Mestrado em Biologia Animal

URI Permanente para esta coleção

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17509

Nível: Mestrado Acadêmico
Ano de início: 2002
Conceito atual na CAPES: 4
Ato normativo: Homologado pelo CNE (Portaria MEC Nº 609, de 14/03/2019). Publicação no DOU 18 de março de 2019, seç. 1 - Parecer CNE/CES nº 487/2018, Processo no 23001.000335/2018-51).
Periodicidade de seleção: Anual
Url do curso: https://cienciasbiologicas.ufes.br/pt-br/pos-graduacao/PPGBAN/detalhes-do-curso?id=30

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Comportamento reprodutivo de Hetaerina auripennis (Odonata, Zygotera: Calopterygidae): fatores determinantes de estratégias reprodutivas
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2005-08-04) Santos, Josiane Barboza dos; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Alves, Elcio Cassimiro; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
The description of the reproductive behavior of the dragonfly species Hetaerina auripennisand as body size, spot size on the wings and choice of perch can be interfering with the dynamics of resident and satellitemales were carried out in theBiological Station of Santa Lucia, in the city of Santa Teresa, and an area of pasture in the city of Viana, both in Espírito Santo State (Brazil). Through the scan method with fixed areas, were collected information about the population abundance, distribution of individuals in the study area and behavior. The males employing reproductive strategy were weighed and its spots were measured. The reproductive behavior consists of an encounter, copulationand oviposition. The oviposition is accompanied by mate-guardin. The peak of activity was between 10:00 and 14:00 hours, coinciding with the hottest period of the day. The most frequently observed behavior was perched. This suggests that species belongs to the group of perchers and its dependence on luminosity for the accomplishment of its activities suggests that it is heliothermic. There was no significant relation between body size, spot size with the reproductive strategy employed. Perhaps age is the differential in order to a male becomes resident and the spots serve as a pointer of territory occupation. The type of perch most used by the males were grass stems or leaves, hanging over the river, with a height between 0 to 40cm and a distance from the bank of between 0 to 60 cm. This preference must be related with the ability to visualize females, since they fly to the river for mating and oviposition.
Sistemática do jupati Metachirus Burmeister, 1854 (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-06-14) Vieira, Carlos Leonardo Gomes Cezar; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Marco Junior, Paulo de; Moraes, Diego Astúa de
I analyzed a sample of 248 specimens from four mammal collections in Brazil aiming at systematic studies of the genus Metachirus. Since systematic studies based on morphological data usually rely on the definition of age classes, I used traditional morphometrics to determine which group of dental age classes shows the lowest level of statistical differences through ontogenetic development. I also evaluated secondary sexual dimorphism in three populations of this taxon across the Brazilian Amazon. The results showed that the best grouping includes adults of age classes 6 and 7, which have the lowest levels of statistical differences among measured variables. One of the three populations evaluated presented no statistical differences regarding sexual dimorphism and, in the other two populations, only a few cranial measurements showed dimorphism. I conclude that sexual dimorphism is present in Amazonian populations of Metachirus, but to a lesser degree than in other didelphid marsupials
Efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre a riqueza de aves insetívoras em Santa Maria de Jetibá, região centro-serrana do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-08-14) Vieira, Luciano Azevedo; Ribon, Rômulo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7759-1158; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3369144499318404; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-6058; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1602984794287955; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9224-2020; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9551867092820389; Fagundes, Valeria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-0751; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2606838076983468; Develey, Pedro Ferreira ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9557-7766; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5059191757714478; Simon, José Eduardo ; https://orcid.org/; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8308721671769724
