Engenharia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - Mestrado Profissional

URI Permanente desta comunidade

http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/17615

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Centro: CT
Telefone: (27) 4009 2069
URL do programa: http://www.engenhariaedesenvolvimentosustentavel.ufes.br/pos-graduacao/PPGES

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A adoção das licitações sustentáveis nas Companhias Docas do Brasil e sua prática na Companhia Docas do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-14) Falcão, Maria Elisa de Freitas; Silva Filho, Alvim Borges da; Costa, Lourenço; Felipe, Ednilson Silva
The sustainable procurement is created by including sustainable criteria in the documents that compose a bidding, consisting in a mechanism to promote the sustainable development. The basis of its existence is on Chapter 4 of Agenda 21 and for its adoption there is the Normative Instruction N°. 01/2010. Its application is extended for all public agencies and companies, including public ports, which have a large influence on the national economy, so identify instruments and criteria used, its effectiveness and possibilities for improvementcan contribute for the theme comprehension. Therefore, were made researching in Dock Companies websites; analyzing the published bidding notices in 2015; interviews; and case study of Dock Company of Espírito Santo (Codesa). Of eight Companies investigated, five have regulation and only three made it available in their websites. Also five made their bidding notices available in their website, which analysis pointed that the majority of sustainable criteria researched presents low representativity, except the requirement of not hiring employees under the age of 18. At the interviews, conducted in seven Companies, the legal sectors and the Bid Committees was appointed by all of them as responsible for elaborating the bids. About the internal regulation, two have affirmed to have it, three that it is in development and two that there is nothing on it. The case study demonstrated that the internal regulation proposes criteria for various types of product acquisition and contracting services; and the interviews pointed that was not offered any training about the theme and that the main barriers are the lack of commitment of the senior management and the lack of environmental awareness of the employees. Thus, there is in terms of the current state of sustainable procurements in port sector, the level of adherence is good, but the level of effective implementation is low. To improve its adherence it is required an internal regulation that regulates the inclusion of sustainable criteria containing responsibility attributions, being well publicized and accompanied by training.
A aplicação da Lei 9.966/2000 na prevenção e controle da poluição por óleo nos portos da costa marítima do Espírito Santo : estudo do Terminal Norte Capixaba
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-12-06) Amorim, Jader Luiz; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Ferreira, Dirce Nazaré de Andrade
The occurrence of oil spill incidents at sea in different countries have led for the development of systems to prevent oil pollution in marine waters. In Brazil, the Law n. 9.966/2000 is the main regulatory instrument on this matter. However, there are few studies with regard to this Law's applicability in a way that may contribute to a thorough investigation of the factors that lead to these incidents inside the Brazilian territory. In this context, the present study aimed to answer the following question: the oil pollution control and prevention system as mentioned in the Law n. 9.966/2000 is being applied effectively? In this way, a bibliographical and documentary research was conducted in order to investigate if the Law's requisites on prevention and control were being applied in the period from 2005 to 2014, in a sea terminal that moves oil in the state of Espírito Santo. So, the monitoring and control measures adopted by the designated environmental agency were verified; the data regarding oil spillage incidents taken place in the Terminal Norte Capixaba were checked; the penalties applied by the environmental agency and also the preventive and response actions shown by the company when undergoing oil spillage incidents at sea were analyzed. This research brings the conclusion that there is effort being made by the environmental agency for the application of preventive and control instruments established by the Law. However, company´s lack of compliance with legal deadlines allied to delayed analyses by the environmental agency involved may significantly result in low efficacy towards oil pollution prevention at sea.
