Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

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Interfaces da atenção básica à saúde e o saneamento básico no estado do Espírito Santo nos anos de 2001, 2006 e 2011
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-01-30) Cazelli, Wallace de Medeiros; Silva, Fatima Maria; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Campos, Carlos Eduardo Aguilera
The modern connection between the basic attention to health and sanitation had the beginning with the Declaration of Alma Ata in 1978, when the proposal to establish local health services focusing on the real needs of the population had as one of its elementary actions the drinking-water supply and sewage collection and treatment. Thirty four years later the review of the literature demonstrates that the sanitation and health had been more theorized than actually combined to promote improvement in the health conditions of populations around the world. Considering these facts, the motivation to produce this study has been found, which is: knowing and researching its interfaces, its associations and how they contribute to the health of the population in the cities of Espírito Santo. To perform the study objectives, the methodology has been used was the statistical analysis of a variable dependent on health and sanitation indicators, on secondary data, referring to the State s municipalities in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The literature review indicates that in recent years the parasitic and infectious diseases caused by the lack of sanitation are decreasing in areas where interventions in primary health care can be found, making them good indicators in planning and monitoring of health services. The results indicated a strong connection between primary health care and the provision of water supply and sewage collection by collective network, over the variable rate of diarrhea in children under two years old, in 2001, 2006 and 2011 in the municipalities in Espírito Santo. The analysis indicate that, in areas where the teams of community health agents work and the family health strategy, good results in controlling diarrhea are presented in all years of the study. And these outcomes are increased when associated to more coverage of public water supply systems and sanitation. This complement confirms the requirement for greater investments in the actions planned and performed on a intersectorial way by the municipal public administrations
Análise probabilística de incompatibilidade entre a qualidade da água de rios do estado do Espírito Santo e os padrões de enquadramento legal
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-22) Guimarães, Brunna Oliveira; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dos; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Akabassi, Lucien
The main objective of this research was the construction and analysis of probabilistic curves of water quality incompatibility of rivers in the state of Espírito Santo and environmental quality standards, viewing the implementation of frameworkasa water resource management tool.The choice of water courses to conduct the present study was based on the availabilityand extension of water-quality data historical series provided by the Moacir Carvalheira de Mendonça Analyses and Environmental Parameters Laboratory, from the Environmentaland Water Resources State Institute.Therefore, the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jucu, Reis Magos, Santa Maria da Vitória and the areaof Rio Doce River pertaining to the state of Espírito Santo were chosen. To discuss the possibilities of framework probabilistic curves of incompatibility to pH parameters, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total solids, oxygen biochemical demands, total phosphorus andthermotolerant coliforms were used.Considering the monitoring recordsavailable, the results indicated that adoptingdifferentiated frameworksfrom upstream to downstream for the water bodies examined is inadequate. Additionally, hydrological seasonality is relevant tovariations of concentration associated with turbidity, when eventual attempts to classify water courses in class 1 are considered.Any frameworkadopted for the basinsexamined will require relevant efforts to reduce total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms concentrations in the planning activities established by the basin plans.
Relação dos indicadores de salubridade ambiental com a saúde e sustentabilidade pública no Município de Itapemirim/ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-08-02) Viana, Aurimar de Paula; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dos; Borges, Alisson Carraro
Basic sanitation is directly related to environmental health and express in the form of indicators potable water supply, sanitation, vector control, among other elements that refer wholesomeness and value is something that is important for quantitative follow up of actions taken and thus assess the evolution of environmental sanitation services and public health. The aim of this study is to investigate the connection between indicators of environmental health with public health and sustainability. For this was used the Indicator of Environmental Health (ISA) in the municipality of Itapemirim/ES as an indicator-based indicators and drainage, housing and education as auxiliaries. These were related to indicators of public health and municipal sustainability. To illustrate the results, were constructed thematic maps of sectoral indicators and the overall indicator. The primary data was based Information System for Primary Care (SIAB). The application of ISA/Itapemirim was made throughout the municipality and the results show wide variation in the position of locations, ranging from unhealthy to salubrious. Two Locations situation presented unsanitary environment and communities of the urban area, including the Centre and its surrounding were considered salubrious. You can see that in places without adequate sanitation services the public health indicators did not show good results. Finally, the sustainability indicators showed the need for greater investment in environmental sanitation.