The conservation of the biodiversity in landscapes intensively cultivated has the habitat degradation as the main limiting factor to species survival. The structure of forest remnants influences the biological phenomenon, resulting in damages to the local diversity. Insectivore birds have a close relation to the forest habitat making them very susceptive to fragmentation. The present work intents to study the possible factors involved in the occurrence of birds of four families of Passeriformes (Thamnophilidae, Conopophagidae, Grallaridae and Formicariidae) in 17 private forest fragments in Santa Maria de Jetibá, mountainous region of Espirito Santo State. For this purpose, we analyzed the bird collection of the Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão and the literature, resulting in a list of 22 potential species for the region. The studied areas were chosen according to the geographic referenced images seen in the Arcview 9.5 (ESRI) program. The field work was developed with the help of playback (pre recorded vocalizations) and observation with binoculars, during the breeding period, between September 2004 and March 2005. Each forest fragment was surveyed three times, always early in the morning. In the analysis we used simple linear feedback ANOVA, Fisher´s exact text, and Jaccard index to check the relation between the number of species and the variables that explain habitat loss. We found 16 from the 22 analyzed species in the areas we studied. The similarity between the birds found in the studied areas may be related to the small variation of the size of the fragments, as well as to the proximity between them and the existence of connectivity. The absence of some species may be associated to the loss of specific habitats, like bottom of valleys. However, the landscape model of Santa Maria de Jetibá, where most of the forest fragments have a level of connectivity, may be contributing to the migration of specialist species between the areas. Actions as the incentive of forest restoration to link isolated forest fragments are encouraged here
Composição da fauna associada à Ulva spp. Delile (Ulvales, Ulvaceae) em três áreas do litoral do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006-08-22) Cruz, Cláudia Valéria Rodrigues; Nalesso, Rosebel Cunha; Fernandes, Marcos Antônio dos Santos; Joyeux, Jean Christophe
Efeitos da idade no comportamento das fêmeas de muriqui (Brachyteles Hypoxanthus)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-19) Souza, Vagner de; Strier, Karen Barbara; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Izar, Patrícia
Factors such as reproductive condition, social structure and age can influence the behavior of adult female primates. The aim of this study was to evaluate if behavioral differences inadult female northernmuriquis(Brachyteles hypoxanthus)correspond todifferences in the females’ages. Systematic behavioral data collected over a 12 month study of one muriqui group at the RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala, in Caratinga, Minas Gerais revealedthat young females spent significantly less timeresting, and more time feeding and drinkingwater than older females. Spatial relationships also differed by age, with older femalesspendingmoretime in contactwithadult malesand youngerfemalesspending more time within a five meter radiusofimmature males. At least some of thedifferences,such asin timespent resting and in proximity to adult males, may reflectthegreaterreproductive activityof older femalescompared to the younger females during this study
Análise de viabilidade populacional do muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae), em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Santa Maria de Jetibá - Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-27) Coutinho, Bruno Rocha; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Fagundes, Valéria; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Silva, Daniel de Brito Cândido da
Habitat lost and habitat fragmentation are in the most important processes related to species extinction around the world. Because of isolation in habitats fragments, those processes can reduce the population size and modify remaining subpopulations’spatial distribution. This situation is occurring with the northern muriqui(Brachyteles hypoxanthus), one of the most 25 most endangered primates of the world. This species have been hunted for centuries because of this great size. In a region of Espírito Santo state, Southern Brazil, there are many northern muriqui subpopulations that survive in small isolated fragmented habitats where somefemales became lonely after they disperse because they can’t find another group todisperse. This research focused on: (1) subpopulations vulnerability on absent of demography interactions, (2) dispersal fluency of females on the populations’ viability, (3) stochastic factors (demographic, environmental, and genetics) that arecritical for the species persistence in a fragmented landscape, and (4) relative riskestimation faced by the subpopulations due species biological extrinsic processes,like hunting. I conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) using the computerpackage VORTEX. I used four years of demographic data from Espírito Santo’s Muriqui Project (Projeto Muriqui) and biological data from Karen B. Strier’s researches. PVA’s results demonstrated that all nine subpopulations showed high probability of extinction, and at least 25% heterozygosity lost for 50 years. The results also demonstrated that six of nine subpopulations are in decline. These subpopulations presented negatives growing rates (r < 0). 21 and 34 years were the subpopulations’ median extinction time, and seven and eight individuals/subpopulations were the final size. Female dispersal was the most critical factor on species survivorship. There were other factors that increased the speciesextinction probability when they were added to model: males’ sexual rate deviation,burning and adults female’s hunting. Young females can’t disperse because of the subpopulations isolation which cause high extinction vulnerability and northern muriquis subpopulations’ decline in a region of Espírito Santo. It’s necessary to arrange actions that minimize the isolation effects to increase the subpopulations viability in long term.