A energia solar fotovoltaica em sistemas conectados à rede elétrica no Brasil : aspectos econômicos e políticas de incentivo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-08-08) Scarpati, Cynthia de Barros Lima; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Santos, Glícia Veira dos; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini
abstract
A regulação dos serviços de esgotamento sanitário no Espírito Santo a partir da Lei Nº 11.445/2007 : uma análise do papel do controle externo para a efetivação do planejamento e da universalização do acesso
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-27) Wilken, Lygia Maria Sarlo; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Silva Filho, Alvim Borges da; Salles, Alexandre Ottoni Teatini
abstract
A sustentabilidade com a recuperação e valorização de cacos e casqueiros provenientes de mármore e granito
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-11) Bernardi, Vinícius Freisleben; Silva Filho, Alvim Borges da; Carneiro, Teresa Cristina Janes; Siman, Renato Ribeiro
The purpose of the present survey was to assess the contribution from the recovery and valorization of wastes to the corporative sustainability. Therefore, the sustainable management of rests from marble and granite industry was assessed. This work contributes mainly through the sustainability indicators selection from the current scientific knowledge and the sustainability assessment by means of the indicators selected in the first part in the recovery and valorization of marble and granite residues. Methodologically, a bibliometric review on the scientific production about sustainability indicators has been carried out focusing wastes management, in order to select tools to assess the marble and granite wastes management’s sustainability. Next, the wastes generation was diagnosed in a compilation of primary information about wastes-handling using the indicators selected in the bibliometric review to assess the impact of rests-recovery and -valorization in the marble and granite industry. Two wood businesses (S1 and S2) and two marble businesses (M1 and M2) have been selected for this study. This research provides relevant information about the scientific production on the subject sustainability assessment, systemizing important data regarding wastes management and the impacts of wastes management in marble and granite businesses.
Agrotóxicos no Estado do Espírito Santo : uma análise das questões legais e dos efeitos nas águas superficiais do Rio Jucu causados pelo herbicida glifosato
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-01-15) Altoé, Priscilla Spadeto; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Rigo, Daniel; Rodrigues, Juliana Carvalho
Water is one of the ways in which pesticides are transported from the sites that have been applied to other parts of the environment, which can generate, as a consequence, many negative impacts. As a result of this factor, the condition of its use and application is regulated by normative acts. The DPSIR -Driven, Pressure, State, Impact, Response, developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) was used as the guiding principle for an interdisciplinary study from a sustainable perspective. From the panorama obtained through legal aspects and secondary data, the diagnosis of the use of herbicides in the State of Espírito Santo and the possible aggravations for the water of public supply was carried out. It was verified the possibility of using the ARAquá and Agroscre softwares as an electronic resource for the application of predictive models, it was estimated the vulnerability to impacts of the scenario being studied and then, the presence of the most consumed herbicide Glyphosate worldwide was monitored in surface waters of the South Arm of the Jucu River in the Municipality of Marechal Floriano. Among the results, it was verified that only 35.02% of the merchants were accountable for the sale of agrochemicals to the body responsible for inspection. The Municipality that most sold agrochemicals in the year 2016 was São Gabriel da Palha (14%). Since the active principles that were most present in the commercialized formulations, both in the State of Espírito Santo and in the Jucu River Basin, and in Marechal Floriano were Glyphosate, Paraquat, 2,4D, and Picloram. Between 2014 and 2016, the VIGIAGUA Program monitored only 15 of the 27 agrochemicals listed in Ordinance No. 2914/2011 of the Ministry of Health, in 15 of the 78 municipalities that make up the State. Softwares have proven to be practical in their purpose, however there is a lack of updated databases for your application. Three samples for the analysis of Glyphosate showed its presence. With the work, deficiencies were verified in the state system of control of the commercialization and the use of pesticides. It was also confirmed the contamination by Glyphosate of the monitored point, demonstrating that the human health and the quality of the environment may be being compromised.