Dengue : situação ambiental e dimensão geográfica em 2011, 2012 e 2013 - Vila Velha/ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-11-27) Pinto, Hudson Pereira; Silva, Fatima Maria; Rodrigues, Juliana Carvalho; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
Dengue is an arboviral disease caused by one of the four types of virus identified, most commonly in countries with tropical climate due to the fostering of proliferation of its vector, happens in Brazil continuously and presents epidemic periods. In Espirito Santo state the Metropolitan region presents the highest rates of transmission of this diease. Therefore this dissertation proposed identifying the dengue fever risk areas, in Vila Velha county, searched for the relation between the larval rates and the types of real state (houses and non occupied land), making an analysis of the data and producing theme maps, having the range of research between January of 2011 and March of 2013. The study was ecological with treatment of spacial analysis using as database: notifications (dengue fever incidence rate) and components of LIRAa (Buidings Infestation Rate and Breteau Rate). For the statistical analysis was used the SPSS 17, for the association, the correlation test by Spearman, where it was stipulated in 5% the level of significance. It was found correlation of moderate power to the Breteau Rate and Buildings Infestation Rate in relation to the real state houses in 2011, this being statisticaly meaningful, in 2012 the incidence rate presented correlation to weak power, not presenting correlation to the other rates. Dengue fever incidence in 2011 and 2012 happened in all regions of the county, this presenting, medium and high rates of incidence of the disease. The inefficiency of the larval rates to the correlation with the types of real state was verified, this study presented limitations that can be fixed by other types of studies, that take in consideration the mosquito in its adult stage
Avaliação da produção de biogás a partir da digestão anaeróbica : estudo de caso em uma fábrica de chocolate
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-23) Pereira, Flávio Raposo; Pinotti, Laura Marina; Ferretti, Estela Cláudia; Zdradek, Cristiane Pereira
The research aimed at evaluating the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion at the sewage treatment unit of a chocolate factory, which contemplates an ascending flow reactor of sludge blanket. The main focus was related to the emission assessment and the removal of organic load for the generation of biogas, favoring its conversion into electric and/or thermal energy. Due to the little variability of the oxygen chemical demand emission (COD) in the effluents and the good efficiency concerning the removal of this organic load (83%), the results obtained indicate that the reactor produces, in a continuing way, about 49.020 m³/year biogas, what is correspondent to 5,60 m³/h. The research evaluated two scenarios for the energetic use of this gas, contemplating the possibility to generate electricity by a motor-generator set or by the burn in the boilers combined with natural gas (NG) in order to produce steam. The first scenario took into consideration the production of electric energy through a motorgenerator system of 9,5 Kwh by biogas that when operating at 20 h/day is able to produce about 58.400 Kwh/year and obtain an income of R$ 20.296,00/year. In the second scenario, it was verified that the biogas generated during the anaerobic treatment is equivalent to 28.431 m³/year of NG. Considering that the actual NG consumption in the boilers is 2.756.938 Nm³/year, it is stated that the biogas use would represent a savings of 1,02 % of NG, in financial terms, it would correspond to approximately R$ 32.540/year to the company. This way, it is concluded that the use of biogas in the boiler brings a greater financial return with the savings of natural gas, comparing with the results for electricity production. The biogas produced in the treatment Station, through studies, brings benefits that cover the three pillars of Sustainable Development: the economic, the environmental and the social one. The matching of these three pillars becomes necessary in order to create an economic growth able to optimize and preserve the natural resources, without compromising the needs of the future generations.