Variação geográfica, filogenia e sistemática de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-27) Freitas, Simone Lóss de; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Rossi, Rogério Vieira; Fagundes, Valeria; Costa, Leonora Pires
The gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus occurs mainly along the Atlantic forest of eastern and southern Brazil. Earlier studies revealed high levels of genetic divergence among samples across its range. Here, we analyzed the congruence of geographic variation between molecular and morphological characters to evaluate whether the populations that have been segregated by molecular divergence represent more than one species, as previously suggested. We examined 195 specimens of G. microtarsus, 94 of G. agilis, and 12 of Cryptonanus sp., and inferred a phylogeny based on 25 discrete morphological characters. We compared this result with a phylogeny based on partial cytochrome b sequences of 27 specimens. The monophyly of the genus, and of both G. microtarsus and G. agilis were corroborated by morphological and molecular analyses. The molecular phylogeny recovered three clades, and the morphological data indicated three distinct lineages, which also segregated in morphometric space, indicating the possibility of occurrence of three cryptic species within what is currently identified as G. microtarsus. However, morphological and molecular phylogenies were not completely congruent, and the morphological classification of the specimens included in the molecular analysis resulted in a paraphyletic group in the molecular phylogeny. Hence, our results suggest that G. microtarsus represents one species, diagnosable by morphological and molecular characters, showing strong morphological and molecular variation throughout its distributional range
Distribuição e estrutura da população de Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Portunidae) na Baía Noroeste de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-03-30) Sforza, Roberto; Nalesso, Rosebel Cunha; Fernandes, Luiz Fernando Loureiro; Almeida, Renato de; Joyeux, Jean Christophe
The swimming crabs Callinectes danae (Portunidae) are abundant in Brazilian estuaries, being an important iten to artisanal fisheries. Spatial and seasonal distribution of C.danae in the Northwest Vitoria Bay, southeast Brazil, were investigated by night trawl through monthly sampling during one year (Dec/00 to Nov/01 N=72), with physico-chemical parameters of water measured in situ on each of the six sampling stations, located through the bay on three areas sub-divided in shallow and deep ones, along a transversal axis. A total of 3879 individuals was collected, being 2537 females (1147 adults, 318 ovigerous and 1072 juveniles) and 1339 males (444 adults and 895 juveniles). Mean carapace width (including lateral spines) at sexual maturity was 9,13 cm for males and 8,05 cm for females, and sex ratio was 1,89?1?. Ovigerous females occurred the whole year (except on Nov/01), with higher densities on February, July and October/01, almost exclusively in the southern part of sampling area, which showed higher salinities and lower temperatures due to coastal waters entering throw the harbor channel. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes occurred mainly in north and central parts of sampling areas, with lower salinities and higher water temperatures due to the discharges of Santa Maria and Bubu rivers; their densities were higher on December/00, October and November/01. Adult females showed homogeneous densities along the bay and sampling months
Diversidade gênica populacional para Lonchophylla dekeyseri (Taddei, Vizotto & Sazima, 1983) (Mammalia, Chiroptera)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007-05-30) Coutinho, Rafael Zerbini; Ditchfield, Albert David; Batitucci, Maria do Carmo Pimentel; Aguiar, Ludmilla Moura de Souza
Comportamento de um grupo isolado de muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-18) Silva, Barbara de Almeida; Boubli, Jean Philippe; Strier, Karen Barbara; Fagundes, Valéria; Ferrari, Stephen Francis; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
Several studies have shown the effects of habitat size and quality and demographic factors on intraspecific behavioral differences in primates. In the last 25 years, studies of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Private Nature Reserve Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Caratinga, Minas Gerais, have provided insights into their behavior. However, it is not known whether the behavior of other northern muriqui populations living under different demographic and environment conditions is similar to that of the Caratinga muriquis. This study was conducted on one muriqui group of 13 to 15 individuals that inhabits a 128 hectare fragment of secondary vegetation at Saint Maria de Jetibá (SMJ). The aim of this work is to characterize the northern muriqui’s behavior at SMJ and to compare their behavior patterns with those of other northern muriqui populations. The focal animal method of behavioral sampling was used to collected data systematically, and all rare events observed were recorded opportunistically. Approximately 185 hours of focal animal samples were collected.Results suggest that the size and the composition of the group may affect some aspects of the muriqui’s social behavior. Specifically, the lower number of adult males affects their affiliative interactions, expressed primarily by the low frequency of embraces between adult males in the SMJ group, but does not seem to affect the proximity between adult males, which is similar across groups
Sistemática molecular de Thaptomys Thomas, 1916 (Rodentia, Cricetidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-20) Cordeiro, Juçara Albina da Silva Gomes; Fagundes, Valeria; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Oliveira, João Alves de