Análise da efetividade dos instrumentos econômicos da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS)
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-12-19) Batista, Bruna Campanharo; Borges, Alvim; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; May, Peter Herman
The production and consumption patterns in the XXI century have provided global development and advantage to its population; however, they produce high levels of solid residues. This great production has brought to the world’s attention the need to manage these residues on a sustainable way; which means the goal is to narrow the environmental impact throughout reducing the production and promoting the recycling, regeneration and reuse of solid residues. In order to do so, Brazil has published, in 2010, its National Politics to Solid Residues, PNRS. Due to Brazil’s large territorial extension, the best solution to this rule was to adapt and branch it according to each region reality – at all levels: federal, state and municipalities. PNRS has established reverse logistics – a sequence of operations that begin on the customers and ends on the producers – which uses activities such as recycling, reusing and reprocessing goods. The rule also presents economic tools(IE), a reverse logistics tool that can be applied at all government levels: national, states and cities. According to MMA, Environmental Ministry, the states have to promote the use of the IE as an initiative to protect the integrity of the global environmental system. A question guides this job: what is the most effective and coherent to use the IE in order to apply and extend reverse logistics? Within this question, the intention is to analyze and describe the IE current situation inside the activities developed by the different reverse logistics chains when it comes to the PNRS. To achieve the intended, in the beginning a bibliographic research was done, in which it was concluded that the most used IE internationally and in Brazil. In addition, a documental research was done and, as its results, it was found legislations published at city level aiming to take care of solid residues. From the results of the documental research, a field research was made in which the city halls that implemented the laws that were part of the samples, through a semi-structured interview, described the current state of their implanted laws. As result, it was noticed that the main IE used internationally were the ones applied on goods and inputs, deposit-refund system and collect taxes based on quantity. This points out to the consideration and care from the production to the disposal. While in Brazil the rules focus is on the first step of reverse logistics: collecting. Brazilians need to also handle flexible and embracing orientations, which allows the implementation of the IE but doesn’t regulate nor determine governors to offer it to the society. An specific legislation is needed that starts acting on the main residues on the cities, taking into consideration the enterprises all around it, in a way the government and entrepreneurs align to the purpose of a more effective management of solid residues. However, before improving the law guidelines it is necessary to assure they will practice it, since after the interviews with the city halls it was detected that only 29% of the laws found were applied and that 50%, though already valid, are not being used properly. After the analysis of the current state of IEs, it was observed that there aren’t many barriers that need to be gone through for the bigger efficiency and expansion of reverse logistics. The real scenario is that the governmental actions in Brazil are beginners and need to evolve, but to do so government, entrepreneurs and society must be aligned among themselves.
Análise da macrodrenagem de uma bacia urbana costeira com auxílio de modelagem hidrológica e hidráulica
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016-09-01) Passamani, Fernanda Caliman; Rigo, Daniel; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dos; Buarque, Diogo Costa
Coastal cities have, in general, many problems related to rainwater drainage. In addition to the high soil sealing due to urbanization, these regions present the land quotas close to the sea level, low steepness and they are influenced by the tide, aspects that intensify the cases of flooding. This study aimed to evaluate the macrodrainage of a coastal urban basin and evaluate proposals of some control measures to minimize the impacts of flooding. It was chosen as a case study the catchment of Canal da Canal, located in Vila Velha, Espirito Santo state. The softwares used in hydrologic and hydraulic modeling were, respectively, HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS. In the current situation of the basin, it was observed that the backwater caused by the runoff from the sub-basins result in high water levels in the channels for a long time due to the low flow velocity, causing flooding in several inhabited areas of the basin. Three alternative scenarios were evaluated, which was considered the improvement of the channels geometry, macrodrainage deviation of some sub-basins and transposition of rainwater through pumping. Considering the rainfall with a return period of 50 years, it was found that the alternative scenarios significantly attenuated the floods. Flood spots generated for the current scenario only disappeared after 33 hours of the onset of rain and they reached the maximum area equivalent to 27.7% of the total area of the basin. In Scenario 4, where the most efficient control measures were adopted, the flooding ended after 3 hours and the percentage of the basin area affected by the maximum flooding reduced to 8.9%. However, it was observed that the flooding problems have not been solved totally in any scenario. Thus, it is noted that coastal basins occupied could adopt, beyond structural techniques, non-structural control measures that provide a harmonious coexistence of the population with the floods. Such measures can be forecast and warning systems, flood insurance and evacuation plans.