Modelagem matemática da resistência à filtração oferecida pelo bloqueio dos poros, pela camada de torta e pelo fouling irreversível em um reator anaeróbio com membrana submersa aplicado ao tratamento de águas residuárias
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-05) Esteves, Luis Felipe dos Santos; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Rigo, Daniel; Subtil, Eduardo Lucas; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
Water treatment membrane systems have several advantages in comparisonwith classical systems designed with conventional purification techniques. The filtering process is the key to success with regard to energy consumption and efficiency, enabled by optimizing the filtration using a dynamic simulation model. This study aimed to develop a mathematical model of the behavior of an anaerobic bioreactor with microfiltration membrane applied to the treatment of gray water to opti mize thei r operational performance. For both phenomena such as pore blocking, growing cakelayer and fouling were analyzed mathematically. The system used for this research was developed by the research group Center Water (Center for Bioengineering applied to Sanitation) of Environmental EngineeringDepartament, Federal University of Espírito Santo. The membrane used for the study showed intrinsic resistance to a value of 1.4 x 1012m-1. With respect to pore blocking resistance(Rp), the granulometric data provided by the manufacturer was used. These data were c ombined with the other pa rameters considered in the model, presenting resistance value of 1.52 x 1012m-1. For cake layer resistance (Rc) the results obtained in Rpwith literature data, as well as some parameters on which there was the possibility of being calculated were used.To Rc, resistanceencountered was 8.73 x 1012m-1. Finally the analysis of the behavior of the filtration, foulingresistance was simulated, with value of -1.2 x 1012m-1. All phenomena were simulated by prog ramming package Matlab / Simulink, in which an interface to generate themodel equati on was developed. The modeling showed satisfactory results within the expected limits, when compared wi th results from other surveys.
A sustentabilidade com a recuperação e valorização de cacos e casqueiros provenientes de mármore e granito
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-11) Bernardi, Vinícius Freisleben; Silva Filho, Alvim Borges da; Carneiro, Teresa Cristina Janes; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
The purpose of the present survey was to assess the contribution from the recovery and valorization of wastes to the corporative sustainability. Therefore, the sustainable management of rests from marble and granite industry was assessed. This work contributes mainly through the sustainability indicators selection from the current scientific knowledge and the sustainability assessment by means of the indicators selected in the first part in the recovery and valorization of marble and granite residues. Methodologically, a bibliometric review on the scientific production about sustainability indicators has been carried out focusing wastes management, in order to select tools to assess the marble and granite wastes management’s sustainability. Next, the wastes generation was diagnosed in a compilation of primary information about wastes-handling using the indicators selected in the bibliometric review to assess the impact of rests-recovery and -valorization in the marble and granite industry. Two wood businesses (S1 and S2) and two marble businesses (M1 and M2) have been selected for this study. This research provides relevant information about the scientific production on the subject sustainability assessment, systemizing important data regarding wastes management and the impacts of wastes management in marble and granite businesses.
Aplicação do método de Monte Carlo para análise de incerteza na simulação do comportamento dos compostos de nitrogênio em rios
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-17) Silva, Tatiana Candeia da; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; Akabassi, Lucien; Daniel, Rigo
Nitrogen is a component of major importance regarding generation and its own control of water pollution. At the same time it is an indispensable element for the production of the aquatic ecosystem, it can be the causative agent of several problems related to water quality. Nitrogen in water bodies is presented in many oxidation states and can be found in the forms of organic nitrogen, ammoniacal, nitrite and nitrate. The most important reactions are fixation, ammonification, assimilation, nitrification and denitrification. The research’s main goal is to conduct, with the use of the mathematical model of water quality Qual-UFMG and the Monte Carlo method, a computational simulation of the nitrogen compounds transformations in the last stretch of the Piracicaba River, which is an important affluent of the Doce River. The uncertainty analysis due to using the Monte Carlo method involved the random creation of entry data (hydrodynamic variables, water quality conditions and kinetic constant) with the assistance of regular and uniform distributions of probabilities. Results indicate that, for the variation coefficient values and the percentage of variation, initially assumed for the performance of this present study, the histograms of frequency of maximum values of the different nitrogen compounds concentration are similar when produced with the aid of the regular or uniform distributions in order to randomly create the kinetic constants, hydrodynamic variables and concentrations of nitrogen compounds. From all the variables simulated, the variation coefficient values and the variation percentage are not presented as relevant for Kso (sedimentation coefficient of the organic nitrogen), once the Kso values are usually small when compared to the other coefficient already simulated.