Thaptomys is a monotypic genus. Thaptomys nigrita is only species recognized to the genus to the moment, although the taxonomic history of genus reveals more than one species has been described in the literature. Currently, there are four scenarios presented in taxonomic literature for the genus: 1) A single species, without subspecies, with wide geographical distribution, 2) One species with two subspecies, being Thaptomys nigrita nigrita distributed between southern of Bahia to northern of Santa Catarina and Thaptomys nigrita subterraneus distributed south of São Paulo to the north of Rio Grande do Sul, including eastern of Paraguay and northeastern of Argentina; 3) Two species with karyotype distinction, being Thaptomys sp. restricted to the south of Bahia with 2n = 50 and Thaptomys nigrita occurring in the rest of the genus distribution with 2n = 52, 4) Two species with morphological differentiation and one variant form, being Thaptomys sp. found in southern of Bahia and Thaptomys nigrita represented by the individuals found in the rest of the distribution of the genus, and a variant form found in Paraná. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the four scenarios to the genus Thaptomys using molecular markers, and to test the existence of more than one taxonomic unit for the genus, from the study of 833 bp of nuclear gene cytochrome b (cit b). For this, we used population genetics analyzes, phylogenetic analyzes and analyzes of molecular variation (AMOVA). Our results revealed that the populations of the ends of the distribution are balanced demographic and population center of the distribution are expanding population. The time since the expansion reveal that the northern populations expanded to southward and southern populations expanded to northward. Phylogenetic analyzes and AMOVA reveal the existence of four evolutionarily significant units. Thus, we propose the existence of four taxonomic units for the genus Thaptomys: Thaptomys sp1, with 2n = 50 to the south of Bahia, Thaptomys nigrita to Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and north of São Paulo, with 2n = 52; Thaptomys sp 2 to the center and east of São Paulo and Thaptomys subterraneus to south of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, including northeastern to Argentina
Influência das características fenotípicas de machos de Heteragrion consors (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae) sobre sua permanência em áreas de encontro entre os sexos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-22) Loiola, Geovanni Ribeiro; De Marco Júnior, Paulo; Peruquetti, Patricia Santos Ferreira; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena
Heteragrion Consors Selys (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae) is a species of dragonfly inhabits streams in dense forests. Males remain resting perches on the banks of streams, while females acquire partner and visit places of oviposition. The daily variation of the abundance of males and ambient temperature, the time budget of males, the reproductive behavior and mating system of the species, the spatial distribution of males and assumptions that behavior (perching inert, perching flexing the abdomen, transition flight, foraging flight and agonistic flight) and body size of males affect retention and mobility in preferred roosts and determine distinct territorial strategies were investigated. To achieve these goals, including hypothesis tests, a population of H. Consors was monitored for 40 days in Duas Bocas Biological Reserve, Espírito Santo, southeastern region of Brazil, registering the behavior of 152 individuals, location in the environment and taking body measurements of 63 individuals. The species has a limited thermal tolerance to high incidence of solar radiation and uses shaded perches in the hottest times of the day, avoiding excessive body heat. Analyzing the 35 hours of sampling behavioral male inert and remain resting most of the time ( x =98.17%, SD= ± 7.58%), using the same perch for several consecutive days ( x =4.06 days; SD= ± 4.08; range=1-20 days), rarely performing transition flights ( x =0.16%, SD= ± 0.85%), foraging flights ( x =0.58%, SD= ± 1,06%) and agonistic flights ( x =0.34%, SD= ± 2.48%), or mating (0.4 matings/day). The male remains in contact with the female pre-copulatory tandem ( x =4.55 minutes, SD= ± 5.13, n=27.3 minutes), copulation ( x =15.98 minutes, SD= ± 7.13, n=79.9 minutes) and contact post-copulatory guarding ( x =10.07 minutes, SD= ± 7.8, n=40.3 minutes) of long duration, avoiding the loss of reproductive success and sperm competition with rivals. Behavioral characteristics investigated and body size had no influence on the ability to monopolization of specific points in the environment, although males with smaller body size perches attend higher (r=-0.3, P=0.01, n=135). It was not possible to separate different spatial strategies based on behavioral characteristics investigated and body size of males, but air conflicts and stay on the same perch for several days can mean territoriality. Sexual selection (intrasexual and intersexual) apparently operates at low intensity in the species, which has a low degree of sexual dimorphism. The mating system is not based on the monopolization of resources by males, consisting of an encounter-limited mating system, with rare encounters between males and females and abundant availability of oviposition sites. The impact on the longevity of male reproductive success deserves further investigation, because it tends to be characteristic influential in acquiring partner, with greater advantage for males to live longer and explore more reproductive events extremely rare. The abundance of females, fat and body symmetry in males, characteristics of the substrate submerged in segments with perches and speed of the water current are also variables that can determine the permanence of males in the same perch and visitation of females, also deserves further research