Análise da produção de energia elétrica e de biocombustíveis a partir de resíduos sólidos agropecuários no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-07-13) Pagel, Uonis Raasch; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos; Oliveira, Luciano Basto
This research is placed in a context of stimulus and use of alternative and clean sources for the production of electric energy and biofuels, the both produced from large scale inputs such as farming solid waste from agricultural, forestry and livestock activities. The study is justified by the need for a development based on the participation of renewable sources in the internal supply of energy and in the decentralized generation of electric energy; for the diversification of the energy matrix; the complementary to the hydraulic source in the seasons of drought and water crisis; the possibility of reducing the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions; besides the resulting economic and social development, through adding value to the waste based productive chains. The objective of this study was to analyze which factors have implied obstacles for the exploration of the electricity and biofuels production from agricultural and livestock sources in Brazil (with the exception of sugarcane bagasse), based on economic, environmental, technological and regulatory aspects. In this view, the study was carried out from a bibliographical and documentary research, mainly in the areas of Sustainable Economy, Planning and Energy Efficiency, and Brazilian Farming, in order to answer the problem raised. The results pointed out that the greatest obstacles in this regard are not technical, but economic and political-institutional, including expenditures and logistical constraints that make the energy utilization of these wastes a process of complex economic viability in Brazil. It is needed to accelerate RD&I work to address this situation by working on two fronts: energy efficiency and increasing participation of renewable energy sources, thus subsidizing the formulation of public policies in the energy sector. Added to these factors is the need for an action in terms of increasing technical knowledge in rural areas, besides policies to overcome the lack of access to capital and logistical improvements.
Análise das condições para desenvolvimento do mercado de estruvita recuperada a partir de águas residuárias no Brasil
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-24) Franci, Thiago Keller; Felipe, Ednilson Silva; Campos, Rosane Hein de; Costa, Aureliano Nogueira da
The crystallization of struvite from wastewater treatment has been widely carried out in wastewater treatment plants (ETARs) in many countries, a practice that meets the concepts of the Nexus and Circular Economy. The struvite contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in its composition, and is considered a valuable recycled fertilizer, especially due to the possibility of future shortage of the element P. In Brazil little has been discussed regarding struvite, therefore in this study the technical, commercial, economic and regulatory feasibility conditions for the development of the market for this recycled product in the country were evaluated. The results indicate that there are already many technologies for recovery of struvite being offered in the world market. Its main differences are related to where the crystal is precipitated, the type of reactor, and the source of magnesium used. In Brazil such technologies have greater potential for acceptance in the private sector, and, due to their characteristics, the recovered struvite should be marketed as a refined fertilizer product. The price of struvite in the market is still uncertain, and it is necessary to use indicators and comparisons to estimate it. The option for accepting projects related to the installation of technologies for the recovery of struvite from wastewater treatment goes through economic feasibility studies. A developed scenario indicates that for the selected target audience, the return on investment does not occur within the time frame considered in the study, which indicates that the project is not viable and should not go forward. However, the changes in the scenario and the sensitivity analysis indicate that the two variables that most impact the result are the market value of struvite and the source and price of magnesium used in the process. There were no restrictions on the production and marketing of struvite in Brazil, although there were no records of this product in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). The relevant legislation is not clear and specific, which creates doubts and uncertainties for potential investors.
Análise do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos em micro e pequenas empresas do setor de móveis de madeira da Grande Vitória - ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-17) Caetano, Miraya Dutra Degli Esposti; Silva Filho, Gilson; Pacheco, Edison Thaddeu; Campos, Rosane Hein de
This study aimed to investigate solid waste management in four wood furniture manufacturers in Greater Vitória –ES region, two of those being micro and the other two small companies, and make proposals based on the Cleaner Productionprogram and brazilian “Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos” (National Solid Waste Policy) law. First, four furniture companies were selected to carry out on-site visits, with a semi-open questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, in order to examine the quantity of raw materials used and the waste were generated in the production process. In addition, were examine the procedures adopted for the management of solid waste, the environmental, social and economic aspects related to the generation of waste in each company. Then was compared the companies withregard to these variables and was identified the most efficient to convert their raw materials into finished products and the one with best solid waste management. Next, sustainable solutions were proposed for the non-generation, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and proper final destination of the waste generated. There wasmore than 280 tons of solid waste generated by the four companies in 2014, with the majority (more than 90%) consisting of wood chips and sawdust/wood powder. The company with thebest solid waste management was Company 3and Company 2 was the one with best production process efficiency, bothsmall companies, which endorses studies by several authors that the degree of adoption of proactive environmental practices is related to thesize of the company -the larger the company, more likely it is to adopt such practices.