Desidratação térmica de lodo de esgoto através da queima do biogás : metodologia para ETE's de pequeno porte
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-10) Girondoli, Ludimila Marvila; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Coraucci Filho, Bruno; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
Currently the choice of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) typology should consider the technological, economic and community requirements. Research solutions that seek sustainability is required in the process of sewage treatment, mainly related to waste generated in the process. In this conception, the association of biogas as a heat source for the treatment of sludge, both waste generated in UASB, becomes an alternative to be explored since there is no effective application of this association in Brazilian sanitation companies, especially in small STP. The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of thermal dewateringthrough burning biogas on the dryingbed, to reduce moisture and pathogen’s concentration of biological sludge made in small STP. Having as a study case the STP from Piaçu. Sludge samples were collected and analyzed over 21 days of drying to the parameters: moisture, total solids, volatile solids, fecal coliform, viable helminths eggs and Salmonella sp infour repetitions, during the months of June to September, 2014. In relation to moisture , the values found for the bed with burning biogas (average 15%) was significantly lower than those bed of without burning (mean 28.3%). For microbiological parameters, there was the inactivation of viable helminths eggs, fulfilling the standard limited by 357/2006 Resolution of Conama. However, for Salmonella sp and fecal coliform parameters, the heat from the burning of biogas was not enough to raise the sludge mass temperature and promote the lethality of these microorganisms in order to fulfill the Resolution. With the methodology adopted it was found that there would be a reduction of about 80% of the costs with adequate sludge disposal of Piaçu STP and the financial return on investment would be achieved in about 4 years. However, the methodology adopted in this study for dewatering the sludge through the heat from the burning of biogas, showed satisfactory results being an alternative technique, environmentally andeconomically viable of energy use of biogas for small STP.
Avaliação da qualidade percebida por produtores rurais em relação ao serviço prestado no âmbito do Projeto Produtores de Água do Estado do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-23) Neves, Marcos Benevenuto; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Freitas, André Luis Policani; Felipe, Edmilson Silva
Research about quality perceived by the customer for a service used, allow the identification of failures that can be addressed in order to increase the improvement of service and raise the level of user satisfaction. The project ProdutorES de Água of the State of Espírito Santo in Brazil was taken as object of study, which is a payment experience for environmental services. The study aims to evaluate the quality perceived by producers who joined the project in relation to the service provided by the supplier. For this purpose, it was used a measure based on SERVQUAL scale. The questionnaires were filled along with 58 farmers of the sample selection, that involved: calculation of gaps (gaps) between the average of 14 items for each section expectation and perception; use of quartiles as separatrix of gaps in "critical regions" priority for preventive and corrective actions; application of tests to verify differences of average for paired and independent samples; evaluation of the reliability of the questionnaire through coefficient Alpha of Cronbach and use of cluster analysis. The results indicate the occurrence of negative gaps for all variables considered in the sample, suggesting that the main failures of the project in the items was: information given to the producer about the results of the technical survey carried out at the properties during the contract; lack of elucidation about the conditions in which the contract renewal would happen and in the payments to producers according to established dates. The applied scale proved to be reliable for the questionnaire as a whole, however, gave some unsatisfactory coefficients in some of sections. The cluster analysis allowed the formation of two groups of producers classified as Satisfied with the Project (18 individuals) and Dissatisfied (40 individuals) based on the magnitude of gaps.
