM. rufusarenotably larger than the other species. However, pulse duration didnot differ betweenM. rufusandM. coibensisand it was longer in these species than inM.molossuswhen we compared quasi-constant frequency calls and shorter when we comparedfrequency modulated calls. Therefore, other factors, notonlybody size,such as flight orforagingbehavior must explain the pattern that we found for temporal parameters in thesespecies
Sistemática de Apenesia: abrindo a caixa de Pandora dos Pristocerinae
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-01-13) Alencar, Isabel de Conte Carvalho de; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Loss; Salles, Frederico Falcão; Almeida, Julia Calhau; Kawada, Ricardo
The flat wasp Apenesia Westwood is a worldwide genus with high sexual dimorphism. Females are rare, without eyes or ocelli, wingless and small, whereas males are fully winged, robust, with developed eyes and ocelli, and are larger than the conspecific female. There are 191 species described, which are mostly known only by the male sex. Several nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are observed in Apenesia. Besides sexual dimorphism and females’ underrepresentation, the characters delimiting Apenesia are shared by several Pristocerinae genera, making classification uncertain and hampering understanding of character evolution and variation between taxa. Here we aimed 1) to test if Apenesia is monofiletic; 2) to delimit the genus cladisticaly based on morphological and molecular data (COI and 28S genes); 3) to associate males and females; and 4) to review the species of Apenesia, providing descriptions and illustrations when necessary. We analyzed 163 morphological characters in TNT. Bayesian Inference was performed on the concatenated molecular data from 1,553 base pairs of nucleotides through MrBayes. In both analyzes we used a species of Bethylinae for rooting the tree. Apenesia was recovered as polyphyletic with 10 distinct lines associated to morphological patterns. We mapped structural morphological characters from females onto the molecular trees to enlighten female morphological patterns in the groups and to recover morphological evolution. We conclude that females add a set of features that can help genera delimitation. Although historically considered as an easy genus to classify, the structural analyses and phylogenetic inferences report multiple independent lineages within Apenesia species, indicating high convergence within Pristocerinae. Based on our results, some nomenclatural acts need to be proposed: 1) two Pristocerinae genera will be synonymies with Apenesia lines; 2) two taxa need to revalidate their generic status; 3) eight new combinations; and 4) six new genera will be nominated. Apenesia is now defined as flat wasps having males with the mesoscutum gibbous, the genitalia with paramere narrow and densely pilose and aedeagus with ventral apical lobe elliptical and covered in warts. Females of Apenesia can be distinguished from other Pristocerinae by having the head wider than the mesosoma, the antennae is short, the mandible is long, and the clypeus surpasses the toruli in the frons. We also provide a worldwide revision of Apenesia with a redescription of all known species and the description of 21 new species. Finally, our data reinforce the problems to define Apenesia and other genera in Pristocerinae.

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