Análise probabilística de incompatibilidade entre a qualidade da água de rios do estado do Espírito Santo e os padrões de enquadramento legal
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013-03-22) Guimarães, Brunna Oliveira; Reis, José Antonio Tosta dos; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Akabassi, Lucien
The main objective of this research was the construction and analysis of probabilistic curves of water quality incompatibility of rivers in the state of Espírito Santo and environmental quality standards, viewing the implementation of frameworkasa water resource management tool.The choice of water courses to conduct the present study was based on the availabilityand extension of water-quality data historical series provided by the Moacir Carvalheira de Mendonça Analyses and Environmental Parameters Laboratory, from the Environmentaland Water Resources State Institute.Therefore, the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jucu, Reis Magos, Santa Maria da Vitória and the areaof Rio Doce River pertaining to the state of Espírito Santo were chosen. To discuss the possibilities of framework probabilistic curves of incompatibility to pH parameters, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total solids, oxygen biochemical demands, total phosphorus andthermotolerant coliforms were used.Considering the monitoring recordsavailable, the results indicated that adoptingdifferentiated frameworksfrom upstream to downstream for the water bodies examined is inadequate. Additionally, hydrological seasonality is relevant tovariations of concentration associated with turbidity, when eventual attempts to classify water courses in class 1 are considered.Any frameworkadopted for the basinsexamined will require relevant efforts to reduce total phosphorus and thermotolerant coliforms concentrations in the planning activities established by the basin plans.
Análise técnica e regulatória da geração de energia a partir do biogás de aterros sanitários no Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-31) Galiza, Juçara de Jesus Monteiro de; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Oliveira, Luciano Basto; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos
The use of biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of Solid Urban Waste (SUW)reveals itself as an important option for diversifying the brazilian energetic sources plus reducing the impact of solid waste on the environment. So, this study tried to estimate the potential for biogas generation in the landfills in the state of Espírito Santo aiming to evaluate it ́s energetic potential in the creation ofelectric energy.Also it analysisregulatory possibilities for commercialization and the use of this resource in Brazil and especially in EspíritoSanto and it ́s macro regions. Regarding methodology this research used in it ́s quantitative phase the gatheringof information on operational landfills and a projection for waste generation for Espírito Santo to be included in Model Land GEM recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agencyfor prevision of biogas generation potential. In it ́s qualitative phase of energy commercialization regulation analysis, was used bibliographical and documental research. We also used interviews with representatives of the energy sector and plants. The results indicate that the available energy for supply in the periodfrom 2016 to 2035 is approximately 3.17 x 109kWh,an annual average of 158.687 MWh/year, capable to attend to 88.160 households. Based on regulatory analysis was noted the feasibility for use in experimental and industrial forms as well as for dedicated use and vehicular fuel in captive fleets. However, in the present time national regulations make it unfeasible the use of this resource in the natural gas (NG) network.
Aplicação do método de Monte Carlo para análise de incerteza na simulação do comportamento dos compostos de nitrogênio em rios
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-12-17) Silva, Tatiana Candeia da; Reis, José Antônio Tosta dos; Akabassi, Lucien; Daniel, Rigo
Nitrogen is a component of major importance regarding generation and its own control of water pollution. At the same time it is an indispensable element for the production of the aquatic ecosystem, it can be the causative agent of several problems related to water quality. Nitrogen in water bodies is presented in many oxidation states and can be found in the forms of organic nitrogen, ammoniacal, nitrite and nitrate. The most important reactions are fixation, ammonification, assimilation, nitrification and denitrification. The research’s main goal is to conduct, with the use of the mathematical model of water quality Qual-UFMG and the Monte Carlo method, a computational simulation of the nitrogen compounds transformations in the last stretch of the Piracicaba River, which is an important affluent of the Doce River. The uncertainty analysis due to using the Monte Carlo method involved the random creation of entry data (hydrodynamic variables, water quality conditions and kinetic constant) with the assistance of regular and uniform distributions of probabilities. Results indicate that, for the variation coefficient values and the percentage of variation, initially assumed for the performance of this present study, the histograms of frequency of maximum values of the different nitrogen compounds concentration are similar when produced with the aid of the regular or uniform distributions in order to randomly create the kinetic constants, hydrodynamic variables and concentrations of nitrogen compounds. From all the variables simulated, the variation coefficient values and the variation percentage are not presented as relevant for Kso (sedimentation coefficient of the organic nitrogen), once the Kso values are usually small when compared to the other coefficient already simulated.