Avaliação da transferência de metano no sentido gás-líquido e da capacidade de suprimento da desnitrificação biológica de esgoto sanitário com doadores endógenos de elétrons (metano e sulfeto de hidrogênio)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-27) Morais, Thiago Nelo; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Campos, Rosane Hein de; Kato, Mário Takayuki; Silva Filho, Gilson
This paper presents a simulation of the biological denitrification capacity of sewage through endogenous sources of electrons (methane and sulfide produced in their own treatment system) by simulating a hybrid treatment system. The present methane in the biogas produced in the anaerobic reactor can be used in the denitrification step through its transfer to the liquid phase. This transfer, however, has limitations that may compromise its use as the sole source of electrons. For this reason, one of the stages of this study aimed to evaluate the methane transfer capacity in the gas-liquid direction. The results demonstrate the increase in Specific Transfer Rate (STR) with increasing biogas application rate. However, this increase was not proportional, which implies a reduction in Specific Transfer Efficiency (STE) with increasing biogas application rate. In the second stage of the study, is simulated the use of the methane and sulfide produced in the anaerobic stage as electron donors for biological denitrification of wastewater in a hybrid system in seven different scenarios where they were exchanged important factors to the process. In all scenarios it considered the stoichiometric ratio via denitrifying in the simulation. When considering the possibility of providing all the recovered methane in the biogas to denitrification was achieved final effluent with zero levels of N-NO3 - . This consideration, however, leads to the overestimation of the potential use of this electron donor. The use of methane and sulfide dissolved in the effluent from the UASB reactor and recovered as methane and biogas can be effectively supplied to the system presented removal capacity of 13.8 mg.L -1 of N-NO3 - , 8.44 mg.L-1 of N-NO3 - and 6.42 mg.L -1 of N-NO3 - or 49.1%, 30.0% and 22.9% of N-NO3 - throughout the system, respectively, in the cancellation capability of nitrate levels the conditioned effluent used together these electron donors. Even if the relationship C/N and S/N are higher than those practices and could lead to stoichiometric limitations of the carrying capacity of the biological denitrification with endogenous sources of electrons, these sources can be used to reduce the need for exogenous donors electrons and thus the treatment costs, enhancing the promotion of the use of this technology in the treatment of sewage.
Impacto do reuso de água no balanço hídrico de uma edificação corporativa de grande porte em Vitória - ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-07-16) Sobreira, Romena Galvani; Borges, Raquel Machado; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Pertel, Monica; Campos, Rosane Hein de
The water scarcity in Brazil has intensified with population growth concentrated in urban centers that require an increasing amount of water that is not often used efficiently because of the lack of planning. Within the context of sustainable development, the use of water resources represents a challenge for Brazilian society and involves various aspects related to social and economic conditions. One way to prevent water scarcity is through the application of an integrated management, encouraging the rational use of water resources and promoting the development of sustainable systems. The use of alternative sources is an ecologically correct and within the principles of sustainable development option to meet water demands less noble. The buildings has a variety of activities in which less noble water can be used, accounting for much of the demand for residential and commercial buildings, such as irrigation of green areas, cleaning garage floors and cars, discharge toilets makeup water in cooling towers and washing clothes. This study aims to study the effects of water conservation stemming from a wastewater reuse system deployed on a large corporate building, from the evaluation of the consumption of drinking water, wastewater production and non-potable water. In addition, we also evaluated the operation and maintenance costs of one building reuse system that treats sewage in order to conduct a study of the economic viability of the system. The results indicate that the reuse of water consumption represents a small portion of water consumption in the building studied, about 6% of total consumption. It was also found that the use of reclaimed water for non-potable purposes resulted in a return coefficient of 0.50 and a per capita consumption rate of drinking water of 112.9 l / person.day. These results are not satisfactory because of the low volume of recycled water produced by ETE + R, which generated a negative cash flow indicating financial infeasibility of the system, since this during the study period ran low on their ability to operation. Thus it was considered three scenarios to assess the viability of the system operating at 50%, 75% and 100% capacity. The analysis of the three scenarios indicated a NPV> 0, the IRR higher than minimum rate of attractiveness and Payback less than four years in the three scenarios. Thus it was concluded that the building reuse system represents a viable alternative to promote sustainable water use, contributing to improving the quality of the environment and generating further economic benefits to users.
Hidrólise enzimática do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar para posterior obtenção de álcool de segunda geração
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-11-23) Faria, Sâmela Paranaguá Viegas Vasconcelos; Pinotti, Laura Marina; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio; Vicentini, Fernando
Cellulosic ethanol, also called secondgeneration ethanol, has been considered an alternative to reduce environmental and energy problems in the world because of the shortage and high prices of fossil fuels and pollution caused by them, making it necessary to invest in developing renewable energytechnologies.In this innovation context, a new use opportunity of lignocellulosic biomass is conjectured, especially in the sugarcaneindustry for second generation ethanol production. Under this scenario, the objective was to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse from sugarcane to obtain fermentable sugars for subsequent obtaining of second generation ethanol. However, it is necessary to make a pretreatment to reduce the recalcitrance of biomass in naturaand make the cellulose more accessible to enzymatic attack.In this workthe treatmentwas carried out with acid and base solution and alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Besides treatment were also studied the process variables such as enzyme concentration of 10, 15 and 20 FPU/g, the hydrolysis timeof6, 24 and 48 hours anda temperature of 40, 45 and 50°C according to an experimental design type 3³ for sugarcane bagasse samples in naturaand pretreated with two different methodologies.After statistical analysis it found that pretreatment of bagasse with acid and base was instrumental in the release of fibers and lignin removal, with response in total reducing sugar (ART) far superior tothat presented in the hydrolysis for bagasse in naturaand for bagasse pretreated with peroxide. Stillit was possible to obtain values that maximize the production of ART to bagasse pretreated with acid and base, which were enzyme concentration of 20 FPU/g, 48hours and 50°C.