Inferências filogeográficas e estruturação populacional de Sturnira lilium (Phyllostomidae) da Mata Atlântica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-02-29) Pinto, Silvia Ramira Lopes; Ditchfield, Albert David; Martins, Rodrigo Lemes; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis
Bats species exhibit degrees of genetic structure because they have a high potential for dispersal.Some scientist proposed that bats species with a continental distribution report low levels of genetic divergence and not much geographical structure. However, others researches shown that some bats species has high level of sequence divergence between geographical distances individuals. Sturnira liliumwas characterized as a bat specie that presents low levels of sequence divergence within shared haplotypes and little geographic structure of the mtDNA clades. The objective of this study were to describe and analyze the possible geographical structure for genes lineages of Sturnira liliumpopulations; analyze intra and inter-population genetic diversity from Sturnira liliumin Atlantic rain forest and infer phylogenetics relation between the used samples. For this we used mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome b. Either the phylogenetics analyses as the genetic population analyses indicate the same thing: S.lilium populations do not shown an evident geographical structure inside brazilian Atlantic rain forest., do not have isolated populations ( high values of Nm and low values of Fst) and S.liliumpopulations maybe under a rapid expansion (stralike phylogeny and negative significant Tajima"s D and Fu Fs). The higher levels of sequence divergence between the two clades pointed by phylogenetics analyses and the fact that this divergence aren"t related with geographical structure guide us to question if brazilian Atlantic rain forest S.liliummight represents a home range expansion for the subspecie Sturnira lilium pavidensor if this divergence indicated Sturnira liliumas a criptical species complex
Variabilidade interanual e sazonal na comunidade de Copepoda relacionada ao regime de marés em estuário tropical (Rio Mucuri, Brasil)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008-03-24) Magris, Rafael Almeida; Fernandes, Luiz Fernando Loureiro; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Sterza, José Mauro
Copepod community variability among years, seasons and tidal fluctuations at the Mucuri River estuary (Bahia, Brasil) were studied. Zooplankton samples were collected in each season for a period of five years (2002-2006) at three sampling stations; with one of the stations sampled at each tidal cycle (two neap and two flood tides). Temperature, salinity, river flow and rainfall data were obtained. Winter and summer represented the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Copepods abundance ranged from 40 to 63% of the total zooplankton community and was composed of 46 taxa, dominated by common estuarine species such as Temora turbinata, Parvocalanus crassirostris, Acartia lilljeborgi, Oithona hebes, among others). Individuals in all of the life stages were found, exemplifying the role of the estuary in the reproduction and growth of several species. For the stenohaline species (e.g. Notodiaptomus sp. and Thermocyclops minutus), interannual and seasonal variations seems to be more important while for the euryhaline species (the majority of the dominant ones) had their densities controlled by tidal variability.
Associação entre variáveis geográficas e climáticas e a ocorrência de Lutzomya longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-02-11) Pinto, Israel de Souza; Falqueto, Aloísio; Tavares, Marcelo Teixeira; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Brazil, Reginaldo Peçanha
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Brazil. In the Espírito Santo state, the AVL has always been associated to dry regions and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. To infer the potential distribution of L. longipalpis and the influence of biogeographic variables on its potential distribution in Espírito Santo, sand flies were captured on localities with autochthonous cases of AVL and adjacent areas from north region of the state. L. longipalpis was found in 84 localities, for a total of 133 localities belonging to 15 municipalities surveyed. To delimit the potential distribution, it was made ecological niche modeling using the DesktopGarp program and data of 73 occurrence points of L. longipalpis. Besides of the 15 municipalities with records of L. longipalpis, the distribution was provided by ecological niche modeling for, at least, other nine municipalities without records. Yet, the ecological niche modeling showed the association of L. longipalpis with geoclimatic features favorable to its occurrence like as dry climate represented by rainfall lower than 1000 millimeters and elevations lower than 500 meters at sea level. The occurrence of human autochthonous cases of AVL in two localities of Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, located on the south portion of ES and without geographic and climatic features favorable to occurrence of L. longipalpis, justified a systematic study for sand flies captured in these localities. From August 2006 to July 2007, mensal systematic entomological surveys were performed in Vargem Alta and Rio Novo do Sul municipalities, but no L. longipalpis was found. Therefore, it is possible that the ocurrence of AVL is disassociated with the presence of L. longipalpis in the south portion of ES. Furthermore, due to the low number of sand flies captured in Rio Novo do Sul, the presence of another mechanism of transmission of AVL is also possible. In conclusion, the presence of L. longipalpis in the Espírito Santo state was associated with geoclimatic well defined features and the occurrence of AVL in areas without these features possibly was related to other mechanism of transmission.