Aproveitamento de resíduos para produção de lipases fúngicas via fermentação em estado sólido
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-02-27) Teodoro, Arthur Fagundes dos Santos; Rodrigues, Celson; Cassini, Servio Tulio Alves; 1º membro da banca
Lipases are enzymes responsible for the catalysis of reactions from a wide variety of industrial processes. Solid fermentation appears as an alternative for the production of enzymes due to the low cost and possibility of using residues of low value and with great abundance, besides requiring a smaller amount of energy in comparison to the submerged fermentation. This work had as objective to produce lipases by the fungi Penicillim sp. and Rhizomucor sp. by solid fermentation using sugar cane bagasse and coconut fiber. Initially, preliminary tests were carried out to test the use of a nutrient solution. After the tests, the enzyme production was optimized through an experimental design 33, where the influence of the inducer concentration (soybean oil) was studied in 2.5%, 5% and 10%, at a temperature of 27 ° C, 30 ° C and 33 ° C, and 40%, 60% and 80% field retention capacity for each medium and fungus. With the use of sugarcane bagasse as a support medium, Penicillium sp presented the highest lipase activity (147,5 U/g) at 30°C temperature, 60% field capacity and 5% of the inductor, with the Inductor Concentration and Temperature with significant influence on the results. Rhizomucor sp had the highest lipase activity (161,3 U/g) under the same conditions mentioned above and with the same significant influence on the results. For coconut fiber, Penicillium sp presented the highest lipase activity (75 U/g) under conditions of 30 ° C temperature, 60% humidity and 10% of the inductor, with field capacity, concentration of the inductor and temperature with significant influence on results. Rhizomucor sp had the highest lipase activity (78,9 U/g) under the same conditions mentioned above and with the same influence in the results.
Avaliação da capacidade de adsorção da borra de café e da casca de café na remoção de 2,4-D em amostras de água
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-16) Roldi, Larissa Lopes; Coelho, Edumar Ramos Cabral; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Schettino Júnior, Miguel Ângelo
Contamination of water resources for human supplying by micro pollutants is a difficulty that conventional water treatments do not solve effectively. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a micro-contaminant fouling pesticide that has high toxicity to the aquatic ecosystem and to humans, requiring its removal from this environment. The most widely used method for the removal of these compounds is adsorption on activated carbon, where the substance interacts with clusters present on the coal surface, so that, after filtration, the compound is removed. In the attempt to develop new materials for the adsorption of 2,4-D, Coffee grounds (CG) and Coffee husks (CH), in natura and carbonized, were used in adsorption studies, as they are highly available materials in Brazil and have lower cost of obtaining when compared to activated charcoal. This study evaluated the surface characteristics of these materials by Analysis of Specific Surface Area (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetry (TG) and Point Zero Charge (PZC). Studies were carried out to set equilibrium time and the adsorbent mass to be used, but it was not possible to determine any adsorption of 2,4- D using CG and CH in natura. Thus, adsorption studies varying the initial 2,4-D concentration and the pH of the solution were conducted only for activated carbon AC and carbonized CG and CH. To the isotherms, generated from the adsorption study, the Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to obtain parameters of the adsorption process. In general, carbonized CG presented higher adsorption in relation to carbonized CH, presenting qA MÁX values of 23.4 and 4.4 mg/g, respectively. However, both had lower performance than AC (qA MÁX = 94.0 mg/g). Among the studied pH, it was observed that in acid pH's, 2,4-D removal was higher for all studied adsorbents.