Modelagem termodinâmica da secagem de lodo com aproveitamento da energia térmica de baixa temperatura dos sopradores de ar de estação de tratamento de esgoto sanitário do tipo lodo ativado
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-12-22) Peterli, Zudivan; Santos, José Joaquim Conceição Soares; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Dalvi, Elias Antonio; Lopes, Sérgio Leite
The sludge mechanical dryers are devices that allowdry and sanitize high biological sludge rates and produce biosolid sludge with considerable added value, but they are linked to high consumption of energy. Given this condition, and the fact that energy is the second higher spending for basic sanitation companies and the same has been becoming one of the major challenges for humanity to achieve sustainability. This study has in its objectives the development of a Thermodynamic Model of a sludge drying (TMSD) to evaluate energy viability of drying the sludge produced in station Sewage Treatment (SST) of Activated Sludge type from the use the thermal energy present in the air in the blower aeration system of its own studied station, and contribute to the conceptual development of the theory of thermal drying and cleaning sludge at low temperatures. The conditionswere modeled to produce 9,657 kg.d-1 of sludge with an average grade of Total Solids (TS) of 17.7% and 3 blowers in operation in 2014, while the project status predicted production of 28,904 kg.d -1 wet sludge with 25% TS and 4 blowers in operation. The results showed that it is possible: to dry to 90% of TS at 80°C throughout Sludge production of 2014 or 59% of the project output; dry up 90% of TS at 60°C the 78% of the project sludge production and; Dry up to 90% of TS and 40°C throughout the project sludge production. The TMSD showed consistently developed to assess the biological sludge drying from the thermal energy use of low temperature, highlighting the use of a heat regenerator to perform the preheating sludgethat enters the system from the thermal energy present in air output, reaching average earnings of 27.89°C, while the heat exchanger conducting the final heating of the air showed average gains of 56.95°C, reaching final average values of 97.76°C. For the humidity, the increase mass transfer capacity based on the reference air varied from 13,010% to 13,325% at the entrance and 302% to 1,049% in the reactor output.
Higienização solar de lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto em estufa agrícola para produção de biossólidos
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-12-22) Alves, Juliane Augusta Dilly; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Silva Filho, Gilson; Oliveira, Laila de Oliveira Vaz
The sludge generation from Sewage Treatment Plants grows proportionally, when related to population growth, the percentage of treated sewage and the level of efficiency with which they are treated.The final destinations for this byproduct are generally landfills, however, due to the large volume of sludge produced every day, the cost of disposal in landfill is relatively high.Given the potential for agricultural use, this research aimed to study the sludge dewatered sewage treatment plant in drying beds, thus ensuring the reduction of the moisture content and volume of the material and treatment of hygiene in greenhouse agricultural to ensure a low level of pathogenicity.The research was conducted through a test campaign followed by a repetition which occurred from May 28 to August 06 2015.Two sludge piles of the same type were mounted inside the greenhouse , one windrow was put to rest and the other to the revolving once a day on weekdays. Daily the internal temperature was noted and weekly was collected sludge from both piles, for monitoring of physicalchemical and microbiological parameters preset in CONAMA Resolution 375/2006.The results indicated that the sludge from ETE 1, treated by solar hygiene in greenhouses, have better and faster results in reducing pathogens when undergoing breaks. Was found that the mud may be subjected to dehydration and cleaning the bed itself since maintaining the conditions of low humidity or direct solar radiation. Was concluded that the physicochemical and microbiological results of sludge in the study resulted in Class A biosolids, according to research craved.