Correlação entre estrutura cariotípica e filogenia molecular em Rhipidomys (Cricetidae, Rodentia) do leste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009-03-23) Thomazini, Núbia Badke; Fagundes, Valéria; Azevedo, Celso Oliveira; Costa, Leonora Pires; Geise, Lena
The genus RhipidomysTshudi, 1845 belonging to the tribe Thomasomyini(Ray Steadman & 1982) includes rodents with arboreal habits, nocturnal and solitary. Are small, the weight varies from 35 to 170 grams, characterized by a combination of long vibrissae, brush or tuft at thedistal tail and dark coats this on the back of their front legs (Tribe, 1996; Emmons & Feer, 1997 ). It is widely distributed ranging from east of Panama, crossing South America to northern Argentina. In Brazil are recorded in all biomes. Cytogenetic studies in this genus revealed a high karyotypic variability, with three diploid numbers 2n = 44, 48 and 50, and varying the number of autosomal arms (NFA) and the sex chromosomes, totaling 20 distinct cytotypes. The karyotypes with 2n = 44 retain most of the variation of the genus karyotype with 11 distinct complements autosomal (NFA = 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 61, 70, 74, 76 and 80). The karyotype with 2n = 48 has three distinct cytotypes (NFA = 66, 67 and 68), whereas 2n = 50 presents two different cytotypes (NFA = 70 and 71). It was suggested that these could be divided karyotypes and three groups according to the 2n and NFA group R. nitelacomposed of animals with 2n = 48/50, group R. leucodactyluswith 2n = 44 and NFA low ranging from 46 to 52, and group R. mastacalis2n = 44 and NFA high ranging from 74 to 80. This distinction was reinforced by the existence of private alleles in some of these groups. Although data from the literature suggest that the karyotype is a good tool to assist in the characterization of species Rhipidomys, and molecular studies begin to suggest how the karyotypes of Rhipidomysare phylogenetically structured, work involving karyotypic data on molecular characterization of populations are nonexistent in Rhipidomys. Accordingly, we propose to characterize the karyotypes of Rhipidomysthe number and morphology of chromosomes; propose a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the forms from eastern Brazil using a new molecular marker; verify that the karyotypes distinct monophyletic clades are correlated with, and test the validity Rhipidomysgroupings based on karyotype structure: group R. leucodactylus(NFAS low) and group R. mastacalis (NFAshigh). In this study we found two new descriptions of karyotypes, a karyotype with unprecedented high NFA (NFA 2n = 44 and = 72) and another with an unprecedented combination of X and Y chromosomes (2n = 44, = 50 NFA, XbYc). Adding our data to the literature we found 22 karyotypes described for the genus Rhipidomys. Karyotypes of these 22, 14 were associated with 12 of the 21 taxa recognized in Rhipidomys, and eight karyotypes are not associated with any recognized taxon. Furthermore, we identified six species of Rhipidomysrecognized and suggest the presence of two new taxa to eastern Brazil. We find evidence that vicarious barrier in the Atlantic is marked by the Jequitinhonha river, not the Doce river, as suggested in many studies. Revealed that the group with high NFA is monophyletic, while the group with low NFA is polyphyletic and paraphyletic, a fact which goes against the hypothesis of karyotypic groups. We found that there is an upward trend in the number of autosomal arms in the genre, being more karyotypic forms derived farther from the bridge probable origin of the genus in 9South America yet, it was proposed that the source of radiation occurred RhipidomysAndes and the populations of this region carry the primitive conditions of the group, as the 2n = 44 and low NFA. From this ancestral karyotype propose a model of karyotype evolution taking into account the distribution of chromosomal forms in each region
Diversificação de roedores do gênero Phyllomys (Mammalia: Rodentia: Echimyidae) na Mata Atlântica brasileira
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-02-22) Loss, Ana Carolina; Leite, Yuri Luiz Reis; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Patton, James Lloyd; Percequillo, Alexandre Reis
The Neotropical rodents of the Echimyidae family are the most diverse among the Caviomorpha clade. Little is known about the geographic range, natural history and evolution of several Echimyidae members, despite its high diversity. The taxonomic history of the family is confusing and some groups are rare in scientific collections, resulting in less conclusive inferences about evolutionary and biological traits, which are based on a few individuals. Molecular phylogenies do not support the taxonomic classification based on morphological traits, highlighting the complexity of the evolutionary history of this group. Five Echimyidae genera occur within the Atlantic Forest range: the bamboo-rat, Kannabateomys; the arboreal Phyllomys and Callistomys; the terrestrial Trinomys; and the semi-fossorial Euryzygomatomys. In the present study I used DNA sequences to investigate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of three echimyids from the Atlantic Forest at three different taxonomic levels: family, genus, and species. The first chapter investigates the phylogenetic position of Callistomys within Echimyidae using sequences of one mitochondrial (CytB) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. The results show that Callistomys forms a clade with the semi-aquatic coypu (Myocastor) from the grasslands in the southern South America and terrestrial spiny rats (Proechimys) from the Amazon forest. This clade is sister to Thrichomys, a terrestrial rat from the dry lands of central South America. These clades are unexpected, given the contrasting morphology, ecology, and geographic ranges of its members. The resulting echimyid phylogeny indicates that Callistomys is not closely related to the other arboreal echimyids, and suggest that arboreal habits evolved more than once in this family. The second chapter investigates aspects of the phylogeny, evolution and species limits in the genus Phyllomys using two mitochondrial (CytB and COI) and three nuclear (GHR, RAG1 and vWF) markers. Three main species groups were identified: one with a longitudinal distribution through the central portion of the Atlantic Forest (P. pattoni (P. mantiqueirensis, Phyllomys sp. 4)); one distributed along the northern portion of the Atlantic Forest (Phyllomys sp. 2 (P. blainvilii (P. brasiliensis, P. lamarum))) and another along the southern portion (Phyllomys sp. 3 ((Phyllomys sp. 1, P. lundi), (Phyllomys sp. 5 (P. dasythrix (P. nigrispinus (P. sulinus, Phyllomys sp. 6)))))). Two independent evolutionary linages were identified, probably representing new species, raising the potential number of Phyllomys species from 17 to 19. These phylogenies, together with geographic distribution data, suggest that the diversification and distribution of Phyllomys species were affected by the concomitant action of different factors, such as neotectonics, altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, and climate change acting since the Miocene, underlining the first diversifications within Phyllomys until more recent speciation events, during the Pleistocene. The third chapter explores the genetic variation, geographic distribution and taxonomic status of the species Euryzygomatomys spinosus using two mitochondrial markers (CytB and D-loop). The results show that E. spinosus is distributed along the Atlantic Forest and surrounding areas, south of the Rio Doce in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, including a confirmed occurrence in the Cerrado. This species occupies very distinct habitats and may be consider a generalist. The populations are genetically structured along its distribution and the genetic data corroborate the current taxonomy, which considers only one species in the genus, E. spinous.
Estratégias de forrageamento do muriqui-do-norte (Brechyteles hypoxanthus) em um fragmento florestal em Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-02-24) Silva, Mariana Petri da; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Joyeux, Jean-Christophe; Fagundes, Valéria; Gomes, Maurício Talebi
The Muriquis (also known as woolly spider monkeys), the biggest non-human primates, are endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and have suffered over the centuries, with the intense hunting, deforestation and habitat fragmentation. The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is critically endangered and can only be found in a few locations of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. Some of these locations are known forest fragments in private lands in the city of Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo, and range from 60 to 350 hectare. Little is known about these subpopulations responses to fragmentation and about what factors allow them to present a long-term survival. In this work, I intended to understand the strategies of a group of 13 northern muriquis in a 128-ha forest fragment, related to feeding behavior and space using, in two annual periods with different bioclimatic features (rainy and dry seasons). During 60 days, 30 in each season, I collected data about diet, temporal budget and space use from behavioral scan samples. In the wet season, muriquis spent more time eating fruits, had more traveling hours and less resting hours, apparently maximizing the energy gain. In the dry season, they spent more time feeding on leaves and resting and less time traveling, probably in order to minimize their energy expenditure. In different periods of the year, they ate different plant species, some of them being particularly important in the diet as a whole. They consumed more fruits than expected for such a highly fragmented environment and more unripe fruits than what was found in other studies. About 84% of the total study area was used for foraging in both periods and almost all of this area was used in each season, separately. Knowing that nearly all of the available area has already been used, spatial constraints could be critical to the growth of the group and unripe fruits appear to be widely consumed because of the need for revisitating the food sources. The great floristic diversity in the region, however, is possibly minimizing the effects of a very restricted spatial area, what could allow muriquis to eat more high quality items, as fruits. The increase of the foraging area and the connection with other forest fragments, therefore, seem to be the mainly actions for maintaining the muriqui population in the studied fragment
Diversidade e estruturação genética de Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Primates: Atelidae) em um ambiente fragmentado no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá (ES) usando DNA mitocondrial e nuclear
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010-02-26) Alvarenga, Clara Scarpati; Fagundes, Valéria; Farro, Ana Paula Cazerta; Mendes, Sérgio Lucena; Meyer, Diogo