Avaliação da incorporação dos conceitos de sustentabilidade no projeto de habitações de interesse social : o caso Loteamento Santa Maria do Limão, Aracruz, ES
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017-03-22) Gomes, Daniella Amorim; Campos, Adriana Fiorotti; Santos, Glicia Vieira dos; Laranja, Andrea Coelho
The study presents analyzes aimed at the production of Social Interest Housing in the context of a chosen study object, theSanta Maria do Limão Allocation, located in the Municipality of Aracruz, ES. The methods of analysis are based on the methodology of Post-occupation Evaluation, Energy-Environmental Assessment of Materials and on the evaluation of the quantity ofconstruction and demolition waste. The APO has its own methods and techniques in order to systematically evaluate the built environment, with a view to technical, cognitive, functional and cultural aspects, mainly through the evaluation of the resident tohisdwelling. The Energy-Environmental Assessment of Materials, demonstrates the environmental energy impacts caused by the Civil Construction Sector, which despite being a significant sector for the economic and social growth of the country, is characterized by the environmental degradation caused mainly by the production of its building materials. The estimation of the amount of waste produced by the housing of the case study, are related to the questions related to the APOand the Environmental-Energy Assessment of the Materials. Through the APO, it obtained an overview of the inadequacies of the dwellings and the changes made, being possible to quantify them in the volume of residues produced and to evaluate the energy-environmental expenses of these modifications. After analysis in theAllocation, it was possible to propose guidelines and interventions in the current production patterns, through a Project of Housing of Expansible Social Interest. The results point to the need to review the production patterns of HIS currently practiced, considering several factors at the design stage, such as the opinion of the future residents of the dwellings, the choice of the correct architectural party for each situation in order to eliminate standardization And constant repetition of the models, and especially to use criteria of sustainability in the choice of materials and constructive technologies.
Avaliação da produção de biogás a partir da digestão anaeróbica : estudo de caso em uma fábrica de chocolate
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014-07-23) Pereira, Flávio Raposo; Pinotti, Laura Marina; Ferretti, Estela Cláudia; Zdradek, Cristiane Pereira
The research aimed at evaluating the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion at the sewage treatment unit of a chocolate factory, which contemplates an ascending flow reactor of sludge blanket. The main focus was related to the emission assessment and the removal of organic load for the generation of biogas, favoring its conversion into electric and/or thermal energy. Due to the little variability of the oxygen chemical demand emission (COD) in the effluents and the good efficiency concerning the removal of this organic load (83%), the results obtained indicate that the reactor produces, in a continuing way, about 49.020 m³/year biogas, what is correspondent to 5,60 m³/h. The research evaluated two scenarios for the energetic use of this gas, contemplating the possibility to generate electricity by a motor-generator set or by the burn in the boilers combined with natural gas (NG) in order to produce steam. The first scenario took into consideration the production of electric energy through a motorgenerator system of 9,5 Kwh by biogas that when operating at 20 h/day is able to produce about 58.400 Kwh/year and obtain an income of R$ 20.296,00/year. In the second scenario, it was verified that the biogas generated during the anaerobic treatment is equivalent to 28.431 m³/year of NG. Considering that the actual NG consumption in the boilers is 2.756.938 Nm³/year, it is stated that the biogas use would represent a savings of 1,02 % of NG, in financial terms, it would correspond to approximately R$ 32.540/year to the company. This way, it is concluded that the use of biogas in the boiler brings a greater financial return with the savings of natural gas, comparing with the results for electricity production. The biogas produced in the treatment Station, through studies, brings benefits that cover the three pillars of Sustainable Development: the economic, the environmental and the social one. The matching of these three pillars becomes necessary in order to create an economic growth able to optimize and preserve the natural resources, without compromising the needs of the future generations.