Potencial energético da co-digestão da biomassa de microalgas no tratamento de esgoto sanitário em reatores UASB
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-03-18) Azeredo, Ludimila Zotele; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; 1º membro da banca
This study aims to estimate the energy potential of a new type of wastewater treatment plant, whose system was designed by the Núcleo Água team from UFES and aims maximizing the use of energy, nutrients and water for reuse. The association in series of preliminary treatment step, UASB reactor, high rate pond and a solid separation phase - liquid collection and recycling of microalgae, composes the treatment system. This microalgae biomass is sent to the UASB to maximize biogas production during anaerobic digestion and increase energy system availability. To quantify the Energy Availability (EID) by performing mass balance and energy individualized for each process and for the integrated system, mathematical models of design and experiments reported in the literature were used. The DIE estimated, in the form of biogas, was 6,78 W per person (0,99KWh / m3 ) in UASB reactor without digestion of biomass from post-treatment, and the integrated system, after the co-digestion of microalgae showed an EID of 10,21 W per person (1.75 KWh / m3 ). The results indicated a positive energy balance, being the system available energy (1.75 KWh / m3) is 13 (thirteen) times greater than the demand required for its operation (0.13 KWh / m3.d) and 03 (three) times the amount produced when converted into electrical energy. (0.50 KWh / m3). This new wastewater treatment plant model can be considered to have a positive balance of energy, featuring operational simplicity, operating in the tertiary treatment of sewage, allowing the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, operating in sequestering CO2 and hence contributing to reducing the concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere.
Desempenho de um reator anaeróbio com leito móvel de biofilme e membrana de microfiltração no tratamento de água cinza clara
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-04-13) Belotti Junior, Gabriel Dalberto; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Campos, Rosane Hein de; Cassini, Sérvio Túlio Alves; Borges, Raquel Machado
This paper presents the study of light gray water component of a portion of the wastewater through anaerobic reactor with moving bed biofilm membranes (MBBMR) followed by microfiltration membrane pilot scale. Therefore, this research aimed to study the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the reactor in the performance of the treatment light gray water. The MBBMR was composed of a reactor 20 m² filled with support media type random rings high density polypropylene, followed by a microfiltration membrane of the external type with hollow fiber, tangential flow filtration, operating with different HDT (8h and 4h). The biggest MBBMR removal efficiencies were during reactor operation with the TDH 8 am, with the average global removal of 78.2%. With TDH 4h was no reduction in overall efficiency, the average global removal of 69%. The final effluent met the necessary quality for reuse, following the recommendations in the standards of Germany and Canada at 100% of the samples for the BOD and TSS parameters, in TDH 8h. However, the effluent did not meet the ceiling established by these standards for turbidity and total coliform parameters. In relation to service the Brazilian standard with this TDH, the turbidity parameter showed 48% of the samples with the value below the set for reuse in toilets, but all samples did not meet the threshold for total coliforms. For MBBR operating at 4pm TDH for the DBO parameter all samples met the standard limit of Canada and 60% of the samples met the standards of Florida, Australia and Germany. For the SST parameter, 80% of the samples were below the value set in the standard of Canada and Germany. However, turbidity and total coliform parameters did not meet the limits of international and Brazilian standards for reuse in sanitary bowl with TDH 4h. Thus, the best results achieved with the system studied was the highest HDT for the reactor
Avaliação do cenário de compra e venda de resíduos sólidos recicláveis nos Municípios do CONDOESTE/ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-04-19) Dutra, Renato Meira de Sousa; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; 1º membro da banca
In spite of the recycling is a viable alternative to minimize the impacts caused by the production of municipal solid waste, for its empowerment it becomes necessary to identify the recycling market, with projections of production's supply and demand to define strategies, resources and reliable local conditions. Thefore, this study had as goal to evaluate the current and future buying and selling of recyclable solid waste in 16 cities of state of Espírito Santo. The research identified through the application of interviews (Surveys), fieldresearch and secondary data collection that while relying on poor infrastructure and dependence on Government subsidies, the 12 surveyed pickers organizations can forward 9.1% of recyclable waste from selective collection to recycle with an average productivity of screening of 109 kg/picker/day with an average payment of R $ 945.00/picker/month. From the methodology proposed by Damásio (2010a, 2010b), 17% of organizations surveyed were classified as medium efficiency, as opposed to 82% of them operating with very low efficiency. For the adequacy and expansion of screening capacity of scavengers organizations (infrastructure and equipment), to a scenario of 100% selective collection in the cities surveyed, would be required investments of 16.5 million reais,which could be paid by the savings from the current 6 million reais spent per year with the disposal of recyclable waste to landfill. This investment also allows the creation of 467 new jobs, representing growth of 402% for the insertion of pickers in theformal the employment market. Regarding the consumer market, few recycling companies have been identified in the region, which may justify the low price paid for the waste. The market for recyclable Espírito Santo is formed mostly by micro and small enterprises, which generally cary out the activities of collection, transportation, screening and marketing of waste.About supplier market, the industry, followed by pickers organizations and junky yard, and in fourth place individual pickers, were the typicalsources of recyclable identified in Espírito Santo.