Brachyteles hypoxanthus, northern muriqui, is threatened by the small number of individuals in the wild, distributed in only 12 isolated populations, being classified as "critically endangered" species. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies revealed the population of Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ) as a Management Unit, despite of habitat smaller and highly fragmented. Our objective was to assess whether the populations of each fragment also form different units. We analyzed 43 individuals from six areas of the municipality using five microsatellite loci and 366 bp of hypervariable region I (D-loop, mtDNA). Moderate levels of genetic diversity (Dg=0,74) and heterozygosity (Hobs=0,60) were found with nDNA. Populations São Sebastião de Belém (SSB) and Córrego do Ouro 1 (CO1) deviated from HWE and were significants in the inbreeding coefficient (Fis=0,259 and 0,206; respectively). Were detected seven haplotypes (mtDNA), with moderate haplotype diversity (h=0,7540). The H1 haplotype was unique to SSB, while the other three populations shared haplotypes (H2, H3 and H5). Not were discarded the hypothesis of population stability. There was a weak genetic structure for nDNA (Fst=0,0768), but strong structure for mtDNA (Fst=0,58013), with SSB distinct from other populations (0,65256=Fst=0,94310). Moderate genetic diversity in SMJ unexpected for a species critically endangered and is probably due to the long generations, since the populations had weak genetic structure between themselves (nDNA). However, deviations from HWE and the predominance of one haplotype of mtDNA for SSB may be signs of the effects of genetic drift, since it does not rule out the hypothesis of demography equilibration. These effects are consistent with the proposal that genetic drift tends to be more intense in island populations, an analogy to forest fragments of SMJ. Seen the low differentiation in allele frequencies and sharing of haplotypes, our data suggest that the population of SMJ in particular should not be treated as different units. Based on this, the genetic diversity simulations show that the increased connectivity of forest fragments in SMJ over the medium and long term can be an essential step in the restoration, maintenance and conservation of northern muriqui in the municipality
Filogeografia comparada dos anuros endêmicos da Mata Atlântica Dendropsophus elegans (Anura, Hylidae) e Chiasmocleis spp. (Anura, Microhylidae)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011-02-11) Tonini, João Filipe Riva; Carnaval, Ana Carolina Oliveira de Queiroz; Costa, Leonora Pires; Fagundes, Valéria; Solé, Mirco; Feio, Renato Neves
A considerable number of data sets have been published on the phylogeography and distribution patterns of Atlantic forest organisms. Some phylogeographic breaks are consistently observed across taxa, such as those existing along the São Francisco and Doce rivers, as well as a secondary break in the southern region of the biome, close to Paranapanema river. Studies using climatic data to infer paleo distributions of Atlantic forest taxa incorporated a predictive component to phylogeographic studies in Brazil. Furthermore, provided scenarios that it was possible to test the hypothesis of demographic expansion of Atlantic forest taxa associated with glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene. When investigating the demographic history of taxa now inhabiting cold and high altitude areas, there was a demographic expansion during the Pleistocene. However, the taxa that inhabit lowland forests, it was observed that shrank its distribution during the Pleistocene and showed demographic expansion from north to south after the end of the last glacial. Here I use endemic taxa of the Atlantic forest (Dendropsophus elegansand some representative species of the genus Chiasmocleis) to study local phylogeographic patterns and to investigate the historical and ecological processes underlying the structure of the populations sampled and the observed patterns. To this end, I used 148 specimens of D. elegansand 92 samples of Chiasmocleisspp., all of which had a portion of the mitochondrial gene ND2 sequenced. The results show that both taxa corroborate the hypothesis already describe in the literature of the existence of high levels of haplotype diversity between San Francisco and Doce rivers, and less stable areas insouthern Atlantic forest. However, samples from areas in the southern region of the Atlantic showed signs of demographic expansion and low levels of haplotype diversity. Samples from areas of higher altitude, inside or outside climatically stable areas proposed by other authors, showed that local populations have remained isolated for a long time and accumulated genetic differences. This differs from the processes inferred for populations that currently inhabit the lowland forests, which have suffered population contraction during the last glacial maximum and expanded in the intergacial. In Chiasmocleis, phenotypically distinct species were grouped into a single clade, although both morphospecies also be reciprocally monophyletic. This may represent a possible hybridization event,that may have occurred due to secondary contact between individuals of both morphospecies or a recent diversification with retention of ancestral polymorphism. However, the molecular clock showed that the divergence between clades is very old (14.5 Myr) to accept the hypothesis of recent diversification

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