Avaliação da qualidade percebida por produtores rurais em relação ao serviço prestado no âmbito do Projeto Produtores de Água do Estado do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015-02-23) Neves, Marcos Benevenuto; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Freitas, André Luis Policani; Felipe, Edmilson Silva
Research about quality perceived by the customer for a service used, allow the identification of failures that can be addressed in order to increase the improvement of service and raise the level of user satisfaction. The project ProdutorES de Água of the State of Espírito Santo in Brazil was taken as object of study, which is a payment experience for environmental services. The study aims to evaluate the quality perceived by producers who joined the project in relation to the service provided by the supplier. For this purpose, it was used a measure based on SERVQUAL scale. The questionnaires were filled along with 58 farmers of the sample selection, that involved: calculation of gaps (gaps) between the average of 14 items for each section expectation and perception; use of quartiles as separatrix of gaps in "critical regions" priority for preventive and corrective actions; application of tests to verify differences of average for paired and independent samples; evaluation of the reliability of the questionnaire through coefficient Alpha of Cronbach and use of cluster analysis. The results indicate the occurrence of negative gaps for all variables considered in the sample, suggesting that the main failures of the project in the items was: information given to the producer about the results of the technical survey carried out at the properties during the contract; lack of elucidation about the conditions in which the contract renewal would happen and in the payments to producers according to established dates. The applied scale proved to be reliable for the questionnaire as a whole, however, gave some unsatisfactory coefficients in some of sections. The cluster analysis allowed the formation of two groups of producers classified as Satisfied with the Project (18 individuals) and Dissatisfied (40 individuals) based on the magnitude of gaps.
Avaliação da sustentabilidade de programas municipais de coleta seletiva e organizações de catadores de materiais recicláveis do Espírito Santo
(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2018-08-17) Zon, Jessica Luiza Nogueira; Siman, Renato Ribeiro; Gunther, Wanda Maria Risso; Besen, Gina Rizpah; Couto, Maria Claudia Lima; Silva Filho, Gilson
Brazilian municipalities face several difficulties to carry out the selective collection, while organizations of collectors of recyclable materials need to overcome diverse dysfunctions to become competitive in the market. To overcome such challenges and meet the requirements of the National Solid Waste Policy, it is necessary to know the elements that interfere with the performance of selective collection programs and waste pickers organizations. In this sense, this study had as main objective to evaluate the selective collection programs and organizations of municipal waste pickers in the state of Espirito Santo in relation to sustainability and to propose a methodological strategy for designing the necessary actions for the Municipal Plans of Integrated Solid Waste Management of these municipalities. To that end, 24 municipalities were selected, evaluated by their selective collection programs, and 23 waste picker organizations on which questionnaires were applied to obtain the necessary data for the calculation of indicators and sustainability indexes. In addition, the actions of the Municipal Plans for the Integrated Management of Solid Residues were listed and related to the indicators in order to verify which actions were already contemplated by the plans so that there would be no repetitions when proposing new actions. From the result of the analysis of the indicators and the verification of the actions of the waste plans, a methodological proposal was presented to suggest actions in complement to what was verified in the plans. The proposed actions were also hierarchized in degrees of temporal urgency for their implementation, using as criterion the weight of each one of the indicators. In general, the analyzed indicators presented unsatisfactory results in relation to sustainability. The average of the sustainability indexes of the selective collection programs was 0.44 (unfavorable in relation to sustainability) with coefficient of variation of 0.35. Meanwhile, the average sustainability indexes of the organizations of waste pickers were 0.52 (favorable in relation to sustainability) with coefficient of variation of 0.12. It was also verified that the actions described in the waste plans had a subjective character and were comprehensive, interfering in the performance of the municipality in relation to sustainability, requiring complementation. In this way, it was possible to propose actions related to the improvement of the selective collection, control of data related to selective collection and screening, education and dissemination of selective collection, working conditions, health and safety in the collection and screening shed, structuring, regularization and self-management of organizations. It is hoped that with the implementation of the proposed actions, selective collection and waste pickers organizations will become sustainable over the years. As the data obtained suggests, the design of the actions has great potential for application in the monitoring and development of selective collection programs and waste pickers organizations towards sustainability. In this way, these actions can provide benefits to solid waste management in the general context.

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