Organizações legais de catadores de materiais recicláveis : governança corporativa e disfunções das atividades operacionais
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-04-19) Tackla, Juliana Pardinho; Baldam, Roquemar de Lima; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Yamane, Luciana Harue; Chaves, Gisele de Lorena
The contribution of organized waste pickers has proven important for the value chain of these materials that supply the recycling industry. In addition, organizations are presented as an important tool for income generation, allowing the recognition and labor inclusion of collectors. However, many factors, directly or indirectly, affect the operational activities of the organizations, hampering their work efficiency and economic sustainability. For this reason, these organizations have several disorders that make it impossible to actively establish the recycling market, oligopsony. It is required from the sorting to economies of scale, to negotiate directly with the consumer industries. This study shows that many dysfunctions permeate the scope of training and local culture, interfering on the organization of the environmental sustainability proposal of cities, economic and social organization of collectors, which may cause their premature closure. Thus, we discuss the application of corporate governance in the context of waste pickers organizations, as a selfmanagement strategy that ensures their competitive performance in the recycling market. Through methods and tools of corporate governance, the study points to the use of tools such as technical support to generate behaviors needed by the members, making them managers of the business itself, providing improvements in management and creating superior value for segments customers, besides continuous improvement of productive activities and increasing the economic efficiency of the business.
Indicadores de perdas para serviços de abastecimento de água : padronização e limitações da aplicação no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-08-19) Biasutti, Saulo; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Gonçalves, Ricardo Franci; Pertel, Monica
The amount of water loss, expressed through indicators, is an important element in assessing the efficiency of water supply services. However, when there is no uniformity in the language used for indicators, this important tool loses its credibility. The International Water Association (IWA) at the end of the 90s laid the foundation for the standardization of performance indicators for water supply services. Their standard was successful, being adopted by many countries. In Brazil there is still no consolidated national standard of loss indicators and therefore a wide range of indicators is used by managers of water supply sectors. In this context, this project aims to review, record and comparatively evaluate the types of loss indicators currently used in Brazil, identifying variations in terminology, units and formulas. To achieve the research it was resorted to a systematic review of scientific literature, together with the analysis of legal and technical documents that regulate water loss indicators in Brazil. Altogether in the literature 164 case studies were evaluated and in the documentary research 124 Municipal Sanitation Plans (PMSB). The results show the lack of uniformity of loss indicators, as different nomenclatures and formulas are used to express the same indicator in different documents. The lack of standardization of indicators makes the comparison of performance between different providers of water services difficult. Moreover, the results show that indicators expressed as a percentage, although not recommended by IWA, are still widely used, including setting targets in PMSB. At the same time, a survey was developed with the providers of water services, in order to investigate the most common limitations on the application of the loss indicators. Based on responses from 65 providers to the questionnaire survey, it was observed that the most frequent difficulties are lack of measuring equipment (macro and micro), lack of reliability of operational data and lack of financial resources for investments. As a result, the audit of losses in water supply systems is generally poor, making it difficult to set targets and monitor progress in loss management through indicators, especially in regards to more specific indicators of reais loss and apparent loss.

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